Life 3.0

The book begins by positing a scenario in which AI has exceeded human intelligence and become pervasive in society. Tegmark refers to different stages of human life since its inception: Life 1.0 referring to biological origins, Life 2.0 referring to cultural developments in humanity, and Life 3.0 referring to the technological age of humans. He characterizes these different classification based on their ability to alter their hardware and software. The book focuses on "Life 3.0", and on emerging technology such as artificial general intelligence that may someday, in addition to being able to learn, be able to also redesign its own hardware and internal structure.

The first part of the book looks at the origin of intelligence billions of years ago and goes on to project the future development of intelligence. Tegmark considers short-term effects of the development of advanced technology, such as technological unemployment, AI weapons, and the quest for human-level AGI (Artificial General Intelligence). The book cites examples like Deepmind and OpenAI, self-driving cars, and AI players that can defeat humans in chess,{{Cite web|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011912/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 3, 2012|title=IBM100 - Deep Blue|date=2012-03-07|website=www-03.ibm.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-20}} Jeopardy,{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/science/17jeopardy-watson.html?pagewanted=all|title=On 'Jeopardy!' Watson Win Is All but Trivial|last=Markoff|first=John|date=2011-02-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} and Go.{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/01/in-a-huge-breakthrough-googles-ai-beats-a-top-player-at-the-game-of-go/|title=In Major AI Breakthrough, Google System Secretly Beats Top Player at the Ancient Game of Go|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-US}}

After reviewing existing issues in AI, Tegmark then considers a range of possible futures that involve intelligent machines or humans. The fifth chapter describes a number of potential outcomes, such as altered social structures, integration of humans and machines, and both positive and negative scenarios like Friendly AI or an AI apocalypse.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/22/life-30-max-tegmark-review|title=Life 3.0 by Max Tegmark review – we are ignoring the AI apocalypse|last=Harari|first=Yuval Noah|date=2017-09-22|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}} Tegmark argues that the risks of AI come not from malevolence or conscious behavior per se, but rather from the misalignment of the goals of AI with those of humans. Many of the goals of the book align with those of the Future of Life Institute,{{Cite news|url=https://futureoflife.org/2017/08/29/podcast-life-3-0-human-age-artificial-intelligence/|title=Podcast: Life 3.0 - Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence - Future of Life Institute|date=2017-08-29|work=Future of Life Institute|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-US}} of which Tegmark is a co-founder.

The remaining chapters explore concepts in physics, goals, consciousness and meaning, and investigate what society can do to help create a desirable future for humanity.

== Reception ==

File:Max Tegmark.jpg

One criticism of the book by Kirkus Reviews is that some of the scenarios or solutions in the book are a stretch or somewhat prophetic: "Tegmark's solutions to inevitable mass unemployment are a stretch."{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/max-tegmark/life-30/|title=LIFE 3.0 by Max Tegmark {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|language=en-us}} AI researcher Stuart J. Russell, writing in Nature, said: "I am unlikely to disagree strongly with the premise of Life 3.0. Life, Tegmark argues, may or may not spread through the Universe and 'flourish for billions or trillions of years' because of decisions we make now — a possibility both seductive and overwhelming."{{Cite journal|last=Russell|first=Stuart|date=2017-08-31|title=Artificial intelligence: The future is superintelligent|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=548|issue=7669|pages=520–521|doi=10.1038/548520a|bibcode=2017Natur.548..520R|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}} Writing in Science, Haym Hirsh called it "a highly readable book that complements The Second Machine Age's economic perspective on the near-term implications of recent accomplishments in AI and the more detailed analysis of how we might get from where we are today to AGI and even the superhuman AI in Superintelligence."{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.sciencemag.org/books/2017/08/02/a-physicist-explores-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence/|title=A physicist explores the future of artificial intelligence|last=Hirsh|first=Haym|date=2017-08-02|publication-date=2017-08-04|volume=357|issue=6350|work=Science Magazine|access-date=2017-10-19|language=en-US}} The Telegraph called it "One of the very best overviews of the arguments around artificial intelligence".{{cite news|last1=Poole|first1=Steven|title=Thinking big, snoozing bigger: the best science books of 2017|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/thinking-big-snoozing-bigger-best-science-books-2017/|access-date=8 December 2017|work=The Telegraph|date=26 November 2017}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/artificial-intelligence-scared-should-machines-taking/|title=Artificial intelligence: how scared should we be about machines taking over?|last=Poole|first=Steven|date=2017-08-27|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}} The Christian Science Monitor said "Although it's probably not his intention, much of what Tegmark writes will quietly terrify his readers."{{cite news|title=3 science books compelling enough to speak to all readers|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2017/0830/3-science-books-compelling-enough-to-speak-to-all-readers|access-date=11 December 2017|work=Christian Science Monitor|date=30 August 2017}} Publishers Weekly gave a positive review, but also stated that Tegmark's call for researching how to maintain control over superintelligent machines "sits awkwardly beside his acknowledgment that controlling such godlike entities will be almost impossible."{{cite news|title=Nonfiction Book Review: Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Max Tegmark. Knopf, $28 (384p) ISBN 978-1-101-94659-6|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-101-94659-6|access-date=7 January 2018|work=PublishersWeekly.com|date=10 July 2017|language=en}} Library Journal called it a "must-read" for technologists, but stated the book was not for the casual reader.{{cite news|last1=Browning|first1=Natalie|title=Life 3.0: being human in the age of artificial intelligence|work=Library Journal|date=15 September 2017}} The Wall Street Journal called it "lucid and engaging"; however, it cautioned readers that the controversial notion that superintelligence could run amok has more credence than it does few years ago, but is still fiercely opposed by many computer scientists.{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-machines-run-amok-1503961088|title=When Machines Run Amok|last=Rose|first=Frank|date=2017-08-28|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}

Rather than endorse a specific future, the book invites readers to think about what future they would like to see, and to discuss their thoughts on the Future of Life Website.{{cite web|title=Superintelligence survey - Future of Life Institute|url=https://futureoflife.org/superintelligence-survey/|website=Future of Life Institute|date=15 August 2017|access-date=7 January 2018}} The Wall Street Journal review called this attitude noble but naive, and criticized the referenced Web site for being "chockablock with promo material for the book".

The hardcover edition was on the general New York Times Best Seller List for two weeks,{{cite news|title=Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - September 24, 2017 - The New York Times|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2017/09/24/hardcover-nonfiction/|access-date=10 February 2018|date=24 September 2017|language=en}} and made on the New York Times business bestseller list in September and October 2017.{{cite news|title=Business Books - Best Sellers - September 2017 - The New York Times|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2017/09/01/business-books/}}

Former President Barack Obama included the book in his "best of 2018" list.{{cite news |last1=Caron |first1=Christina |title=Barack Obama's Favorite Book of 2018 Was 'Becoming.' Here's What Else He Liked. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/28/arts/obama-favorites-2018.html |access-date=31 December 2018 |work=The New York Times |date=28 December 2018}}{{cite web |title=Barack Obama |url=https://www.facebook.com/barackobama/posts/10156393283416749 |website=www.facebook.com |access-date=31 December 2018 |language=en}}

Business magnate Elon Musk (who had previously endorsed the thesis that, under some scenarios, advanced AI could jeopardize human survival) recommended Life 3.0 as "worth reading".{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/29/elon-musk-recommends-a-book-on-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence.html|title=Elon Musk says 'A.I. Will be the best or worst thing ever for humanity,' recommends a book on the topic|website=CNBC|date=29 August 2017}}{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Oliver|title=Why Elon Musk thinks Max Tegmark is the geek who will save the world|url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/technology/article/why-elon-musk-thinks-max-tegmark-is-the-geek-who-will-save-the-world-3wvr8h9lc|access-date=27 November 2017|work=The Times of London|date=30 October 2017}}

• Age of Artificial Intelligence

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [https://www.npr.org/books/titles/556512412/life-3-0-being-human-in-the-age-of-artificial-intelligence#excerpt Excerpt from the book]
• {{YouTube|3Om9ssTm194|"Myths and Facts About Superintelligent AI"}} (a video commissioned by Tegmark's FLI to explain the book)
• [https://futureoflife.org/superintelligence-survey Survey associated with the book]

Category:2017 non-fiction books

Category:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

Category:Futurology books

Category:Alfred A. Knopf books

Category:Allen Lane (imprint) books

Category:Non-fiction books about artificial intelligence

Category:Works by Max Tegmark