Latin periphrases
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In Latin, there are multiple periphrases for tense and mode. Here we list the most common.
Perfect periphrasis
The perfect periphrasis is composed of the {{lang|la|sum}} auxiliary and a perfect participle such as {{lang|la|ductus}}, {{lang|la|ducta}}, {{lang|la|ductum}} or by the {{lang|la|īrī}} auxiliary and a supine such as {{lang|la|ductum}}.
The auxiliary varies according to the speech role and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|ego}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ductus sum}} = I : was led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|tū}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ductus es}} = you : were led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ductus est}} = the man : was led : by Caesar
Moreover, the participle varies according to the gender and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ductus est}} = the man : was led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|mulier}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ducta est}} = the woman : was led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|puerī}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ductī sunt}} = the boys : were led : by Caesar
However, the supine in the '{{lang|la|īrī}} infinitive' paradigm does not vary.
:{{lang|la|hominem}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ductum īrī}} = that : the man : would be led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|mulierem}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ductum īrī}} = that : the woman : would be led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|puerōs}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|ductum īrī}} = that : the boys : would be led : by Caesar
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the passive perfect periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin Example ! Meaning ! Comment |
| rowspan=2 | 'indicative future'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|divīsum erit|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in future | rowspan=1 | 'it will have been divided' |
|---|
| rowspan=1 | future
| rowspan=1 | 'it will be divided' |
| rowspan=3 | 'indicative present'
| rowspan=3 | {{lang|la|divīsum est|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in present | rowspan=1 | 'it has been divided' |
| rowspan=1 | present
| rowspan=1 | 'it is divided' |
| rowspan=1 | past
| rowspan=1 | 'it was divided' |
| rowspan=2 | 'indicative imperfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|divīsum erat|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in past | rowspan=1 | 'it had been divided' |
| rowspan=1 | past
| rowspan=1 | 'it was divided' |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative future perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|divīsum fuerit|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in past in future | rowspan=1 | 'it will have been divided earlier' |
| rowspan=2 | 'indicative perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|divīsum fuit|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in past in present | rowspan=1 | 'it has been divided earlier' |
| rowspan=1 | past in past
| rowspan=1 | 'it had been divided' |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|divīsum fuerat|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in past in past | rowspan=1 | 'it had been divided earlier' |
| colspan=4 | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive present'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|divīsum sit|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | -- | rowspan=1 | 'whether it is divided' |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|divīsum esset|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | -- | rowspan=1 | 'whether it was divided' |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|divīsum fuerit|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | -- | rowspan=1 | 'whether it was divided' |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|divīsum fuisset|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | -- | rowspan=1 | 'whether it had been divided' |
| colspan=4 | |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive {{lang|la|īrī}}'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|ductum īrī|italic=no}} | 'that I will be led' |
| future in past
| 'that I would be led' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive {{lang|la|fore}}'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|ductum fore|italic=no}} | 'that I will have been led' |
| past in future in past
| 'that I was going to have been led' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive present'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|ductum esse|italic=no}} | 'that I was led' |
| past in past
| 'that I had been led' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|ductum fuisse|italic=no}} | 'that I had been led' |
| past in past in past
| 'that I had been led earlier' |
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the deponent perfect periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin Example ! Meaning ! Comment |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative future'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|locūtus erō|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in future | rowspan=1 | 'I will have said' |
|---|
| rowspan=2 | 'indicative present'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|locūtus sum|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in present | rowspan=1 | 'I have said' |
| rowspan=1 | past
| rowspan=1 | 'I said' |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|locūtus eram|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in past | rowspan=1 | 'I had said' |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative future perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|locūtus fuerō|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in past in future | rowspan=1 | 'I will have said earlier' |
| rowspan=2 | 'indicative perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|locūtus fuī|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in past in present | rowspan=1 | 'I have said earlier' |
| rowspan=1 | past in past
| rowspan=1 | 'I had said' |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|locūtus fueram|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | past in past in past | rowspan=1 | 'I had said earlier' |
| colspan=4 | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive present'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|locūtus sim|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | -- | rowspan=1 | 'whether I said' |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|locūtus essem|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | -- | rowspan=1 | 'whether I had said' |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|locūtus fuerim|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | -- | rowspan=1 | -- |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|locūtus fuissem|italic=no}} | rowspan=1 | -- | rowspan=1 | -- |
| colspan=4 | |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive {{lang|la|īre}}'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|locūtum īre|italic=no}} | 'that I will say' (with the active form {{lang|la|īre}}) |
| future in past
| 'that I would say' (with the active form {{lang|la|īre}}) |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive {{lang|la|fore}}'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|locūtum fore|italic=no}} | 'that I will have said' |
| past in future in past
| 'that I was going to have said' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive present'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|locūtum esse|italic=no}} | 'that I said' |
| past in past
| 'that I had said' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|locūtum fuisse|italic=no}} | 'that I had said' |
| past in past in past
| 'that I had said earlier' |
{{lang|la|Habeō}} perfect periphrasis
The {{lang|la|habeō}} perfect periphrasis is composed of the {{lang|la|habeō}} auxiliary and a perfect participle such as {{lang|la|occultum}}.
The auxiliary varies according to the speech role and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|ego}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|occultum habeō}} = I : held : Caesar : hidden
:{{lang|la|tū}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|occultum habēs}} = you : held : Caesar : hidden
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|occultum habet}} = the man : held : Caesar : hidden
The participle varies according to the gender and number of the object.
:{{lang|la|Caesar}} : {{lang|la|hominem}} : {{lang|la|occultum habet}} = Caesar : held : the man : hidden
:{{lang|la|Caesar}} : {{lang|la|mulierem}} : {{lang|la|occultam habet}} = Caesar : held : the woman : hidden
:{{lang|la|Caesar}} : {{lang|la|puerōs}} : {{lang|la|occultōs habet}} = Caesar : held : the boys : hidden
This became the regular way of forming the perfect in French and Italian.The development of these tenses is discussed in Pinkster (1987).
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the {{lang|la|habeō}} perfect periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin Example ! Meaning ! Comment | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative present'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum habeō|italic=no}} || past || 'I hid it' | |
|---|---|
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative future'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum habēbō|italic=no}} || 'I will have hidden it' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum habēbam|italic=no}} || past in past || 'I had hidden it' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum habuī|italic=no}} || past in past || 'I had hidden it' | |
| colspan=4 | | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive present'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum habeam|italic=no}} || -- || -- | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum habēbam|italic=no}} || -- || -- | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum habuerim|italic=no}} || -- || -- | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum habueram|italic=no}} || -- || -- | |
| colspan=4 | | |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive present'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|occultum habēre|italic=no}} || 'that I hid it' | |
| | past in past | 'that I had hidden it' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|occultum habuisse|italic=no}} || 'that I had hidden it' | |
| | past in past in past | 'that I had hidden it earlier' |
{{lang|la|Teneō}} perfect periphrasis
The {{lang|la|teneō}} perfect periphrasis is composed of the {{lang|la|teneō}} auxiliary and a perfect paticiple such as {{lang|la|occultum}}.
The auxiliary varies according to the speech role and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|ego}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|occultum teneō}} = I : held : Caesar : hidden
:{{lang|la|tū}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|occultum tenēs}} = you : held : Caesar : hidden
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|occultum tenet}} = the man : held : Caesar : hidden
The participle varies according to the gender and number of the object.
:{{lang|la|Caesar}} : {{lang|la|hominem}} : {{lang|la|occultum tenet}} = Caesar : held : the man : hidden
:{{lang|la|Caesar}} : {{lang|la|mulierem}} : {{lang|la|occultam tenet}} = Caesar : held : the woman : hidden
:{{lang|la|Caesar}} : {{lang|la|puerōs}} : {{lang|la|occultōs tenet}} = Caesar : held : the boys : hidden
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the {{lang|la|teneō}} perfect periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin Example ! Meaning ! Comment | |
| rowspan=2 | 'indicative future'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|occultum tenēbō|italic=no}} || 'I will be keeping it hidden' | |
|---|---|
| | future | 'I will keep it hidden' |
| rowspan=2 | 'indicative present'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|occultum teneō|italic=no}} || 'I am keeping it hidden' | |
| | present | 'I am keeping it hidden' |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum tenēbam|italic=no}} || 'I was keeping it hidden' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum tenuī|italic=no}} || past || 'I kept it hidden' | |
| colspan=4 | | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive present'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum teneam|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I am keeping it hidden' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum tenērem|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I was keeping it hidden' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum tenuerim|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I kept it hidden' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|occultum tenuissem|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I had kept it hidden' | |
| colspan=4 | | |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive present'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|occultum tenēre|italic=no}} || -- || 'that I am keeping it hidden' | |
| | -- | 'that I was keeping it hidden' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|occultum tenuisse|italic=no}} || -- || 'that I kept it hidden' | |
| | -- | 'that I had kept it hidden' |
Future periphrasis
The future periphrasis is composed of the {{lang|la|sum}} auxiliary and a future paticiple such as {{lang|la|ductūrus}}.
The auxiliary varies according to the speech role and number of also the subject.
:{{lang|la|ego}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|ductūrus eram}} = I : would lead : Ceasar
:{{lang|la|tū}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|ductūrus erās}} = you : would lead : Ceasar
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|ductūrus erat}} = the man : would lead : Ceasar
The participle varies according to the gender and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|ductūrus erat}} = the man : would lead : Ceasar
:{{lang|la|mulier}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|ductūra erat}} = the woman : would lead : Ceasar
:{{lang|la|puerī}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|ductūrī sunt}} = the boys : would lead : Ceasar
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the future periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin example ! Meaning ! Comment |
| 'indicative future'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus erō|italic=no}} | -- | 'I will be going to lead' |
|---|
| 'indicative present'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus sum|italic=no}} | -- | 'I am going to lead' |
| 'indicative imperfect'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus eram|italic=no}} | -- | 'I was going to lead' |
| 'indicative future perfect'
| -- | -- | -- |
| 'indicative perfect'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus fuī|italic=no}} | -- | 'I was going to lead' |
| 'indicative pluperfect'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus fueram|italic=no}} | -- | 'I had been going to lead' |
| colspan=4 | |
| 'subjunctive present'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus sim|italic=no}} | -- | 'whether I am going to lead' |
| 'subjunctive imperfect'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus essem|italic=no}} | -- | 'whether I was going to lead' |
| 'subjunctive perfect'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus fuerim|italic=no}} | -- | 'whether I would have led' |
| 'subjunctive pluperfect'
| {{lang|la|ductūrus fuissem|italic=no}} | -- | 'whether I had been going to lead' |
| colspan=4 | |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive present'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|ductūrum esse|italic=no}} | -- | 'that I am going to lead' |
| --
| 'that I was going to lead' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|ductūrum fuisse|italic=no}} | -- | 'that I was going to lead' |
| --
| 'that I had been going to lead' |
Future infinitive periphrases
The future infinitive periphrases are composed of one of three auxiliaries ({{lang|la|fore}}, {{lang|la|futūrum}} or {{lang|la|futūrum esse}}), the word {{lang|la|ut}} and a verb from one of two verb paradigms ('present subjunctive' or 'imperfect subjunctive').Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), pp. 165, 334.
The auxiliary does not vary.
The verb varies according to the speech role and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|fore ut}} : {{lang|la|ego}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|dūcerem}} = that: I : would lead : Caesar
:{{lang|la|fore ut}} : {{lang|la|tū}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|dūcerēs}} = that: you : would lead : Caesar
:{{lang|la|fore ut}} : {{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|dūceret}} = that: the man : would lead : Caesar
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the {{lang|la|fore}} future infinitive periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin example ! Meaning ! Comment |
| rowspan=2 | 'subjunctive present'
| {{lang|la|fore ut dūcam|italic=no}} | 'that I will lead' |
|---|
| {{lang|la|fore ut dūcar|italic=no}}
| 'that I will be led' |
| rowspan=2 | 'subjunctive imperfect'
| {{lang|la|fore ut dūcerem|italic=no}} | 'that I was going to lead' |
| {{lang|la|fore ut dūcerer|italic=no}}
| 'that I was going to be led' |
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the {{lang|la|futūrum}} future infinitive periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin example ! Meaning ! Comment |
| rowspan=2 | 'subjunctive present'
| {{lang|la|futūrum ut dūcam|italic=no}} | 'that I will lead' |
|---|
| {{lang|la|futūrum ut dūcar|italic=no}}
| 'that I will be led' |
| rowspan=2 | 'subjunctive imperfect'
| {{lang|la|futūrum ut dūcerem|italic=no}} | 'that I was going to lead' |
| {{lang|la|futūrum ut dūcerer|italic=no}}
| 'that I was going to be led' |
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the {{lang|la|futūrum esse}} future infinitive periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin example ! Meaning ! Comment |
| rowspan=2 | 'subjunctive present'
| {{lang|la|futūrum esse ut dūcam|italic=no}} | 'that I will lead' |
|---|
| {{lang|la|futūrum esse ut dūcar|italic=no}}
| 'that I will be led' |
| rowspan=2 | 'subjunctive imperfect'
| {{lang|la|futūrum esse ut dūcerem|italic=no}} | 'that I was going to lead' |
| {{lang|la|futūrum esse ut dūcerer|italic=no}}
| 'that I was going to be led' |
Gerundive periphrasis
The gerundive periphrasis (aka periphrastic conjugation of the passiveGildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 166.) is composed of the {{lang|la|sum}} auxiliary and a gerundive such as {{lang|la|dūcendus}}.
The auxiliary varies according to the speech role and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|ego}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|dūcendus eram}} = I : needed to be led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|tū}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|dūcendus erās}} = you : needed to be led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|dūcendus erat}} = the man : needed to be led : by Caesar
The participle varies according to the gender and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|dūcendus erat}} = the man : needed to be led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|mulier}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|dūcenda erat}} = the woman : needed to be led : by Caesar
:{{lang|la|puerī}} : {{lang|la|ā Caesare}} : {{lang|la|dūcendī erant}} = the boys : needed to be led : by Caesar
Although the gerundive periphrasis is similar to the future periphrasis in appearance, they are not parallel in meaning nor function. Woodcock writes of the gerundive periphrasis: "But for the introduction of the idea of necessity, it would form a periphrastic future passive tense parallel to the periphrastic future active."Woodcock (1959), p. 163.
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the gerundive periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin Example ! Meaning ! Comment | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative future'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus erō|italic=no}} || -- || 'I will need to be led' | |
|---|---|
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative present'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus sum|italic=no}} || -- || 'I need to be led' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus eram|italic=no}} || -- || 'I needed to be led' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative future perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus fuerō|italic=no}} || -- || 'I will have needed to be led' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus fuī|italic=no}} || -- || 'I have needed to be led' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus fueram|italic=no}} || -- || 'I had needed to be led' | |
| colspan=4 | | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive {{lang|la|foret}}'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus forem|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I will need to be led' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive present'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus sim|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I need to be led' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive imperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus essem|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I needed to be led' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus fuerō|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I have needed to be led' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcendus fuissem|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I had needed to be led' | |
| colspan=4 | | |
| rowspan=4 | 'infinitive {{lang|la|fore}}'
| rowspan=4 | {{lang|la|dūcendum fore|italic=no}} || -- || 'that I will need to be led' | |
| | -- | 'that I would need to be led' |
| | future in present | 'that I will be led' |
| | future in past | 'that I would be led' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive present'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|dūcendum esse|italic=no}} || -- || 'that I need to be led' | |
| | -- | 'that I needed to be led' |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|dūcendum fuisse|italic=no}} || -- || 'that I needed to be led' | |
| | -- | 'that I had needed to be led' |
{{lang|la|Coepī}} present periphrasis
The {{lang|la|coepī}} present periphrasis is composed of the {{lang|la|coepī}} auxiliary and an infinitive such as {{lang|la|dūcere}}.
The auxiliary varies according to the speech role and number of the subject.
:{{lang|la|ego}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|dūcere coeperam}} = I : was leading : Caesar
:{{lang|la|tū}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|dūcere coeperās}} = you : were leading : Caesar
:{{lang|la|homō}} : {{lang|la|Caesarem}} : {{lang|la|dūcere coeperat}} = the man : was leading : Caesar
The infinitive does not vary.
| class="wikitable"
|+ Auxiliary paradigms in the {{lang|la|coepī}} periphrasis ! Paradigm ! Latin Example ! Meaning ! Comment | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative future perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcere coeperō|italic=no}} || 'I will be leading' | |
|---|---|
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcere coepī|italic=no}} || 'I am leading' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'indicative pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcere coeperam|italic=no}} || 'I was leading' | |
| colspan=4 | | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive perfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcere coeperim|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I am leading' | |
| rowspan=1 | 'subjunctive pluperfect'
| rowspan=1 | {{lang|la|dūcero coepissem|italic=no}} || -- || 'whether I was leading' | |
| colspan=4 | | |
| rowspan=2 | 'infinitive perfect'
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|la|dūcere coepisse|italic=no}} || -- || 'that I am leading' | |
| | -- | 'that I was leading' |
References
{{reflist}}