Lemko dialect

• Most Lemko dialects have a fixed stress on the penultimate syllable: вóда [ˈʋɔdɐ] compared to standard Ukrainian водá [ʋɔˈda];
• presence of phonemes [ɨ], [ɯ], [y];
• transition of [o] into [ʊ] in both stressed and unstressed positions before syllables with [i], [u], [a] and [u̯]: на дурузі [dʊˈrʊzʲi], путік [ˈpʊtʲik], знуў [znʊu̯], пулула [pʊˈlʊlɐ] (standard Ukrainian - на дорозі [dɔˈrɔzʲi], потік [poˈtʲik], знов [znɔu̯], полола [pɔˈlɔlɐ]);
• transition of [e] into [ɪ] before palatalized consonants: вир’х [ʋɪrʲx], типир’ [ˈtɪpɪrʲ] (standard Ukrainian - верх [ʋɛrx], тепер [teˈpɛr]);
• pronunciation of word-final [ɪ] as [ɪi̯], [ei̯]: колий [ˈkolɪi̯], гусий [ˈɦusei̯], ідий [ˈidɪi̯] (literary Ukrainian - коли [koˈlɪ], гуси [ˈɦuse], іди [iˈdɪ]);
• transition of original [e] into [u], [y]: вечÿр [ˈʋɛt͡ʃyr], т’утка [ˈtʲutkɐ] (standard Ukrainian - вечір [ˈʋɛt͡ʃʲir], тітка [ˈtʲitkɐ]);
• development of original cluster -ьr- into -ɪr-, -ɨr-, -ьl- into -ɨl-: гырміт [ˈɦɨrmʲit], дырва [ˈdɨrʋa], хирбет [ˈxɪrbɛt], былха [ˈbɨlxa] (standard Ukrainian - гримить [ɦreˈmɪtʲ], дрова [drɔˈʋa], хребет [xreˈbɛt], блоха [blɔˈxa]);
• intense palatalization of [t͡sʲ], [d͡zʲ], [sʲ], [zʲ], in some varieties [t͡ʃʲ] and [d͡ʒʲ] are only present in palatalized form; widespread replacement of [tʲ], [dʲ] with [t͡sʲ], [d͡zʲ]: ц’агне [ˈt͡sʲaɦne], дз’’іц’’ми [ˈd͡zʲit͡sʲme] (standrad Ukrainian - тягне [ˈtʲaɦne], дітьми [dʲitʲˈmɪ]); in certain varieties some consonants are palatalized in front of etymological [e]: т’еп’ир [ˈtʲɛpʲɪr], с’ево [ˈsʲɛwɔ] (standard Ukrainian - тепер [teˈpɛr], село [seˈlɔ]); in other varieties [t], [n], [s], [t͡s] are not palatalized in word-final positions (кін [kʲin], вес [ʋɛs], opposed to literary Ukrainian - кінь [kʲinʲ], весь [ʋɛsʲ]), and palatalized [r] is absent;
• devoicing of word-final consonants in many varieties: мет [mɛt] (standard Ukrainian - мед [mɛd]);
• replacement of [l] with [u̯] before labialized and [w] before unlabialized vowels: пўух [pu̯ux], вава [ˈwaʋɐ], ц’івий [ˈt͡sʲiwei̯] (literary Ukrainian - плуг [pluɦ], лава [ˈlaʋɐ], цілий [ˈt͡sʲilei̯]);
• replacement of word-initial [w], [u̯] with [ɦ]: гдова [ˈɦdɔwɐ] (standard Ukrainian - вдова [wdɔˈʋa]); replacement of [[w], [u̯] before unvoiced consonants with [x], [f]: x коморі, фчора [ˈft͡ʃɔrɐ] (standard Ukrainian - в коморі, вчора [ˈwt͡ʃɔrɐ]);
• archaic ending -ци in masculine plural nouns: парібци, войаци (literary Ukrainian - парубки, вояки);
• ending -ы in adjective and certain pronouns in plural: здоровы;
• ending -ом in single nouns in instrumentative case, as well as in respective adjectives: добром жоном, тобом;
• dual ending -ма in instrumentative case of many nouns and pronouns: тыма, котрыма;
• shortened form -ой in genitive of single feminine adjectives: великой, славной (standard Ukrainian - великої, славної);
• in eastern Lemko varieties: absence of [l] between labial consonants and [j] (купйу, робйат);
• creation of future tense with the use of verb бути and past participle: буду робив; sometimes also with infinitive: будéме вйазáти;
• use of particle да instead of де: дахто, дакому (standard Ukrainian - дехто, декому);
• widespread useage of prepositions ік, ґ, іґ, ку, ґу, пред, през etc.;
• in syntax: use of preposition with noun to denote an instrument used for a certain action (орати c пўугом, пише c пером); use of preposition о with nouns in locative or accusative (о н’ім знайу, о два дни, о холоды, о кривих лабах).{{Cite web|title=Лемківський говір|url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um172.htm|lang=uk|access-date=2025-04-15}}

==Vocabulary==

{{Ukrainian language}}

Category: Ukrainian dialects