Libby Schaaf

{{Infobox officeholder

|name = Libby Schaaf

|image = Libby Schaaf (34490283036).jpg

|alt=Schaaf smiling

|caption=Schaaf in 2017

|office = 50th Mayor of Oakland

|term_start = January 5, 2015

|term_end = January 9, 2023

|predecessor = Jean Quan

|successor = Sheng Thao

|office1 = Member of the Oakland City Council
from 4th district

|term_start1 = January 2011

|term_end1 = January 2015

|predecessor1 = Jean Quan

|successor1 = Annie Campbell Washington

|birth_name = Elizabeth Beckman Schaaf

|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|12}}

|birth_place = Oakland, California, U.S.

|death_date =

|death_place =

|party = Democratic

|education = Rollins College (BA)
Loyola Marymount University (JD)

}}

Elizabeth Beckman Schaaf (born November 12, 1965) is an American politician who served as the 50th Mayor of Oakland, California from 2015 to 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, she previously served on the Oakland City Council.{{cite web|url=http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/local-govt-politics/councilwoman-libby-schaaf-files-run-oakland-mayor/nb82C/|title=Councilwoman Libby Schaaf files to run for Oakland mayor|date=December 2, 2013|publisher=KTVU|access-date=December 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206060149/http://www.ktvu.com/news/news/local-govt-politics/councilwoman-libby-schaaf-files-run-oakland-mayor/nb82C/|archive-date=December 6, 2013|url-status=dead}}

Schaaf won the November 4, 2014 Oakland mayoral election in the 14th round in ranked choice voting with 62.79% of the vote.{{cite web|url=https://oaklandwiki.org/2014_Mayoral_Election_Results|title=2014 Mayoral Election Results|date=November 4, 2014|publisher=OaklandWiki}}{{Cite web|url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/w/OAK052791|title=Mayor Libby Schaaf: Official Biodata|date=January 5, 2015|access-date=December 6, 2016}} She won re-election in 2018 with a 27% margin.{{Cite news|url=https://abc7news.com/politics/oakland-mayor-libby-schaaf-wins-re-election/4638301/|title=Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf wins re-election|date=November 7, 2018|work=ABC7 San Francisco|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en-US}}{{cite web |title=Mayoral election in Oakland, California (2018) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Mayoral_election_in_Oakland,_California_(2018) |website=Ballotpedia |access-date=24 July 2020}}

Early life and education

Schaaf was born in Oakland, California, on November 12, 1965. Her mother was a flight attendant.{{Cite magazine |title=Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf Is Our East Bay Person of the Year|url=http://www.oaklandmagazine.com/Mayor-Libby-Schaaf-Is-Person-of-the-Year/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052156/http://www.oaklandmagazine.com/Mayor-Libby-Schaaf-Is-Person-of-the-Year/ |archive-date=2018-08-18 |access-date=August 17, 2018 |magazine=Oakland Magazine |language=en}} Growing up in Oakland's District 4, Schaaf attended Head-Royce School and Skyline High School, both in Oakland. She holds a B.A. in political science from Rollins College and a J.D. from Loyola Law School.{{cite magazine|last=Tavares|first=Steven|date=January 8, 2016|title=Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf Is Our East Bay Person of the Year|magazine=Oakland Magazine|url=http://www.oaklandmagazine.com/Mayor-Libby-Schaaf-Is-Person-of-the-Year/index.php?cparticle=2&siarticle=1|url-status=dead|access-date=August 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421035048/http://www.oaklandmagazine.com:80/Mayor-Libby-Schaaf-Is-Person-of-the-Year/index.php |archive-date=2016-04-21}}

Early career

Before starting her political career, Schaaf was an attorney in Oakland at the law firm of Reed Smith LLP.{{Cite web|url=https://capitolweekly.net/oaklands-libby-schaaf-vs-feds/|title=Oakland's Libby Schaaf vs. the Feds|date=March 7, 2018|website=Capitol Weekly}} She then became the program director{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/libby-schaaf|title=Libby Schaaf|website=www.huffingtonpost.com|access-date=August 4, 2016}} for the Marcus A. Foster Educational Institute in 1995, creating and running a new volunteer program for the Oakland Unified School District.

Schaaf's first roles in local government were as legislative aide to Oakland City Council president Ignacio De La Fuente{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/matier-ross/article/De-La-Fuente-to-challenge-Schaaf-for-Oakland-12259728.php|title=De La Fuente to challenge Schaaf for Oakland mayor in 2018|date=October 8, 2018|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=March 4, 2019}} and special assistant to Oakland mayor Jerry Brown.{{Cite web|url=https://beta.oaklandca.gov/officials/libby-schaaf|title=Libby Schaaf profile|website=beta.oaklandca.gov|access-date=August 4, 2016}}

In 2006, Schaaf joined the Port of Oakland as the Director of Public Affairs,{{Cite web|url=https://sfbayca.com/2014/12/26/mayor-elect-schaaf-now-is-oaklands-time/|title=Mayor-elect Schaaf: Now is 'Oakland's time'|date=December 26, 2014}} helping to secure state and federal funding for the city of Oakland, as well as directing all strategic communications for the port. In 2009, Schaaf graduated from Emerge California, a training program for women who aspire to elected office.{{cite web|last1=Libby Schaaf|title=Libby Schaaf profile|url=http://www.emergeamerica.org/alumnae/spotlight/libby-schaaf|website=Emerge America|access-date=August 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816082232/http://www.emergeamerica.org/alumnae/spotlight/libby-schaaf|archive-date=August 16, 2016|url-status=dead}}

Before joining the Oakland City Council in 2010, Schaaf served as the Economic Policy Advisor for the council for a year.

Oakland City Council

In 2010, Schaaf was elected to represent her home district, District 4, on the Oakland City Council.{{Cite web|url=http://libbyformayor.com/about.html|title=Libby Schaaf for Mayor of Oakland|last=Schaaf|first=Libby|website=libbyformayor.com|access-date=August 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813162842/http://libbyformayor.com/about.html|archive-date=August 13, 2016|url-status=dead}}

During her tenure on the city council, Schaaf fought to raise the minimum wage,{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/vote-libby-schaaf-for-mayor-of-oakland/Content?oid=4097294|title=Vote Libby Schaaf for Mayor of Oakland|website=East Bay Express|date=October 15, 2014 |access-date=August 5, 2016}} voicing her support for Measure FF,{{Cite web|url=https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2015/03/05/fair-wage-food-tastes-better-oakland-mayor-libby-schaaf-talks-minimum-wage-hike/|title="Fair Wage Food Tastes Better": Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf Talks Minimum Wage Hike|date=March 5, 2015 |language=en-us|access-date=August 5, 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastbaytimes.com/breaking-news/ci_26866927/oakland-tax-measures-leading|title=Oakland voters approve two tax measures, minimum wage hike|date=November 4, 2014 |access-date=August 5, 2016}} also known as Lift Up Oakland, a $12.25 minimum wage ballot initiative which passed in a landslide on November 4, 2014. Schaaf also strove to increase government transparency and efficiency, build a safer city, and strengthen Oakland neighborhoods in her time on city council. She worked extensively on Oakland Police Department reform, hiring more civilian staff and pushing through a plan to coordinate the Oakland Police Department with the Alameda County Sheriff's Department, to increase the number of officers patrolling Oakland.{{Cite web|url=http://www.smartvoter.org/2014/11/04/ca/alm/vote/schaaf_l/bio.html|title=Full Biography for Libby Schaaf|website=www.smartvoter.org}}

Mayor of Oakland

File:Libby Schaff and Jerry Brown January 2015.JPG at Schaaf's inaugural celebration (pictured with the art car, the Golden Mean).]]

In the race for Oakland mayor, Schaaf was endorsed by Governor of California Jerry Brown{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Gov-Jerry-Brown-lends-support-to-ex-aide-in-5805152.php|title=Gov. Jerry Brown lends support to ex-aide in Oakland mayor's race|newspaper=Sfgate |date=October 7, 2014 |access-date=July 29, 2016 |last1=Kane |first1=By Will }}{{Cite web|url=http://abc7news.com/politics/gov-brown-endorses-candidate-in-oakland-mayors-race/338956|title=Gov. Brown endorses candidate in Oakland mayor's race|last=Anthony|first=Laura|date=October 6, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2016}} and US Senator Barbara Boxer.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_26815903/sen-barbara-boxer-makes-endorsement-libby-schaaf-oakland|title=Sen. Boxer endorses Schaaf in Oakland Mayoral Race|date=October 28, 2014 |access-date=December 6, 2016}} Schaaf triumphed over incumbent mayor Jean Quan and several other candidates in November 2014.{{cite news |last1=Artz |first1=Matthew |date=November 5, 2014 |title=Schaaf defeats Quan, wins Oakland mayoral race in landslide |url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2014/11/05/schaaf-defeats-quan-wins-oakland-mayoral-race-in-landslide/ |work=The East Bay Times |access-date=March 15, 2025}}

=Department of Transportation=

In June 2015, Mayor Schaaf announced the formation of Oakland's first Department of Transportation. The Department of Transportation assumed some responsibilities formerly held by Oakland Public Works, such as road design, resurfacing and maintenance.{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/california/piedmont/oakland-launches-new-transportation-department|title=Oakland Launches New Transportation Department|date=June 10, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://kron4.com/2016/06/09/city-of-oakland-starts-new-transportation-department|title=City Of Oakland Starts New Transportation Department|date=June 9, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_29910432/advocates-hope-oaklands-new-department-transportation-will-transform|title=Advocates hope Oakland's new Department of Transportation will transform city's streets|access-date=July 29, 2016}} In her announcement,{{Cite web|url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/w/OAK059117|title=Media Advisory: Mayor Libby Schaaf Launches Oakland's First Transportation Department|date=June 8, 2016|publisher=Office of the Mayor Libby Schaaf|access-date=December 6, 2016}} Mayor Schaaf said that the focus will be on, "sustainable strategies that can bring needed change quickly to city streets."

The Department of Transportation consists of 300 employees, previously working in the Department of Public Works and Oakland Police Department's Parking Enforcement operations.{{Cite web|url=http://kron4.com/2016/06/09/city-of-oakland-starts-new-transportation-department|title=City of Oakland starts new transportation department|last1=Weeks|first1=Allison|last2=KRON|date=June 9, 2016|website=KRON4.com|access-date=July 29, 2016}}

Funding for the Department of Transportation came from many public resources, including Measure BB,{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamedactc.org/news_items/view/14837|title=Measure BB: Alameda CTC|website=www.alamedactc.org|access-date=July 29, 2016}} a sales tax approved in November 2014 to fund transportation projects in Alameda County. Schaaf hired Matt Nichols as her Policy Director{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/SevenDays/archives/2015/03/04/mayor-libby-schaaf-hires-oaklands-first-transportation-policy-director|title=Mayor Libby Schaaf Hires Oakland's First Transportation Policy Director|last=Levin|first=Sam|date=March 4, 2015 |access-date=July 29, 2016}} for Transportation and Infrastructure in March 2015. Jeff Tumlin was named Interim Director of the department in June 2016.

=Controversy over freedom of assembly =

In May 2015, Mayor Schaaf instituted a ban on un-permitted nighttime marches on public roadways in Oakland, citing existing city policies. The first enforcement of this ban was on May 21, during a #SayHerName{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/search?q=%23sayhername&src=typd |title=News about #sayhername on Twitter |publisher=Twitter |date=January 16, 2016 |access-date=January 20, 2016}} march, a nationwide coordinated march focused on ending state violence against black women and girls in the US. Demonstrators met at Frank Ogawa Plaza before sunset for a rally. After the rally, demonstrators began to march onto the street. Police officers told them to keep to the sidewalks, and cited California Vehicle Code Section 2800, making it an arrestable offense not to comply with the police order.{{cite web|last1=Bond Graham|first1=Darwin|title=Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf Institutes Ban On Nighttime Street Protests|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/SevenDays/archives/2015/05/22/oakland-mayor-libby-schaaf-institutes-curfew-on-nighttime-street-protest|website=East Bay Express|date=May 22, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015}}

File:Kamala Harris and Libby Schaaf in 2020.jpg in 2020]]

Enactment of this policy brought harsh criticism and allegations of illegality from some constitutional lawyers, including civil rights attorney and one of the co-authors of Oakland Police Department's Crowd Control and Crowd Management Policy, Rachel Lederman: "My general impression is the police took an unduly aggressive approach that not only violated their own crowd control policy, but also the First Amendment... This was an unreasonable interference with the demonstration given that there had been no serious crimes committed." Other legal experts pointed to similar policies in cities like New York, which have been ruled constitutional.{{cite web|last1=Barnard|first1=Cornell|title=Protests held in Oakland over mayor's new ban on nighttime marches|url=http://abc7news.com/news/protests-held-in-oakland-over-mayors-new-ban-on-nighttime-marches/740022/|website=ABC7 News Bay Area|publisher=ABC7|access-date=May 24, 2015}}

=ICE alert=

Schaaf alerted city residents to imminent Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids in February 2018, receiving criticism from some federal authorities.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/16/us/politics/trump-undocumented-immigrants-animals.html |title=Trump Calls Some Unauthorized Immigrants 'Animals' in Rant |author=Julie Hirschfeld Davis |date=May 16, 2018 |website=NYT |access-date=May 17, 2018 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2018/05/16/trump-suggests-justice-department-investigate-oaklands-democratic-mayor-for-tipping-off-immigrants |title=Trump suggests Justice Department investigate Oakland's Democratic mayor for tipping off immigrants |author=David Nakamura and Jenna Johnson |date=May 16, 2018 |website=washingtonpost.com |access-date=May 17, 2018 }} She responded, "I was sharing information in a way that was legal and was not obstructing justice, and it was an opportunity to ensure that people were aware of their rights." ICE’s acting director Thomas Homan stated that ICE failed to arrest around 800 people because of the alert.{{cite web|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2018/02/26/oakland-mayor-warning-people-immigration-sweeps/|title=Oakland Mayor Criticized For Warning People Of Pending Immigration Sweeps|date=February 26, 2018}}{{Cite web|date=2018-03-04|title=Jewish mayor of Oakland defends decision to tip off community to immigration raid|url=https://www.jta.org/2018/03/04/united-states/jewish-mayor-oakland-defends-decision-tip-off-community-immigration-raid|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US}}

=Guaranteed income for minority residents=

In March 2021, Schaaf announced that 600 selected non-white, low-income families of Oakland would receive $500 per month "guaranteed income" for 18 months.{{cite web |title=Oakland will give low-income families of color $500 per month, no strings attached | website=CNN | date=March 24, 2021 | url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/24/us/oakland-low-income-bipoc-guaranteed-income-trnd/index.html | access-date=25 March 2021}} According to the project's website, the income is funded by private philanthropic donations.{{Cite web|title=FAQs 2|url=https://oaklandresilientfamilies.org/faqs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324170625/https://oaklandresilientfamilies.org/faqs|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 24, 2021|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Oakland Resilient Families|language=en-US}}

=Allegations of campaign finance violations=

After she left office, Schaaf was accused of a pattern of campaign finance violations following an investigation by the Oakland Public Ethics Commission.{{cite news |last1=BondGraham |first1=Eli Wolfe, Darwin |title=Former Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf faces thousands in ethics fines |url=https://oaklandside.org/2024/09/06/former-mayor-libby-schaaf-faces-thousands-in-ethics-fines/ |access-date=14 January 2025 |work=The Oaklandside |date=6 September 2024}} Schaaf and the Commission agreed to a settlement in October 2024.{{cite news |last1=Wolfe |first1=Eli |title=Former Oakland Mayor Schaaf to pay $21,000 ethics fine |url=https://oaklandside.org/2024/10/11/former-oakland-mayor-schaaf-to-pay-21000-ethics-fine/ |access-date=March 15, 2025 |work=The Oaklandside |date=October 11, 2024}}

Campaign for state treasurer

On January 11, 2024, Schaaf announced a run for California state treasurer in the 2026 election.{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/oakland-libby-schaaf-california-treasurer/3420484/|title=Former Oakland Mayor Libby Schaaf announces bid for California state treasurer in 2026|date=January 11, 2024|website=NBC|access-date=November 10, 2024}}

Personal life

Schaaf is Jewish.{{cite web|url=http://forward.com/articles/191281/california-councilwoman-libby-schaaf-targeted-with|title=California Councilwoman Libby Schaaf Targeted With Swastikas in Oakland|date=January 21, 2014|website=Forward.com|access-date=January 20, 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/01/19/fliers-of-jewish-councilwoman-with-swastika-on-her-face-posted-in-oakland/|title=Flyers Of Jewish Councilwoman With Swastika On Her Face Posted In Oakland|last=Griego|first=Michelle|date=January 19, 2014|website=Sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com|access-date=January 20, 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-oakland-mayor-defends-decision-to-warn-community-of-immigration-raid/|title=Jewish Oakland mayor defends decision to warn community of immigration raid|date=March 5, 2018|website=www.timesofisrael.com|access-date=March 25, 2021}} She lives in Oakland with her husband Salvatore Fahey. They have two children, Dominic and Lena.{{cite web|url=http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/CityCouncil/o/District4-LibbySchaaf/a/CouncilmemberProfile/index.htm|access-date=January 22, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116041709/http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/CityCouncil/o/District4-LibbySchaaf/a/CouncilmemberProfile/index.htm|archive-date=January 16, 2013|title=Councilmember Profile}}

= Charitable work =

Schaaf co-founded the nonprofit Oakland Cares, which organized and implemented hundreds of volunteer community improvement projects across the city. She also built and ran the first centralized volunteer program for Oakland public schools at the Marcus Foster Institute. She serves on the Leadership Council at Kiva, a non-profit organization that allows people to lend money via the Internet to low-income entrepreneurs and students in over 80 countries.{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiva.org/about/leadership|title=Leadership {{!}} Kiva|website=Kiva|language=en|access-date=August 15, 2017}}

Electoral history

Since 2010, Oakland elections have used ranked choice voting.{{cite web |title=Oakland |url=https://www.fairvoteca.org/oakland |website=FairVote California |access-date=15 September 2020}}

=City Council=

colspan=17\| 2010 Oakland City Council district 4 election vote count by round{{cite web\|url=https://www.acvote.org/acvote-assets/pdf/elections/2010/11022010/results/rcv/oakland/city_councilmember_district_4/november-2-2010-rcv-oakland-city-council-district-4-pass-report.pdf\|title=RCV Results Report\|publisher=Alameda County \|website=acvote.org \|access-date=15 September 2020}}
class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
align="left" \| Candidate	Round 1	Round 2	Round 3	Round 4	Round 5	Round 6
align="left" \| Libby Schaaf	8,756	8,758	8,835	9,001	9,249	bgcolor="#ddddff" \| 10,439
align="left" \| Jill Broadhurst	4,807	4,809	4,878	5,062	5,286	bgcolor="#ddddff" \| 5,828
align="left" \| Melanie Shelby	2,463	2,466	2,552	2,652	3,017	bgcolor="#ddddff" \| 3,404
align="left" \| Daniel Swafford	2,348	2,351	2,444	2,741	bgcolor="#ddddff" \| 2,886	rowspan="5" \|
align="left" \| Clinton Killian	1,138	1,143	1,203	bgcolor="#ddddff" \| 1,273	rowspan="4" \|
align="left" \| Ralph Kanz	883	885	bgcolor="#ddddff" \| 936	rowspan="3" \|
align="left" \| Jason Gillen	530	bgcolor="#ddddff" \| 531	rowspan="2" \|
align="left" \| Write-in	bgcolor="#ddddff" \| 69	rowspan="1" \|
bgcolor="#EEEEEE" \| align="left" \| Continuing votes	20,994	20,943	20,848	20,729	20,438	19,671
bgcolor="#EEEEEE" \| align="left" \| Exhausted ballots	0	51	145	262	549	1,309
bgcolor="#EEEEEE" \| align="left" \| Over Votes	46	46	47	49	53	60
bgcolor="#EEEEEE" \| align="left" \| Under Votes	2,844	2,844	2,844	2,844	2,844	2,844
bgcolor="#EEEEEE" \| align="left" \| Total	23,884	23,884	23,884	23,884	23,884	23,884

=Mayoral=

==2014==

==2018==

{{Election box begin no party no change|title=2018 Oakland mayoral election{{cite web |title=Mayor - Oakland (RCV) Vote for One (1) Only |url=https://www.acgov.org/rovresults/236/100100.htm |publisher=Alameda County |access-date=5 October 2019 |date=6 December 2018}}{{cite web |title=Ranked-Choice Voting Accumulated Results - Mayor - Oakland |url=https://www.acgov.org/rov/rcv/results/236/rcvresults_100100.htm |publisher=Alameda County |access-date=5 October 2019 |date=6 December 2018}}}}

{{Election box winning candidate no party no change||candidate=Libby Schaaf (incumbent)|votes=84,314|percentage=53.19}}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Cat Brooks|votes=40,688|percentage=25.67}}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Pamela Price|votes=20,685|percentage=13.05}}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Saied Karamooz|votes=2,981|percentage=1.88}}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Ken Houston|votes=2,616|percentage=1.65}}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Marchon Tatmon |votes=2,087 |percentage=1.32}}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Nancy Sidebotham |votes=1,733 |percentage=1.09 }}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Peter Yuan Liu |votes=1,156 |percentage=0.73 }}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Cedric A. Troupe |votes=1,116 |percentage=0.70 }}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Jesse A.J. Smith |votes=730 |percentage=0.46 }}

{{Election box candidate no party no change||candidate=Write-in|votes=415|percentage=0.26}}

References

External links

[http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/CityCouncil/o/District4-LibbySchaaf/index.htm Bio at Oakland City Council]
[http://www.smartvoter.org/2010/11/02/ca/alm/vote/schaaf_l/ Biographical material] at SmartVoter
Articles about Schaaf at [http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/ArticleArchives?tag=Libby%20Schaaf East Bay Express], [http://oaklandlocal.com/tags/libby-schaaf/ Oakland Local], [https://oaklandnorth.net/tag/libby-schaaf/ Oakland North], and [http://postnewsgroup.com/blog/tag/libby-schaaf/ Oakland Post]
{{C-SPAN|97002}}
{{Twitter}}