Large quasar group

{{Short description|Large astronomical structure}}

{{Physical cosmology|expanded=comp/struct}}

A large quasar group (LQG) is a collection of quasars (a form of supermassive black hole active galactic nuclei) that form what are thought to constitute the largest astronomical structures in the observable universe. LQGs are thought to be precursors to the sheets, walls and filaments of galaxies found in the relatively nearby universe.

Prominent LQGs

On January 11, 2013, the discovery of the Huge-LQG was announced by the University of Central Lancashire, as the largest known structure in the universe by that time. It is composed of 74 quasars and has a minimum diameter of 1.4 billion light-years, but over 4 billion light-years at its widest point.{{cite web | last = Wall | first = Mike | url = https://www.foxnews.com/science/largest-structure-in-universe-discovered/ | title = Largest structure in universe discovered | date = 2013-01-11 | publisher = Fox News }} According to researcher and author, Roger Clowes, the existence of structures with the size of LQGs was believed theoretically impossible. Cosmological structures had been believed to have a size limit of approximately 1.2 billion light-years.{{cite web | last = Wall | first = Mike | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/11/largest-structure-in-universe-large-quasar-group_n_2455552.html | title = Largest Structure In Universe, Large Quasar Group, Challenges Cosmological Principle | date = 2013-01-11 | work = The Huffington Post }}{{cite journal |title= A structure in the early Universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology |journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume= 429 |issue= 4 |pages= 2910–2916 |date= January 11, 2013 |doi= 10.1093/mnras/sts497 |arxiv = 1211.6256 |bibcode = 2013MNRAS.429.2910C |last1= Clowes |first1= R. G. |last2= Harris |first2= K. A. |last3= Raghunathan |first3= S. |last4= Campusano |first4= L. E. |last5= Sochting |first5= I. K. |last6= Graham |first6= M. J. |doi-access= free }}

List of LQGs

{{Technical|section|date=July 2023}}

File:Artist's rendering ULAS J1120+0641.jpgRedshift, represented by "z," is a fundamental concept in astrophysics. It measures how much the light from celestial objects shift as they move away from Earth. A higher redshift value means the object is farther away in the universe.

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ Large Quasar Groups

LQG

! Date

! Mean Distance

! Dimension

! # of quasars

! Notes

Webster LQG
(LQG 1)

| 1982

| z=0.37

| {{nts|100}} Mpc

| 5

| First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known.R.G.Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; {{ISBN|1-58381-065-X}} ; {{bibcode|2001ASPC..232..108C}}{{cite journal|last=Webster|first=Adrian|title=The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=May 1982|volume=199|issue=3|pages=683–705|bibcode=1982MNRAS.199..683W|doi=10.1093/mnras/199.3.683|doi-access=free}}

Crampton–Cowley–Hartwick LQG
(LQG 2, CCH LQG, Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10)

| 1987

| z=1.11

| {{nts|60}} Mpc

| 28

| Second LQG discovered

Clowes–Campusano LQG
(U1.28, CCLQG, LQG 3)

| 1991

| z=1.28

| {{ntsh|630}}

  • {{nowrap|longest dimension: 630 Mpc }}

| 34

| Third LQG discovered

U1.90

| 1995

| z=1.9

| {{nts|120}} Mpc/h

| 10

| Discovered by Graham, Clowes, Campusano.{{cite journal |bibcode=1995MNRAS.275..790G|title=Finding Quasar Superstructures|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=275|issue=3|page=790|last1=Graham|first1=M. J.|last2=Clowes|first2=R. G.|last3=Campusano|first3=L. E.|year=1995|doi=10.1093/mnras/275.3.790|doi-access=free}}

7Sf Group
(U0.19)

| 1995

| z=0.19

| {{nts|60}} Mpc/h

| 7

| Discovered by Graham, Clowes, Campusano; this is a grouping of 7 Seyfert galaxies.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 1

| 1996

| z=0.6

| {{ntsh|96}}R=96 Mpc/h

| 12

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.{{cite journal |arxiv=astro-ph/9602090 |last1=Komberg |first1=Boris V. |title=The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=282 |issue=3 |date=October 1996 |pages=713–722 |last2=Kravtsov |first2=Andrey V. |last3=Lukash |first3=Vladimir N. |doi=10.1093/mnras/282.3.713 |doi-access=free}}

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2

| 1996

| z=0.6

| {{ntsh|111}}R=111 Mpc/h

| 12

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 3

| 1996

| z=1.3

| {{ntsh|123}}R=123 Mpc/h

| 14

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 4

| 1996

| z=1.9

| {{ntsh|104}}R=104 Mpc/h

| 14

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5

| 1996

| z=1.7

| {{ntsh|146}}R=146 Mpc/h

| 13

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 6

| 1996

| z=1.5

| {{ntsh|94}}R=94 Mpc/h

| 10

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 7

| 1996

| z=1.9

| {{ntsh|92}}R=92 Mpc/h

| 10

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8

| 1996

| z=2.1

| {{ntsh|104}}R=104 Mpc/h

| 12

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 9

| 1996

| z=1.9

| {{ntsh|66}}R=66 Mpc/h

| 18

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11

| 1996

| z=0.7

| {{ntsh|157}}R=157 Mpc/h

| 11

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 12

| 1996

| z=1.2

| {{ntsh|155}}R=155 Mpc/h

| 14

| Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.

Newman LQG
(U1.54)

| 1998

| z=1.54

| {{nts|150}} Mpc/h

| 21

| Discovered by P.R. Newman{{cite thesis |last1=Newman |first1=Peter R |title=Large groups of quasars in an ultraviolet-excess survey |date=1999 |publisher=University of Central Lancashire |doi=10.17030/uclan.thesis.00020658 |bibcode=1999PhDT..........N |url=http://doi.org/10.17030/uclan.thesis.00020658}} et al. This structure is parallel to the CCLQG, with its discovery, suggesting that the cellular structure of sheets and voids already existed in this era, as found in later void bubbles and walls of galaxies.,{{cite journal|last=Clowes|first=Roger|author2=Luis E. Campusano, Matthew J. Graham and Ilona K. S¨ochting|title=Two close Large Quasar Groups of size ~ 350 Mpc at z ~ 1.2|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=2001-09-01|arxiv=1108.6221|bibcode = 2012MNRAS.419..556C |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19719.x|volume=419|issue=1 |pages=556–565|doi-access=free |s2cid=31553670}}

Tesch–Engels LQG

| 2000

| z=0.27

| {{nts|140}} Mpc/h

| 7

| The first X-ray selected LQG.

U1.11

| 2011

| z=1.11

| {{ntsh|780}}

  • {{nowrap|longest dimension: 780 Mpc}}

| 38

|

Huge-LQG
(U1.27)

| 2013

| z=1.27

| {{ntsh|1240}}

  • {{nowrap|characteristic size: 500 Mpc}}
  • {{nowrap|longest dimension: 1240 Mpc}}

| 73

| The largest structure known in the observable universeScienceDaily, [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130111092539.htm "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across"], Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013) until it was eclipsed by the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall found one year later.{{cite journal |arxiv=1401.0533 |bibcode= 2014A&A...561L..12H|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201323020|title= Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two|journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume= 561|pages= L12|year= 2014|last1= Horváth|first1= István|last2= Hakkila|first2= Jon|last3= Bagoly|first3= Zsolt|s2cid= 24224684}}{{cite arXiv |title = The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts |eprint=1311.1104|last1= Horvath|first1=I.|last2= Hakkila|first2=J.|last3= Bagoly|first3=Z.|class=astro-ph.CO|year=2013}}{{cite web | last = Klotz | first = Irene | url = http://news.discovery.com/space/galaxies/universes-largest-structure-is-a-cosmic-conundrum-131119.htm | title = Universe's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum | date = 2013-11-19 | publisher = Discovery |access-date=2013-11-22}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • R. G. Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; {{ISBN|1-58381-065-X}} ; {{bibcode|2001ASPC..232..108C}}

{{black holes}}

{{galaxy}}

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*Large Quasar Group