Li Xiangjun
{{short description|Chinese Ming Dynasty female singer}}
{{Copy edit|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{family name hatnote|Li|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Li Xiangjun
| native_name = 李香君
| image = 清 李香君小影 軸-Portrait of Li Xiangjun MET DP146994.jpg
| caption = Painting of Li Xiangjun 1817
| pseudonym = Li Xiang(李香), Wu Shi(吴氏)
| birth_date = 1624
| birth_place = Suzhou, Jiangsu, Ming Dynasty
| death_date = {{Death year and age |1654 |1624}}
| death_place = Qing Dynasty
| occupation = Gējì
| language = Chinese
| partner = Hou Fangyu(侯方域)
| relatives = Li Zhenli(李贞丽) ({{small|adopted mother}})
}}
Li Xiangjun ({{zh|c=李香君}}; 1624–1654) was a celebrated gējì (courtesan) during the late Ming dynasty,{{cite web | url=https://epaper.sqrb.com.cn/old/sqrb/html/2008-06/15/content_13893.htm | title=李香君在商丘}} renowned for her artistic talents and tragic romance with the scholar-official Hou Fangyu. Their story became immortalized in the Qing-era historical play The Peach Blossom Fan ({{zh|c=桃花扇}}) by Kong Shangren, which dramatized their love amid the political collapse of the Ming dynasty.{{sfnp|Hou|1712}} Regarded as one of Chinese history's most iconic romances, their relationship symbolized loyalty and resilience during a tumultuous era.{{cite web | url=http://js.xhby.net/system/2009/03/06/010454689.shtml | title=李香君——"秦淮八艳"里的硬骨头 | trans-title=Li Xiangjun: the hard hear of the 'eight beauties of Qinhuai' | language=Chinese | last1 =Liu 刘| first1=Lei 磊| website=Nanjing Chenbao | date=6 March 2009 | access-date=12 September 2017}}
Li is memorialized as one of the Eight Beauties of Qinhuai ({{zh|c=秦淮八艳}}), a group of distinguished gējì from Nanjing's Qinhuai district celebrated in late Qing records for their cultural influence and artistic achievements. The group included Ma Xianglan, Bian Yujing ({{zh|c=卞玉京}}), Dong Xiaowan, Liu Rushi, Gu Mei, Kou Baimen ({{zh|c=寇白门}}), and Chen Yuanyuan.{{sfnp|Xie|Shi|2014|p=181}} These women transcended their roles as entertainers, engaging with literati, poets, and political figures and leaving enduring legacies through their contributions to art, literature, and the social dynamics of the Ming-Qing transition period.
Biography
= Early years =
Li Xiangjun, also known as Li Xiang ({{zh|c=李香}}) or Li Ji ({{zh|c=李姬}}),{{sfnp|Wang|2011|p=88}} was born into the Wu family in Fengqiao, Changmen, Suzhou. Her courtesy name was Xiangshanzhui ({{zh|c=香扇坠}}). Her father, a military attaché and member of the reformist Donglin Party, was persecuted by the eunuch faction led by Wei Zhongxian ({{zh|c=魏忠贤}}), leading to the family's ruin. At age eight, she was adopted by the courtesan Li Zhenli ({{zh|c=李贞丽}}), and took her surname.{{cite web | url=https://www.cqcb.com/dyh/culture/dyh631/2018-01-16/640949.html | title=桃花扇定情"香扇坠"：秦淮八艳之李香君}}{{sfnp|Wang|2011|p=88-89}} Raised in Meixiang Lou ({{zh|c=媚香楼}}), a performance venue frequented by literati and loyalist officials, Li trained under musician Su Kunsheng ({{zh|c=苏昆生}}) from age 13, mastering the pipa, poetry, and southern Chinese opera. By 16, she was acclaimed for her performances of The Peony Pavilion.{{cite web | url=http://www.sqrb.com.cn/news/2016-04/29/content_2464240.htm | title=一把桃花扇 讲述如歌如泣的爱情故事}} Because her adoptive mother Li Zhenli was generous and elegant, most of the guests at Meixiang Lou were literati and upright, loyal ministers.{{sfnp|Yu|1693}}{{sfnp|Wang|2011|p=89}}
= Marriage =
In 1639, Hou Fangyu ({{zh|c=侯方域}}), a leader of the Fushe Society ({{zh|c=复社}}) and one of the "Four Masters of Fushe," ({{zh|c= 复社四公子)}}, met 16-year-old Li Xiangjun at Meixiang Lou. They married, with Hou gifting her an ivory-and-silk fan inscribed with a poem. Financial support for the marriage came indirectly from Ruan Dacheng ({{zh|c=阮大成}}), a disgraced official seeking to become an ally to Fushe scholars. Upon discovering Ruan's involvement, Li sold her jewelry to repay the debt, declaring: "Remove my dresses, it is fine to be poor; wear commoners' clothing, your reputation will be clean."
= Blood-stained fan =
After Hou failed the imperial examination due to his political writings, he fled Nanjing. Li vowed to cease performing and urged him to join Shi Kefa's anti-Qing resistance. Governor Tian Yang, on Ruan's recommendation, attempted to force Li into concubinage. During her resistance, blood from her injuries stained Hou's fan. The painter Yang Longyou transformed the stains into peach blossoms, creating the artifact "The Peach Blossom Fan."{{cite web | url=https://rmh.pdnews.cn/Pc/ArtInfoApi/article?id=7028607 | title=桃花扇：李香君把短短的30年人生，活成了400年的传奇}}{{cite web | url=https://history.sohu.com/a/679116490_121687423 | title=血溅桃花扇：秦淮八艳之首李香君之死}}
= Summon to the palace =
After Li's recovery, Ruan Dacheng ordered Li to be a Geji in the palace under the guise of an imperial order. As a commoner, Li could not disobey this imperial edict. She was unable to write to Hou due to the ongoing war. Li Xiangjun was forced into the palace with the blood-stained fan in hand.{{cite web | url=https://news.hexun.com/2023-04-03/208172157.html | title=李香君归宿何处之谜}}
In 1644, Qing soldiers captured Yangzhou and invaded Nanjing. Emperor Hongguang fled and was eventually kidnapped by his subordinates to be sacrificed to the Qing army. With the city of Nanjing in chaos, Li Xiangjun escaped from the palace and, from the Changban bridge, she saw Meixiang Tower being burned. Li's music teacher, Su Kunsheng, eventually took her to seek refuge in Suzhou. Conincidentally, Hou Fangyu was also in Nanjing that night. He rushed to Qinhuai River in search of Li Xiangjun, only to see Meixiang Tower on fire.{{cite web | url=https://m.sohu.com/a/302837336_120081742 | title=秦淮八艳之首，李香君| website=Sohu}}
In 1645, Li Xiangjun became a Taoist nun with her former Geji friend Bian Yujing at the Baozhen Temple, Qixia Mountain. Li eventually fell ill. At her sick bed, Li asked Bian to cut a lock of her hair, wrap it in a red head scarf, and tie it to her fan to be handed to Hou Fangyu. Her parting words were, "Guard the integrity of the Ming Dynasty; never work for the Manchus. I will remember your love, even in death."
= Entering the Hou family =
In the autumn of 1645, Hou Fangyu found Li Xiangjun in Qixia Mountain and returned them north to Shangqiu. Concealing her Geji identity, Li moved into the Xiyuan Feicui Building as Hou Fangyu's concubine, reclaiming her former surname, Wu. She lived in harmony with her parents-in-law and also respected Hou Fangyu's first wife. Li and Hou often performed poetry and pipa as a couple at the Zhuanghuitang Hall.
From 1645 to 1652, Li Xiangjun lived a peaceful and comfortable life. When Hou Fangyu was away in Nanjing, the Hou family learned of Li's past identity as a Geji and decided they could no longer tolerate her in the household. Her father-in-law, Hou Xun, chased Li out of the Feicui Building and reluctantly allowed her to live in a desolute village fifteen miles from the city. After learning of Li's pregnancy and hearing sympathetic pleas from her mother-in-law and Mrs. Chang, Hou Xun reluctantly sent a servant for Li Xiangjun. Li gave birth to a boy who was taken away by the Hou family.
= Death =
After his return, Hou Fangyu begged his father to withdraw his order, but was repeatedly reprimanded. Li Xiangjun fell into depression and died of tuberculosis at the age of thirty. Hou Fangyu erected a stele that inscribed: "Wife died with hatred, husband ashamed for life." In front of the stele was a stone table and column stool named "stone stool of regret". Hou often visited Li's tomb and sat on the stool for a long time. On the 13th of December 1654, Hou died of depression, aged 37. Because of Li's status, she was not allowed to be buried with Hou Fangyu.{{cite web | url=http://art.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0819/c206244-28649440-3.html | title=组图:才高貌美有气节 秦淮八艳生平及书画作品}}{{cite web | url=http://news.cctv.com/society/20080411/101607.shtml | title=河南发现秦淮名妓李香君后人忍辱负重求生存}}{{cite web | url=http://www.sqrb.com.cn/news/2016-04/29/content_2464240.htm | title=一把桃花扇 讲述如歌如泣的爱情故事}}
Residence
File:The Memorial Hall of Li Xiangjun 2012-10.JPG
The residence of Li Xiangjun ({{zh|c=李香君故居}}) is open to the public as part of Nanjing's literary cultural heritage.{{sfnp|Zhang|2007|p=43}} It is located in Nanjing, in the vicinity of Fuzimiao on the Qinhuai River.{{sfnp|Zhang|2007|p=42}}
References
=Notes=
{{reflist}}
=Works cited=
- {{cite book
| chapter=李姬传
| trans-chapter=Tale of Woman Li | language=Chinese
| author=Hou Fangyu 侯方域
| title=壮悔堂文集
| trans-title=Zhuanghuitang Collected Works
| date=1712
| url=http://www.fhschool.edu.sh.cn/YDW/contents/319/1062.html | access-date=13 September 2017
| ref= {{sfnRef|Hou|1712}}
}}
- {{cite journal
| ref= {{sfnRef|Wang|2011}}
| title=秦淮河上真实的李香君——李香君身世与才貌考
| trans-title=The real Li Xiangjun of Qinhuai River: Consideration of Li Xiangjun's reality and talents | language=Chinese
| last1=Wang 王 | first1=Chen 晨
| journal=Yuwen Xuekan
| issue=6 | year=2011
| pages=88–89 & 94
}}
- {{cite journal
| ref= {{sfnRef|Xie|Shi|2014}}
| title=像传题咏与经典重构———以《秦淮八艳图咏》为中心
| trans-title=Acclaim for portraits and classical reconstruction: 'Qinhuai bayan tuyong' as the centre | language=Chinese
| last1=Xie 谢 | first1=Yongfang 永芳 | last2=Shi 施 | first2=Qin 琴
| journal=Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiu
| issue=2 | year=2014
| pages=180–188
}}
- {{cite book
| ref= {{sfnRef|Yu|1693}}
| title=板桥杂记
| trans-title=Notes from Banqiao | language=Chinese
| last1=Yu 怀 | first1=Huai 怀
| year=1693
}}
- {{cite journal
| ref= {{sfnRef|Zhang|2007}}
| title=文学旅游地的遗产保护与开发——南京夫子庙李香君故居和王谢古居案例研究
| trans-title=On the Heritage Protection and Development of Literary Tourism Destinations —— Taking Li Xiangjun Former Residence and Wang Xie Ancient House in Nanjing Confucius Temple as A Case | language=Chinese
| last1=Zhang 张 | first1=Weiya 维亚
| journal=Luyou Xuekan
| issue=3 | year=2007
| pages=40–44
}}
{{Eight Beauties of Qinhuai}}
{{Prostitution in China}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Li, Xiangjun}}
Category:17th-century Chinese poets
Category:17th-century Chinese women
Category:17th-century Chinese people
Category:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai