Lim Bo Seng

{{Infobox military person

| name = Lim Bo Seng

| honorific_suffix =

| image = LimBoSeng-1930s.jpg

| image_size = 200px

| caption =

| other_name = Tan Choon Lim

| birth_name =

| native_name = 林謀盛

| native_name_lang = zh-hant

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|04|27|df=yes}}

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1944|06|29|1909|04|27|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Houpu Village, Meilin Town, Nan'an County, Fujian Province, Qing Empire

| death_place = Batu Gajah Prison, Perak, Japanese-occupied Malaya{{cite web|title=Lim Bo Seng|url=http://singaporeheroes.weebly.com/lim-bo-seng.html|website=Singapore Heroes|access-date=8 January 2015}}

| placeofburial_label =

| placeofburial = Lim Bo Seng Memorial Tomb, MacRitchie Reservoir Park

| placeofburial_coordinates = {{Coord|1|20|31.76|N|103|49|50.6|E|display=inline|region:SG_type:landmark}}

| alma_mater = Raffles Institution
University of Hong Kong

| allegiance = {{flagdeco|Straits Settlements}} Singapore
{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} Special Operations Executive
Allies of World War II

| branch = Force 136

| serviceyears = 1942–1944

| rank = 40px Major-General {{small|(awarded posthumously by the Republic of China)}}

| unit = Force 136

| battles = Operation Gustavus

| memorials = Lim Bo Seng Memorial, Esplanade Park

| spouse = {{marriage|Gan Choo Neo|1930|1944}}

| children = 4 sons and 4 daughters

| relations = {{ubl|Lim Loh (father)|Png Bor Tan (mother)|Lim Teck Yin (grandson)}}

| module = {{Infobox Chinese |child=yes

| c =

| t = 林謀盛

| s = 林谋盛

| p = Lín Móushèng

| j =

| poj = Lîm Bô͘-sēng

}}

Lim Bo Seng ({{zh|c=林谋盛|poj=Lîm Bô͘-sēng|p=Lín Móushèng|first=poj}}; 27 April 1909 – 29 June 1944) was a Chinese resistance fighter based in Singapore and Malaya during World War II. Prior to the outbreak of World War II, he was a prominent businessman among the overseas Chinese community in Singapore and Malaya. Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, he participated in fund-raising activities to assist the war effort in China and boycott Japanese goods. After Singapore fell to the Japanese in 1942, Lim went to India, where he joined Force 136, a Sino-British guerrilla task force backed by the Special Operations Executive, to carry out espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance operations in Japanese-occupied Malaya. In 1944, he was captured by Japanese forces in Malaya and ultimately died in prison due to torture and ill-treatment. After the war, his remains were transported back to Singapore and buried near MacRitchie Reservoir. He is remembered as a war hero in contemporary Singapore and the Lim Bo Seng Memorial at Esplanade Park was constructed in 1954 to commemorate him.

Family background and early life

Lim was born in Houpu Village, Meilin Town, Nan'an County, Fujian Province (now Manshanhong Village, Shengxin Town, Nan'an, Fujian) towards the end of the Qing dynasty in China. His father, Lim Loh ({{zh|c=林路|poj=Lîm Lō͘|p=Lín Lù|first=poj}}; 1852–1929), owned businesses in various industries, including construction, rubber, brick manufacturing and biscuit production, as well as properties in China and Southeast Asia. Lim Loh had six wives and a total of 19 sons and nine daughters; his first ten sons and first two daughters were adopted by his first four wives, while his fifth wife bore him seven sons and six daughters, and his sixth wife bore him two sons and a daughter. Lim Bo Seng was born to Lim Loh's fifth wife Png Bor Tan ({{zh|c=方牡丹|p=Fāng Mǔdān|poj=Png Bó͘-tan|first=poj}}; 1885–1930) and he was Lim Loh's 11th son but the first biological son in the family.{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Yu |title=The Mystery of Lim Bo Seng's Family |newspaper=Lianhe Zaobao |url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/zlifestyle/culture/story20180531-863341 |access-date=2 November 2023 |date=31 May 2018 |location=Singapore |language=Chinese}}

Lim initially attended an English school (now part of the Fujian Xiamen No. 2 Middle School) in Gulangyu, Xiamen before he moved to Singapore at the age of 16 and studied at Raffles Institution. After graduating, he went on to pursue a degree in business at the University of Hong Kong.{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Sin Kiong |title=Remembering Lim Bo Seng |newspaper=Lianhe Zaobao |url=https://www.zaobao.com.sg/zlifestyle/culture/story20200806-1074805 |access-date=2 November 2023 |date=6 August 2020 |location=Singapore |language=Chinese}}

As a businessman

After his father died in 1929, Lim inherited the family businesses and continued running them with his brothers. He was also very active in the overseas Chinese business community in Singapore and Malaya, and had held key positions such as Chairman of the Singapore Building Industry Association, Board Member of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and Executive Member and Education Director of the Singapore Hokkien Association.

Anti-Japanese activism

On the Double Tenth Day in 1938, Tan Kah Kee and other Chinese business leaders in Singapore established a committee to raise funds to help Chinese refugees affected by the Second Sino-Japanese War. Lim served as the committee's communications director and actively participated in anti-Japanese activities such as boycotting Japanese goods and fund-raising to support the war effort in China.

Towards the end of 1937, hundreds of overseas Chinese working in Japanese-owned industries in Malaya went on strike. At the time, the Japanese government owned an iron mine in Bukit Besi near Dungun, Terengganu, where about 3,000 workers were employed. The iron ore was shipped to Japan and used as raw material to manufacture weapons. Lim believed that if the workers in the Dungun mine went on strike, the Japanese would suffer a huge loss, so he planned to make the workers go on strike. Around February 1938, Lim travelled to Dungun with Chuang Hui Chuan ({{zh|poj=Chng Hūi-choân|p=Zhuāng Huìquán|first=poj|c=莊惠泉}}) of the Anxi clan association to carry out their plan. Chuang went to the mine to persuade the workers to go on strike while Lim contacted the local police and gained their support. By early March, Lim and Chuang achieved success as many workers left the mine and followed them to Singapore. On 11 March 1938, Lim and the Singaporean Chinese community held a welcoming ceremony for the workers, who later resettled and found employment in Singapore.

In December 1941, Lim responded to the British colonial government's call to mobilise Chinese volunteers to join Dalforce (part of the Straits Settlements Volunteer Force) and assist the British in resisting the invading Japanese forces. The volunteers put up a fierce fight against the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore in February 1942.

Life in Force 136

On 11 February 1942, Lim left Singapore for Sumatra and later travelled by sea to Calcutta, India before taking a flight to Chongqing, where the Chinese government was based during the war. The Chinese government sent him to India to assist the British military forces in logistical operations such as firefighting, medical support and supply transportation. Later, as part of the Allied cooperation between China and Britain, Lim was designated as the Chinese liaison of Force 136, a Sino-British guerrilla task force, and appointed as Force 136's Malaya operations officer with the rank of colonel. Force 136 agents were trained by the British at Sinhagad, Poona, India.

= Operation Gustavus =

File:TanChongTee-LimBoSeng.jpg and Lim (right)]]

Operation Gustavus was aimed at establishing an espionage network in Malaya and Singapore to gather intelligence on Japanese activities, and thereby aid the British in Operation Zipper – the code name for their plan to take back Singapore from the Japanese.

On 24 May 1943, the first group of Force 136 agents, codenamed "Gustavus I" and led by Captain John Davis of the Special Operations Executive,{{cite news|title=John Davis: SOE leader in Japanese-occupied Malaya|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article619646.ece|work=The Sunday Times|date=31 October 2006|access-date=6 January 2011}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} departed the British naval base in Ceylon on board the Dutch submarine O 24 and arrived in Perak, Malaya. The O 24 would rendezvous with "Gustavus I" again in September and November 1943 to transfer supplies and personnel from "Gustavus IV" and "Gustavus V" respectively.{{citation|title=Dutch Submarines: The submarine O 24|url=http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/boats/boat_o24.htm|publisher=Dutch Submarines|access-date=6 January 2011}} Its sister ship, the O 23 under Captain Richard Broome, transported "Gustavus II" and "Gustavus III" to Malaya on 25 June and 4 August 1943 respectively.{{citation|title=Dutch Submarines: The submarine O 23|url=http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/boats/boat_o23.htm|publisher=Dutch Submarines|access-date=6 January 2011}} Lim arrived in Perak on 2 November 1943 as part of "Gustavus V". He travelled under the alias "Tan Choon Lim" ({{zh|poj=Tân Chhun-lîm|p=Chén Chūnlín|first=poj|c=陳春林}}) to avoid identification and claimed to be a businessman when he passed through checkpoints.

In Perak, Davis and Lim re-established contact with Major Freddie Chapman, who was part of a British unit that stayed behind after the Malayan Campaign and had been carrying out small-scale attacks against the Japanese in Malaya. They also met guerrilla fighters of the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), including the Malayan communists Chin Peng and Lai Teck. They reached an agreement that the resistance group would be placed under British command in exchange for weapons, supplies and training.{{cite book|title=Red Star over Malaya|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|last=Cheah|first=Boon Kheng|year=2003|isbn=9971695081}} Force 136's head office and command centre was established on a hill in Bidor. One of the Chinese provision shops in Ipoh, Jian Yik Jan ({{zh|c=建益棧|p=Jiàn Yì Zhàn|poj=Kiàn-ek-chàn}}), was used as an Allied espionage base. Communication between the agents was done through smuggling messages in empty toothpaste tubes, salted fish and diaries.

Operation Gustavus failed before the agents managed to achieve any results. A communist guerrilla who was captured by the Japanese in January 1944 revealed the existence of the Allied spy network operating on Pangkor Island. In response, the Japanese launched a full-scale counter-espionage operation on the island and by late March 1944, more than 200 Japanese soldiers were on the island. On 24 March, the Kempeitai arrested a fisherman, Chua Koon Eng ({{zh|c=蔡群英|poj=Chhòa Kûn-eng|p=Cài Qúnyīng|first=poj}}), at Teluk Murrek on the Perak coast. Chua was working on Pangkor Island when Li Han-kwong ({{zh|c=李汉光|poj=Lí Hàn-kong|p=Lǐ Hànguāng|first=poj}}) of Force 136 approached him and requested to use his boat for their communications. Chua confessed and implicated Li in the spy ring. The Japanese laid a trap for Li and, using Chua as bait, captured him shortly after. Under torture, Li confirmed Chua's story but managed to avoid revealing more than what the Japanese already knew. The Japanese took Li to Ipoh for further interrogation, but Li managed to escape on 26 March 1944 into the jungle, after which the Japanese started searching for Li and other Force 136 members. The entire spy network was destroyed by 31 March 1944 and was not reestablished until February 1945.{{cite book|last=Bose|first=Romen|title=Singapore at War: Secrets from the Fall, Liberation and the Aftermath of WW2|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|date=2012|page=166}}{{cite news|title=Activist, Leader, Patriot|url=http://www.connexion.sg/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=10206&folderId=10516&name=DLFE-6915.pdf|publisher=Ashok Palaniappan|date=17 June 2009|access-date=6 January 2011}}

Capture and death

File:LimBoSengMemorial-20020411.jpg

Lim was captured by the Kempeitai under Major Ōnishi Satoru ({{lang|ja|大西覺}}) at a roadblock in Gopeng, Perak around March or April 1944, and taken to the Kempeitai headquarters for interrogation. He refused to provide the Japanese with any information about Force 136 despite being subjected to torture, and protested against the ill treatment of his comrades in prison. He fell ill with dysentery and was bedridden by the end of May 1944. Lim died in the early hours of 29 June 1944 at the age of 35,{{cite web|title=LIM BO SENG - MY HERO, MY FRIEND|url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/war/lifeline/bond7.html|publisher=Singapore Press Holdings|access-date=8 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117003304/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/war/lifeline/bond7.html|archive-date=17 January 2015}} and was buried behind the Batu Gajah prison compound in an unmarked spot. After the Japanese surrender, Gan Choo Neo was informed of her husband's death by the priest of St. Andrew's School. She went to Batu Gajah with her eldest son to bring her husband's remains home.

Lim's remains arrived at the Tanjong Pagar railway station in Singapore on 7 December 1945. Upon arrival, the hearse was sent off by a large procession of British officers and prominent businessmen from the station to Hock Ann Biscuit Factory in Upper Serangoon Road via Armenian Street. On the same day, a memorial service for Lim was held at the Tong Teh Library of the Kuomintang Association in Singapore.{{cite news|title=Col. Lim's remains in Singapore|work=The Straits Times|location=Singapore|date=8 December 1945|page=3}}

A funeral service was held on 13 January 1946 at City Hall. Lim's remains was transported in a coffin to a hill in MacRitchie Reservoir (coordinates: 1°20'31.76"N 103°49'50.60"E) for burial with full military honours. Lim was posthumously awarded the rank of shaojiang (major-general) by the Nationalist government of the Republic of China.{{cite web|title=Lim Bo Seng|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_802_2004-12-28.html|publisher=National Library Board|access-date=8 January 2015}}

The Lim Bo Seng Memorial was unveiled at the Esplanade on 29 June 1954, the 10th anniversary of his death.{{cite web|last1=Ng|first1=Jenny|title=1944 - Lim Bo Seng|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/history/overview/world_war2/v02n06_history.html|website=Mindef|access-date=8 January 2015}} There are also places named after Lim, such as Bo Seng Avenue in Thomson, Singapore, and Jalan Lim Bo Seng in Ipoh, Malaysia.

Personal life

In 1930, Lim married Gan Choo Neo ({{zh|poj=Gân Chu-niû|p=Yán Zhū-niáng|first=poj|c=顏珠娘}}), a Nyonya woman from the Lim clan association in Singapore, and converted to Christianity after their marriage.{{cite web |title=The life of Lim Bo Seng |url=http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/war/headline/bspapa4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206120029/http://ourstory.asia1.com.sg/war/headline/bspapa4.html |archive-date=6 February 2016 |access-date=8 January 2015 |publisher=Singapore Press Holdings}} They had four sons and four daughters; one of their daughters died around the age of two. Gan died of cancer on 25 September 1979 at the age of 71.{{cite news|title=Obituary: Mrs Lim Bo Seng|newspaper=New Nation|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newnation19790925-1.2.89.2|date=25 September 1979|page=16}}{{cite news|title=Music for This Family|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19531106-1.2.27|date=6 November 1953|page=3}}{{cite web|last1=Jaafar|first1=Afiq|title=Interview with Lim Bo Seng's Children|url=http://www.iremember.sg/index.php/2013/06/interview-with-lim-bo-sengs-children/|website=irememberSG|publisher=Singapore Memory Project|access-date=13 August 2015|date=29 June 2013}}{{cite web|title=Commemoration Ceremony for Lim Bo Seng and Force 136|url=http://www.shc.com.sg/commemoration-ceremony-for-lim-bo-seng-and-force-136/|website=Singapore History Consultants|access-date=13 August 2015|date=12 August 2014}}

Lim's eldest son, Lim Leong Geok ({{zh|c=林良玉|poj=Lîm Liông-gio̍k|p=Lín Liángyù|first=poj}}; 1932–2004), was an executive director of the SMRT Corporation and a key figure in the development of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and Singapore's public transport system. He was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Contribution award by the Land Transport Authority on 31 March 2010.{{cite web|title=CONNECT (Land Transport Authority's newsletter)|url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/PublicationsResearch/files/ReportNewsletter/Connect/CONNECT_May_issue.pdf|website=Land Transport Authority|access-date=13 August 2015|date=May 2010}}

One of Lim's grandsons, Lim Teck Yin, is a former brigadier general in the Singapore Armed Forces and chief executive officer of Sport Singapore.{{cite web|title=Our Senior Management|url=https://www.sportsingapore.gov.sg/about-us/our-senior-management|website=Sport Singapore|access-date=13 August 2015}}

In popular culture

In 1998, Asiapac Books published a comic book ({{ISBN|981-229-067-2}}) based on Lim's life. It was written by Clara Show and illustrated by Chu Yi Min.{{cite book|url=http://www.asiapacbooks.com/product.asp?pid=50|title=LIM BO SENG: Singapore's Best-known War Hero|author=Clara Show|year=1998|publisher=Asiapac |isbn=981-229-067-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428040255/http://www.asiapacbooks.com/product.asp?pid=50|archive-date=2007-04-28|url-status=dead}}

In 1997, Singapore's Chinese-language television channel, TCS Channel 8, aired a television series, The Price of Peace, about the Japanese occupation of Singapore. Singaporean actor Rayson Tan portrayed Lim as a semi-fictional protagonist in the drama.{{Cite web |title=Stars Of The Price Of Peace Look Back At James Lye's Iconic Shirtless Scene & Are As Impressed As Ever |url=https://www.8days.sg/entertainment/local/james-lye-price-peace-reunion-752061 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=8days |language=en}} In 1999, the English-language channel TCS Channel Five aired an English-dubbed version of The Price of Peace.