Lifeway
{{Short description|Sociological term for Native American ways of life}}
{{About||the religious publishing house|LifeWay Christian Resources|the US dairy company|Lifeway Foods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
Lifeway is a term used in the disciplines of anthropology, sociology and archeology, particularly in North America.{{cite book |chapter=lifeway, n. |title=OED Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=December 2018 |chapter-url=http://www.oed.com.rp.nla.gov.au/view/Entry/108133?redirectedFrom=lifeway |access-date=17 January 2019}}
History
= Literature =
From the mid 19th century, the word was used with the meaning 'way through life' or 'way of life'. It appears, for example, in literary contexts in the stories of Clara Lee{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Clara J. |title=Delia Arnold - A Heart History |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/254889985 |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=Buffalo Evening Post |date=24 April 1856 |location=Buffalo, New York |pages=1–2}} and Rose Porter,{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Rose |title=Grace Hinsdale's Lily |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/466363848/?terms=lifeway |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=The Aegis & Intelligencer |date=21 May 1875 |location=Bel Air, Maryland |page=1}} in the verse of Frank L. Stanton,{{cite news |last1=Stanton |first1=Frank L. |title=Songs of Frank L. Stanton - On the Life-Way |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/82307818/?terms=lifeway |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=Oakland Tribune - The Sunday Feature |date=10 April 1921 |location=Oakland, California |page=6}} and in editor and politician Edgar Howard's opinion pieces on other political figures.{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Edgar |title=Senator Borah Tells why |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/428948200/?terms=lifeway |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=The Columbus Telegram |date=6 February 1936 |location=Columbus, Nebraska |page=4 |quote=The entire life-way of Borah has been the way of a lone wolf in politics.}}{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Edgar |title=A Remarkable Woman |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/429036022/?terms=lifeway |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=The Columbus Telegram |date=29 November 1937 |location=Columbus, Nebraska |page=2 |quote=The very beauty of her life-way has lifted her to high place in the admiration of the American people.}}
= Anthropology and archeology =
Dr Arthur C. Parker, American archaeologist of Seneca and Scots-English descent, was one of the earliest to use the term in reference to Native American ways of life, saying in an article published by the Binghamton Press in 1930, "Our key to the future is locked in the life-ways of our Indian predecessors".{{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Dr. Arthur C. |title=Americans Becoming Indians Faster Than They Realize, Dr. Parker Says; Telling Why |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/253702242 |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=Binghamton Press |date=27 September 1930 |location=Binghamton, New York |page=13}} Use of the term in anthropology was established with the publication of Morris Edward Opler's 1941 study An Apache Life-Way: The Economic, Social, and Religious Institutions of the Chiricahua Indians.{{cite journal |last1=Benedict |first1=Ruth |title=Reviewed Work: An Apache Life-Way: The Economic, Social, and Religious Institutions of the Chiricahua Indians by Morris E. Opler |journal=American Anthropologist |series=New Series |date=October–December 1942 |volume=44 |issue=4, Part 1 |pages=692–693 |jstor=663315 |doi=10.1525/aa.1942.44.4.02a00100 |doi-access=free }}
Recent explanations of the term in the field of Native American and other Indigenous studies "suggest the close interaction of worldview and economy in small-scale societies". The word 'lifeway' "emphasizes the road of life as indigenous people see it. Such a perspective can be associated with the concept "worldview," a distinct way of thinking about the cosmos and of evaluating life's actions in terms of those views",{{cite book |last1=Grim |first1=John A. |editor1-last=Post |editor1-first=Stephen G. |title=Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Vol. 4 |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=New York, NY |page=1881 |edition=3rd |chapter-url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3402500381/GVRL?u=nla&sid=GVRL&xid=477a398d |chapter-format=Gale Virtual Reference Library |chapter=Native American Religions, Bioethics in|volume=4 }} and focuses on "an interpretive effort to express indigenous understandings of human-earth relations as an interactive and pervasive context that outsiders might label religion."{{cite book |last1=Grim |first1=John A. |editor1-last=Gottlieb |editor1-first=Roger S. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=9780195178722 |pages=286–306 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LldeLvqQNsC&q=lifeway+-church+-christian+-bible&pg=PA289 |access-date=17 January 2019 |chapter=Indigenous Traditions - Religion and Ecology}}
= Sociology =
The field of sociology also adopted the word 'lifeway', with one sociologist explaining that "the definition of status differences and the conceptualization of lifeway patterns ... reflect the central significant of economic referents;" "each lifeway pattern would appear .. as a linked values system [which] ... would exhibit customs, sanctions, habits, and meanings".{{cite journal |last1=Foreman |first1=Paul B. |title=Negro Lifeways in the Rural South: A Typological Approach to Social Differentiation |journal=American Sociological Review |date=August 1948 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=409–418 |doi=10.2307/2087235 |jstor=2087235 }} Urban as well as rural lifeways could be analysed and described (for example, a 1950 thesis on A Sociological Analysis of the Chicago Skid Row Lifeway).{{cite journal |last1=Wallace |first1=Samuel E. |title=The Road to Skid Row |journal=Social Problems |date=Summer 1968 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=92–105 |doi=10.2307/799529 |quote=See: Howard George Bain, A Sociological Analysis of the Chicago Skid Row Lifeway, Chicago: unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Chicago, 1950.|jstor=799529 }}