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Limnonectes

{{Short description|Genus of fork-tongued frogs}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Limnon macrod 050303 062 pncw.jpg

| image_caption = Fanged river frog (Limnonectes macrodon)

| taxon = Limnonectes

| authority = Fitzinger, 1843

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

More than 90, see text

| synonyms =

Taylorana Dubois, 1986

}}

Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of 91 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally.{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Limnonectes |title=Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2024 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.2 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=13 January 2024}}{{Cite journal|last1=Stuart|first1=Bryan L.|last2=Schoen|first2=Sara N.|last3=Nelson|first3=Emma E.M.|last4=Maher|first4=Heather|last5=Neang|first5=Thy|last6=Rowley|first6=Jodi J.L.|last7=Mcleod|first7=David S.|date=2020-12-10|title=A new fanged frog in the Limnonectes kuhlii complex (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from northeastern Cambodia|url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4894.3.11|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4894|issue=3|pages=451–473|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.11|pmid=33311078|s2cid=229178977|issn=1175-5334}} They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.

Habitat

These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony.{{cite journal | author = McLeod, D.S. | author2 = S.J. Horner | author3 = C. Husted | author4 = A. Barley | author5 = D.T. Iskandar | name-list-style = amp | year = 2011 | title = Same-same, but different: An unusual new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii Complex from West Sumatra (Anura: Dicroglossidae) | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2883 | pages = 52–64 | url = http://pertanian.sith.itb.ac.id/profile/djoko/McLeod-et-al2011.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150103061145/http://pertanian.sith.itb.ac.id/profile/djoko/McLeod-et-al2011.pdf | archive-date = 2015-01-03 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.2883.1.4 }} Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0115884| pmid = 25551466| pmc = 4281041| title = A Novel Reproductive Mode in Frogs: A New Species of Fanged Frog with Internal Fertilization and Birth of Tadpoles| journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 12| pages = e115884| year = 2014| last1 = Iskandar | first1 = D. T. | last2 = Evans | first2 = B. J. | last3 = McGuire | first3 = J. A. | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...9k5884I| doi-access = free}}

Lifecycle

Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food.{{cite journal | author = Ming, Leong Tzi | year = 2004 | title = Larval descriptions of some poorly known tadpoles from Peninsular Malaysia (Amphibia: Anura) | journal = Raffles Bulletin of Zoology | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 609–620 | url = http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/52/52rbz609-620.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070617183900/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/52/52rbz609-620.pdf | archive-date = 2007-06-17 }}

The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have shown it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too.{{Cite journal | last1 = Rowley | first1 = J. J. L. | last2 = Altig | first2 = R. | doi = 10.1163/156853812X626179 | title = Nidicolous development in Limnonectes limborgi (Anura, Dicroglossidae) | journal = Amphibia-Reptilia | volume = 33 | pages = 145–149| year = 2012 }} L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.

Species

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Phylogeny

=Pyron & Wiens (2011)=

The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).{{cite journal |author1=R. Alexander Pyron |author2=John J. Wiens | year = 2011 | title= A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 543–583 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012| pmid = 21723399 | doi-access = free }} 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:80%

|label1=Limnonectes

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes microdiscus

|2=Limnonectes kadarsani

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes laticeps

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes limborgi

|2=Limnonectes hascheanus

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes dabanus

|2=Limnonectes gyldenstolpei

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes asperatus

|2=Limnonectes fragilis

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes fujianensis

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes bannaensis

|2=Limnonectes kuhlii

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes leytensis

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes acanthi

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes microtympanum

|2=Limnonectes arathooni

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes magnus

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes heinrichi

|2=Limnonectes modestus

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes woodworthi

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes macrocephalus

|2=Limnonectes visayanus

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes leporinus

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes parvus

|2=Limnonectes palavanensis

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes ibanorum

|2=Limnonectes grunniens

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes blythii

|2=Limnonectes poilani

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes paramacrodon

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes macrodon

|2=Limnonectes shompenorum

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes malesianus

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes ingeri

|2=Limnonectes finchi

}}

}}

}}

}}

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=Aowphol, et al. (2015)=

The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015).Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern, and Stuart, 2015, Zootaxa, 3956: 259. Holotype: NCSM 80222, by original designation. Type locality: "Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn District, Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict, 15°17’47.6”N 105°28’22.0”E, 131 m elev." zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:270500F3-C33E-434B-B5F1-1FDB7A856AD9 20 species are included.

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:80%

|label1=Limnonectes

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes fragilis

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes leporinus

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes leytensis

|2=Limnonectes woodworthi

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes malesianus

|2=Limnonectes poilani

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes khasianus

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes kadarsani

|2=Limnonectes microdiscus

}}

|3={{clade

|1=Limnonectes bannaensis

|2=Limnonectes fujianensis

}}

|4={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes lauhachindai

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes dabanus

|2=Limnonectes gyldenstolpei

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes kohchangae

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes plicatellus

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes doriae

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes macrognathus

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes hascheanus

|2=Limnonectes limborgi

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

=McLeod, et al. (2015)=

Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015).McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015 : More of the same: a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zootaxa, No. 3947, {{p.|201–214}}. Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubangMatsui, Nishikawa, and Eto, 2014, Raffles Bull. Zool., Singapore, 62: 681. Holotype: KUHE 47859, by original designation. Type locality: "Ranchan, Serian, Samarahan Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (01° 08′ 30″ N, 110° 34′ 57″ E, 64 m asl)". http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C21B7C4-27AD-4103-89C0-513D2E80106C are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.

{{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:85%

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes kuhlii (Java)

|2=Limnonectes sisikdagu

}}

|2=Limnonectes fragilis

|3={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Limnonectes bannaensis

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes namiyei

|2=Limnonectes fujianensis

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes jarujini

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes nguyenorum

|2={{clade

|1=Limnonectes isanensis

|2=Limnonectes taylori

|3=Limnonectes megastomias

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

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References

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{{Reflist}}

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Category:Dicroglossidae

Category:Amphibians of Asia

Category:Amphibian genera

Category:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger