Leipzig Debate

{{short description|Debate between Lutheran reformers and a Dominican friar in 1519}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

File: Julius Hübner Disputation.jpg

The Leipzig Debate ({{langx|de|Leipziger Disputation}}) was a theological disputation originally between Andreas Karlstadt, Martin Luther and Johann Eck. Karlstadt, the dean of the Wittenberg theological faculty, felt that he had to defend Luther against Eck's critical commentary on the 95 Theses and so challenged Johann Eck, a professor of theology at the University of Ingolstadt, to a public debate concerning the doctrines of free will and grace.

The Leipzig Debate took place in June and July 1519 at Pleissenburg Castle in Leipzig, Germany. Its purpose was to discuss Martin Luther's teachings and was initiated and conducted in the presence of George, Duke of Saxony, an opponent of Luther. Eck, considered the master debater in the Holy Roman Empire, was concerned about clerical abuses, but his life's work had been dedicated to the defence of Catholic teachings and combating heresy.{{Cite book |last=Stanton |first=Philip |url= |title=AQA History AS Unit 1 Reformation in Europe, C1500-1564 |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-7487-8266-6 |pages=48 |language=en}}

Eck invited Luther to join the debate, and when Luther arrived in July, he and Eck expanded the terms of the debate to include matters such as the existence of purgatory, the sale of indulgences, the need for and methods of penance and the legitimacy of papal authority.{{cite book|last=Kolb|first=Robert|title=Martin Luther|url=https://archive.org/details/martinlutherconf00kolb|url-access=limited|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0199208944|page=[https://archive.org/details/martinlutherconf00kolb/page/n30 24]}}

Also, Luther's position (also supported by Erasmus) on burning heretics was later summarized as one of the positions (or errors) specifically censured in Exsurge Domine "Haereticos comburi est contra voluntatem Spiritus" (It is contrary to the Spirit to burn heretics).{{Cite book |last=Fredericq |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jdWnEO2hvUC&dq=%22Haereticos+comburi+est+contra+voluntatem+Spiritus%22&pg=PA27 |title=Corpus Documentorum Inquisitionis Haereticae Pravitatis Neerlandicae: Verzameling Van Stukken Pauselijke en Bisschoppelijke Inquisitie in de Nederlanden |date=1900 |publisher=Vuylsteke |language=nl}}{{cite book|last=Bainton|first=Roland H.|authorlink=Roland Bainton|title=Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther|publisher=Abingdon-Cokesbury Press|year=1950}}, pp. 145–147.

The debate led Pope Leo X to censor Luther and threaten him with excommunication from the Catholic Church in his June 1520 papal bull, Exsurge Domine, which banned Luther's views from being preached or written.