Login
Login

Lausberg area#Romanian-like

File:Lausberg_Area.png

The Lausberg area is a part of southern Italy, covering much of Basilicata and the northern edge of Calabria, where Southern Italian dialects are spoken that show vowel developments atypical of Italo-Romance. The area is named after Heinrich Lausberg, who brought it to the attention of scholarship in 1939.{{harvnb|Loporcaro|2011|p=114}}

Stressed vowel outcomes

There are three main subdivisions, as can be seen on the map to the right.

= Romanian-like =

File:Development_of_vowels_from_Latin_to_Romanian.png

Dubbed the {{lang|de|Vorposten}} (“outpost”) by Lausberg, this area encompasses the towns of Castelmezzano, Potenza, and Picerno. Here the Latin vowel {{IPA|/i/}} merged with {{IPA|/eː/}}, while {{IPA|/u/}} merged with {{IPA|/uː/}}. The same asymmetric vowel development characterizes Balkan Romance languages such as Romanian.

= Transitional =

File:Vowel_changes_from_Latin_to_Sicilian.png

The western part of Lausberg's {{lang|de|Mittelzone}} (“central area”) encompasses the towns of Lauria, Maratea, Scalea, Diamante, and Verbicaro. Here the majority of words show a stressed vowel development similar to that of Sicilian, although many words show Sardinian-like outcomes as well.{{harvnb|Ledgeway|2016|p=248}}

= Sardinian-like =

File:Sardinian_vowels.png

The eastern part of the {{lang|de|Mittelzone}} encompasses the towns of Senise, Tursi, and Oriolo. Here the tonic vowels developed approximately as in Sardinian. There is evidence, however, of an earlier distinction between Latin {{IPA|/eː oː/}} and {{IPA|/e o/}}. In the variety spoken in Senise, for instance, the outcomes of Latin {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} were subject to diphthongization when stressed and followed by a syllable containing a close vowel (namely {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/u/}}), while the outcomes of {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} were not. Cf. Latin {{IPA|/fokum, nepoːteːs/}} > {{IPA|*/ˈfɔku, neˈpoti/}} > {{IPA|[ˈfwokə, nəˈpʊtə]}}.{{harvnb|Loporcaro|2011|p=113}}

Selected lexical comparisons

Below are the (non-metaphonic) stressed vowel outcomes in the three regions, each represented here by one dialect.

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!Latin

|{{IPA|ˈfiːlum}}

|{{IPA|ˈniwem}}

|{{IPA|ˈteːlam}}

|{{IPA|ˈpedem}}

|{{IPA|ˈpaːnem}}

|{{IPA|ˈkanem}}

|{{IPA|ˈkor}}

|{{IPA|ˈsoːlem}}

|{{IPA|ˈkrukem}}

|{{IPA|ˈluːnam}}

Castelmezzano

|{{IPA|ˈfilə}}

| colspan="3" |{{IPA|ˈnevə ˈtela ˈperə}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈpanə ˈkanə}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈkorə ˈsolə}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈkrutʃə ˈlunə}}

Verbicaro

| colspan="3" |{{IPA|ˈfɪlə ˈnɪva ˈtɪla}}

|{{IPA|ˈpɛtra}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈpanə ˈkanə}}

|{{IPA|ˈkɔrə}}

| colspan="3" |{{IPA|ˈsʊlə ˈkrʊtʃa ˈlʊna}}

Senise

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈfilə ˈnivə}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈtɛlə ˈpɛrə}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈpanə ˈkanə}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈkɔrə ˈsɔlə}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ˈkrutʃə ˈlunə}}

English

|thread

|snow

|canvas

|foot

|bread

|dog

|heart

|sun

|cross

|moon

Here is a comparison of the present indicative conjugations of the verb meaning “to die” in the {{lang|de|Mittelzone}}.{{harvnb|Trumper|1997|p=362}} Asterisks indicate forms that induce syntactic doubling.

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!

!San Chirico

!Aliano

!Castelluccio

!Noepoli

!Amendolara

!Papasidero

{{gcl|1SG}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrəjə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrəkə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrə~ˈmuərə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrrə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔru}}

{{gcl|2SG}}

|{{IPA|ˈmwerəsə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrəsə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmuːrəsə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmuərəsə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmuːrəsə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmuːrisi}}

{{gcl|3SG}}

|{{IPA|ˈmwerətə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrətə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmurə*}}

|{{IPA|ˈmuərədə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmuːrədə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmuri*}}

{{gcl|1PL}}

|{{IPA|muˈriəmə}}

|{{IPA|muˈrɛmə}}

|{{IPA|muˈrimə}}

|{{IPA|muˈriəmə}}

|{{IPA|muˈrimə}}

|{{IPA|muˈrimu}}

{{gcl|2PL}}

|{{IPA|muˈriəsə}}

|{{IPA|muˈrɛsə}}

|{{IPA|muˈrisə}}

|{{IPA|muˈriətəsə}}

|{{IPA|muˈritəsə}}

|{{IPA|muˈrisi}}

{{gcl|3PL}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrənə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrənə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrənə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrənə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmuːrənə}}

|{{IPA|ˈmɔrunu}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|last=Lausberg|first=Heinrich|year=1939|title=Die mundarten Südlukaniens|lang=de|location=Halle|publisher=Niemeyer}}
  • {{cite book|last=Loporcaro|first=Michele|year=2011|chapter=Phonological processes|editor1=Maiden, Martin|editor2=Smith, John Charles|editor3=Ledgeway, Adam|title=The Cambridge history of the Romance languages|volume=1|pages=109–154|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
  • {{cite book|last=Ledgeway|first=Adam|year=2016|chapter=The dialects of southern Italy|editor1=Ledgeway, Adam|editor2=Maiden, Martin|title=The Oxford guide to the Romance languages|pages=246–269|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
  • {{cite book|last=Trumper|first=John|year=1997|chapter=Calabria and southern Basilicata|editor1=Maiden, Martin|editor2=Parry, Mair|title=The dialects of Italy|pages=355–364|location=London|publisher=Routledge}}

Category:Neapolitan language

Category:Italic phonologies

Category:Southern Romance languages