Lina Schwarz

{{Infobox person

| name = Lina Schwarz

| image = Lina Schwarz.jpg

| alt = portrait of a woman with waved hair in a 1920s style white blouse

| caption = Schwarz, 1920s

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1876|03|20|df=y}}

| birth_place = Verona, Kingdom of Italy

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|11|24|1876|03|20|df=y}}

| death_place = Arcisate, Italy

| other_names =

| occupation = Writer, educator

| years_active =

| known_for =

| notable_works =

}}

Lina Schwarz (20 March 1876 – 24 November 1947) was an Italian writer, educator, and pacifist. Born into a Jewish family living in Verona, she spent most of her life in Milan. As a result of participating in the women's rights movement in Italy, she became involved in helping disadvantaged children through civic works projects. Teaching children to read led to her becoming a well-known children's book author and a contributor to children's newspapers. She collaborated with musicians to set poems to music, recognizing the potential to increase learning through song. Many of the nursery rhymes known and recited by Italians were written by Schwarz. Although her poem "{{lang|it|Stella, stellina, la notte si avvicina}}" ("Star, Little Star, The Night Approaches") is widely known in Italy, her authorship of it was lost after World War II ended.

Schwarz was a committed pacifist and participated in the 1921 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Congress of Vienna. She was also one of the developers of anthroposophy in Italy, was one of the first Italian translators of Rudolf Steiner's work, and founded the first Steiner school in Italy. Through her work with women's groups, she introduced anthroposophy to girls' lyceums. Because of anti-Semitic policies adopted by the fascist government of Italy, her ability to publish and disseminate information about anthroposophy declined from 1933. In 1941, she moved from Milan to a farm in Arcisate which used the biodynamic agricultural methods advocated by Steiner. From 1943 to 1945, she fled to Switzerland. Returning to the farm, now operated by the Anthroposophical Society, she died in 1947. In 1963, the school in Arcisate was named in her honor. Her books have been republished in numerous editions and many of her poems are still performed by musicians.

Early life and education

Lina Schwarz was born on 20 March 1876 in Verona in the Kingdom of Italy to Fanny (née Jung) and Edmondo Schwarz. Her father was born in Nagykanizsa, Austria-Hungary, an area known for raising livestock and leather goods. His family were Jewish merchants and after his marriage to Fanny, Edmondo opened a leather shop. Fanny was born into a landowning family from Milan.{{sfn|Marchi|2013}} Lina was one of four children{{snd}}two boys, Gustavo and Ugo, and another girl, Lucia.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} Around 1890, her family relocated to Milan and settled in the fashionable area surrounding Via della Spiga.{{sfn|Marchi|2013}}{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} She entered the {{ill|Liceo ginnasio statale Alessandro Manzoni|lt=Alessandro Manzoni Lyceum|it|Liceo ginnasio statale Alessandro Manzoni}}, but was unable to finish her studies there because of poor health. She completed her education studying with private tutors.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}}

Activism

Schwarz became active in various women's organizations, including the {{ill|Unione Femminile Nazionale|it}} (National Women's Union), the Associazione La Fraterna (The Brotherhood Association), and the Associazione Scuola e Famiglia (School and Family Association).{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}}{{sfn|Fava|2004|p=264}} The {{lang|it|Unione Femminile|italics=no}} was founded in 1899 and was Italy's most important women's organization at the time.{{sfn|Nattermann|2022|p=15}} Its goals were to expand the rights of women and to serve as a networking organization to allow women across varying religions and social classes to collaborate collectively.{{sfn|Nattermann|2022|pp=139–141}} The {{lang|it|Associazione La Fraterna|italics=no}} was a community service organization designed to provide guidance in physical, moral and intellectual development.{{sfn|Rossi|1862|p=61}} Schwarz worked with girls in the organization, teaching reading and recreational activities.{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}}{{sfn|Fava|2004|p=264}} Similarly, the {{lang|it|Associazione Scuola e Famiglia|italics=no}} was an organization founded by the sisters {{ill|Paola Lombroso Carrara|lt=Paola|it|Paola Lombroso Carrara}} and Gina Lombroso as an after-school program and nursery for working mothers.{{sfn|De Majo|2018b}} The organization was supported by the {{lang|it|Unione Femminile|italics=no}} and Schwarz's work with the association led her to begin publishing rhymes and children's stories.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} She volunteered there with her friend Laura Orvieto, a fellow writer.{{sfn|Nattermann|2015|p=165}} At the time, works for children were often written with the intent to educate children and frequently gave harsh lessons. Schwarz's work instead, focused on happiness and mischief, set out to inspire development of their sense of curiosity and comradery.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}}{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}} Along with Rosa Genoni, Luisa Magnani, Vittorina Medugno, and Virginia Tango Piatti, she was one of the five Italian delegates who registered to attend the 1921 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Congress in Vienna.{{sfn|Balch|1921|p=311}}

From 1913, Schwarz followed the teachings of Rudolf Steiner, founder of the spiritual movement known as anthroposophy. That year, she began translating his works and together with Charlotte Ferreri founded a branch of the Steiner study group in Milan to spread his philosophy and educational methods. In 1923, she was the Italian delegate to the conference in Dornach, Switzerland, at which the General Anthroposophical Society was officially founded. Throughout the 1920s her writings were influenced by Steiner's philosophy,{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} which aimed to recover ancient knowledge of the occult and nature in an effort to restore a society which had been degraded by modernization.{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=2}} Steiner's intent was to reintroduce spiritual and intuitive knowledge to scientific rational and empirical methods and thereby change the systems that organized society.{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|pp=2–3}} He proposed that education, diet, farming, and spirituality should be based on holistic and organic models.{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=2}} Between 1922 and 1926, she introduced Steiner's pedagogical methods to the {{lang|it|Lyceum di via Orso|italics=no}} (Orso Road Lyceum), which was operated by the Consiglio Nazionale delle Donne Italiane.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}}{{sfn|Muratore|1997|p=146}} She was elected president of the Milanese branch of the Italian Anthroposophical Society in 1933 and served until 1941, when the organization was banned by the fascist government.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}}{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=264}}

The relationship between the Italian Anthroposophical Society and fascism was complex. Initially the fascist regime embraced some of its tenets.{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=262}} Schwarz organized a conference on anthroposophy in 1936, for the {{lang|it| Associazione nazionale fascista donne artiste e laureate sull'educazione dei giovani|italics=no}} (National Fascist Association of Women Artists and Graduates for the Education of Youth).{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} However, closer ties between Nazi Germany and fascist Italy dampened the support for Steiner's philosophy and the activities of members began to come under suspicion and scrutiny.{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=262}} The official adoption of anti-Semitic policies called into question anthroposopy's belief that race was related to spirituality rather than biology.{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=263}} Professor and children's literary historian Renata Lollo,{{sfn|Fava|2017}} notes this transformation when stating that the reason Schwarz was suspended from publishing in the {{lang|it|Corriere dei piccoli}} from 1938 was that she was "Jewish and Christian", although she was probably not converted to Christianity before 1941.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} That year, Schwarz moved in with her family living in Arcisate, on a farm known as La Monda.{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}} The farm was run following biodynamic agricultural methods advocated by Steiner.{{sfn|Lanzi|2010}} The increasing severity of the Italian racial laws,{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=264}}{{sfn|Gentile|2004|p=45}} led her to flee to Brissago, Switzerland, in the latter half of 1943, to escape the threat of being sent to a concentration camp.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}}{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}}{{#tag:ref|Marchi, while stating she moved to Switzerland, names the location as Gussago,{{sfn|Marchi|2013}}{{sfn|Marchi|2016|p=133}} but the town is around {{convert|130|mi|km}} from Switzerland and {{convert|31|mi|km}} west of Milan.{{sfn|Hodgson|2010|p=78}}{{sfn|Rome2Rio|2023}} Author Anna Maria De Majo identifies the location as Brissago, which is located in Switzerland close to the Italian border.{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}}{{sfn|Bhavani|2019}}|group="Notes"}} When the war ended in 1945, she moved back to Arcisate.{{sfn|Marchi|2013}}{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=264}}

Works

Schwarz made her debut as a writer with {{lang|it|Libro dei bimbi}} (The Children's Book), a book of nursery rhymes for children published in 1904.{{sfn|Marchi|2013}} Thanks to its rapid success, she was able to contribute to several of the major children's journals of the times, including Il giornalino della Domenica (The Sunday Newspaper) and Corriere dei Piccoli (The Little Ones' Courier).{{sfn|Fava|2004|p=264}} In 1910, {{lang|it|Ancora! ... Un altro libro dei bimbi}} (Again! ... Another Children's Book) was released with illustrations by {{ill|Augusta Rasponi del Sale|it}}.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}}{{#tag:ref|Gian Paolo Marchi, an emeritus professor of Italian Literature who worked at the University of Verona,{{sfn|Città di Verona|2019}} reports the book was {{lang|it|Ancora! ... non si meraviglierà}} (Again! ... No Surprise) in two publications;{{sfn|Marchi|2013}}{{sfn|Marchi|2016|p=126}} however, the Italian copyright catalogue identifies it,{{sfn|Copyright catalogue|1912|p=79}} as did Lollo, as {{lang|it|Ancora! ... Un altro libro dei bimbi}}{{sfn|Lollo|2013}}{{sfn|Copyright catalogue|1912|p=79}}|group="Notes"}} {{lang|it|Ancora ... e poi basta!}} (Again ... And That's Enough) contained her most known nursery rhyme, "{{lang|it|Stella, stellina, la notte si avvicina}}" ("Star, Little Star, The Night Approaches").{{sfn|Marchi|2013}}{{#tag:ref|Lollo reports this book was first published in 1922.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} Marchi states it was first published in 1935,{{sfn|Marchi|2013}} and other sources indicate 1920.{{sfn|Mazzoli|2018|p=27}} Sabrina Fava,{{sfn|Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|2013}} noted that the book was reviewed by the journal {{lang|it|Letteratura per fanciulli}} (Literature for Children) in 1923,{{sfn|Fava|2004|p=265}} making the earlier dates likely.|group="Notes"}} Maria Montessori, as early as 1917 was using samples of Schwarz's poetry in her publications about the Montessori method.{{sfn|Montessori|1917|p=192}}

Schwarz was the first Italian translator of Steiner's works.{{sfn|Salis|2012|p=53}} Among her translations related to him and his philosophy are "{{lang|it|Dalla cronaca dell'akasha|italics=no}}" ("From the Chronicle of the Akasha", 1913), "{{lang|it|I punti essenziali della questione sociale|italics=no}}" ("The Essential Points of the Social Question", 1920),{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} and "{{lang|it|Rudolf Steiner. La scuola: scritti vari|italics=no}}" ("Rudolf Steiner: The School, Miscellaneous Writings", 1922).{{sfn|Copyright catalogue|1923|p=115}} Among other works in the 1920s and 1930s, she published "{{lang|it|La bella primavera e primo Sole|italics=no}}" ("The Beautiful Spring and First Sun", 1928), "{{lang|it|Tra sera e mattina|italics=no}}" ("Between Evening and Morning", 1933), and "{{lang|it|Cantilene, e Canzoncine|italics=no}}" ("Lullabies and Little Songs", 1935).{{sfn|Fava|2004|p=264}}

Many of Schwartz's works have been adapted for musical presentation.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} With an understanding that music was an educational tool, she wrote works like "{{lang|it|Canzoncine per i bimbi con accompagnamento di pianoforte|italics=no}}" ("Songs for Children with Piano Accompaniment") which was scored by {{ill|Elisabetta Oddone Sulli-Rao|lt=Elisabetta Oddone|ca||WD=}}, "{{lang|it|Cantiamo: Trenta canzoncine per bambini con accompagnamento di pianoforte|italics=no}}" ("Let's Sing: Thirty Songs for Children with Piano Accompaniment", 1919) with musical composition by Virginia Mariani Campolieti,{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}}{{sfn|Copyright catalogue|1921a|p=129}} and "{{lang|it|Ninna-nanna. Canto e pianoforte|italics=no}}" ("Ninna-nanna: Song and Piano", 1921) with music by Guido Carlo Visconti.{{sfn|Copyright catalogue|1921b|p=990}} In 1935, composer Nino Rota chose four poems from Schwarz's first book{{snd}}"{{lang|it|Il pastorello|italics=no}}" ("The Shepherd Boy"), "{{lang|it|Il pescatore|italics=no}}" ("The Fisherman"), "{{lang|it|È inutile|italics=no}}" ("It Is Useless"), and "{{lang|it|Tornando a casa|italics=no}}" ("Coming Home"){{snd}}for songs to represent the relationship between children and nature and children and their mother.{{sfn|Salis|2012|pp=53–54}}

Legacy

Schwarz died on 24 November 1947 in Arcisate and was buried in the local cemetery.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}}{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}} "{{lang|it|Stella, stellina, la notte si avvicina}}" is widely known throughout Italy, but by the end of the war her authorship of it was not remembered by the public.{{sfn|Küfferle|1946|p=198}}{{sfn|Borgese|2010}} It has become so iconic that journalist Giulia Borgese, queried in an article about the poem carried in Corriere della Sera whether any Italian between the age of three and one hundred wasn't able to recite it.{{sfn|Borgese|2010}} Historian and professor at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Sabrina Fava,{{sfn|Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|2013}} stated of Schwarz' work, "{{lang|it|ha scritto quasi tutte le poesie che da qualche decennio si reci dini infantili|italics=no}}" ("She has written almost all the poems that have been recited by [Italian] children for decades").{{sfn|Fava|2004|p=265}} Despite her renown, no complete biography of Schwarz had been written by the second decade of the twenty-first century.{{sfn|Nattermann|2022|p=59}} Historian Peter Staudenmaier stated that she and Maria Gentilli Kassapian of Trieste were the most important anthroposophists of Italy,{{sfn|Staudenmaier|2014|p=264}} Fava credits her as the most significant Italian translator of Steiner's work.{{sfn|Fava|2004|p=264}} The farm she had in Arcisate is now owned by the Anthroposophical Society.{{sfn|Lanzi|2010}} The elementary school in the village was renamed in her honor in 1963.{{sfn|De Majo|2018a}}{{sfn|Lanzi|2010}}

Many of her works have been reprinted multiple times and used in textbooks for children.{{sfn|Lollo|2013}} In 1974, Irene Cattaneo, an editor for the journal {{lang|it|L'Eco dell'educazione ebraica}} (The Echo, of Jewish Education), published an anthology, {{lang|it|Le vie del tempo}} (The Ways of Time) which included works by Schwarz and Orvieto, among other Jewish-Italian writers.{{sfn|La Rassegna Mensile di Israel|1976|p=215}} A sixth edition of {{lang|it|Ancora ... e poi basta}} was released in 2010 by Hoepli Editore.{{sfn|Marchi|2013}} From the mid-1950s to mid-1970s, {{lang|it|Tre liriche}} (Three Poems) which included "{{lang|it|Alla luna|italics=no}}" ("At the Moon"), "{{lang|it|Il piccolo fornaio|italics=no}}" ("The Little Baker"), and "{{lang|it|Piero il malcontento|italics=no}}" ("Piero the Malcontent") set to music by Giulio Cesare Brero were performed often on the national radio service.{{sfn|Radiocorriere|1956|p=29}}{{sfn|Radiocorriere|1968|p=57}}{{sfn|Radiocorriere|1974|p=55}} G. Ricordi & C. released "{{lang|it|Dodici canzoncine infantili|italics=no}}" ("Twelve Children's Songs") with Schwarz's texts translated into French by {{ill|Josette Raoul-Duval|wikidata|Q53120817}} in 1959.{{sfn|Copyright catalogue|1961|p=93}} Natalie Merchant, former lead singer of the band 10,000 Maniacs became interested in Schwarz's poetry in 2019 and began adapting musical pieces to sing and interpret the poems.{{sfn|Greiving|2019}}

Notes

References

=Citations=

=Bibliography=

{{cite conference |editor-last1=Balch |editor-first1=Emily Greene |editor-link1=Emily Greene Balch |title=Bericht-Rapport-Report |url=https://archive.org/details/berichtrapportre21wome/page/311/mode/1up |date=1921 |publisher=Otto Maass' Söhne |location=Vienna, Austria |conference=The Third International Congress Of Women, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Vienna, 10–17 July 1921 |oclc=561899159}}
{{cite news |last1=Bhavani |first1=Divya Kala |title=Ticino: Where Switzerland Meets Italy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/on-a-trip-to-ticino-with-switzerland-tourism-where-the-swiss-eat-carpaccio/article29574594.ece |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121233055/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/on-a-trip-to-ticino-with-switzerland-tourism-where-the-swiss-eat-carpaccio/article29574594.ece |archive-date=21 November 2020 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live}}
{{cite news |last1=Borgese |first1=Giulia |title=«Stella stellina, la notte si avvicina ...» filastrocche per 5 generazioni |url=http://www.corriere.it/cultura/libri/10_dicembre_20/lina-schwarz-ancora-e-poi-basta_011a2c16-0c2d-11e0-939a-00144f02aabc.shtml |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=Corriere della Sera |date=20 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213140901/http://www.corriere.it/cultura/libri/10_dicembre_20/lina-schwarz-ancora-e-poi-basta_011a2c16-0c2d-11e0-939a-00144f02aabc.shtml |archive-date=13 December 2013 |location=Milan, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title='Star, Little Star, the Night Is Approaching' Nursery Rhymes of 5 Generations |url-status=live}}
{{cite magazine |last1=De Majo |first1=Anna Maria |title=Lina Schwarz. Ancora ... e poi basta |url=https://www.impagine.it/cultura/lina-schwarz-ancora-e-poi-basta/ |magazine=imPagine |publisher=Simploché |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209233310/https://www.impagine.it/cultura/lina-schwarz-ancora-e-poi-basta/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |location=Bari, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Lina Schwarz: 'Again ... And Then That's It' |issn=2611-3678 |date=27 June 2018a |url-status=live}}
{{cite magazine |last1=De Majo |first1=Anna Maria |title=Paola Lombroso e le favole di zia Mariù |url=https://www.impagine.it/cultura/paola-lombroso-e-le-favole-di-zia-mariu/ |magazine=imPagine |publisher=Simploché |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209224952/https://www.impagine.it/cultura/paola-lombroso-e-le-favole-di-zia-mariu/ |archive-date=9 December 2022 |location=Bari, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Paola Lombroso and the Fairy Tales of Aunt Mariù |issn=2611-3678 |date=4 July 2018b |url-status=live}}
{{cite book |last=Fava |first=Sabrina |title=Percorsi critici di letteratura per l'infanzia tra le due guerre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTllAAAAMAAJ&q=schwarz |date=2004 |publisher=V & P strumenti |location=Milan |page=264-267 |chapter=2.1 Lina Schwarz |lang=Italian |trans-title=Critical Paths of Children's Literature between the Two Wars |isbn=978-88-343-5015-7}}
{{cite news |last1=Fava |first1=Sabrina |title=Un ricordo di Renata Lollo |url=https://www.cattolicanews.it/un-ricordo-di-renata-lollo |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=Cattolica News |publisher=Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore |date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625100331/https://www.cattolicanews.it/un-ricordo-di-renata-lollo |archive-date=25 June 2022 |location=Milan, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=A Memory of Renata Lollo}}
{{cite book |last1=Gentile |first1=Emilio |editor1-last=Griffin |editor1-first=Roger |editor2-last=Feldman |editor2-first=Matthew |title=Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeHuSpHzqGUC&pg=PA45 |date=2004 |volume=4: The 'Fascist Epoch' |publisher=Routledge |location=London |chapter=55. Fascism in Power: The Totalitarian Experiment |pages=17–46 |isbn=978-0-415-29019-7}}
{{cite magazine |last1=Greiving |first1=Tim |title=Natalie Merchant, ASCAP's Philanthropy Honoree, Talks Business, Charity and ... Singing in Italian |url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/natalie-merchant-interview-ascap-award-1203433128/ |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=Variety |publisher=Penske Media Corporation |date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110011253/https://variety.com/2019/music/news/natalie-merchant-interview-ascap-award-1203433128/ |archive-date=10 November 2022 |location=Los Angeles, California |issn=0042-2738}}
{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=Michael |title=Recycling & Redesigning Logos: A Designer's Guide to Refreshing & Rethinking Design |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew2ref8bl7EC&pg=PA78 |date=2010 |publisher=Rockport Publishers |location=Beverly, Massachusetts |isbn=978-1-61058-069-4}}
{{cite journal |last1=Küfferle |first1=Rinaldo |title=Lina Schwarz |journal=L'Illustrazione Italiana |date=24 March 1946 |issue=12 |page=198 |url=https://archive.org/details/RAV0070589_1946_00012/page/n17/mode/1up |access-date=10 February 2023 |publisher=Fratelli Treves |location=Milan, Italy |language=Italian |issn=1127-5901}}
{{cite web |last1=Lanzi |first1=Claudio |title=Stella stellina, la notte si avvicina (recensione) |url=https://www.simmetriainstitute.com/it/recensioni-e-segnalazioni/665-stella-stellina-la-notte-si-avvicina-recensione.html?highlight=WyJsaW5hIiwic2Nod2FyeiIsImxpbmEgc2Nod2FyeiJd |website=Simmetria Institute Library Museum |publisher=Fondazione Lanzi |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210213247/https://www.simmetriainstitute.com/it/recensioni-e-segnalazioni/665-stella-stellina-la-notte-si-avvicina-recensione.html?highlight=WyJsaW5hIiwic2Nod2FyeiIsImxpbmEgc2Nod2FyeiJd |archive-date=10 February 2023 |location=Attigliano, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Star, Little Star, the Night Is Approaching (Review) |date=24 December 2010 |url-status=live}}
{{cite book |last1=Lollo |first1=Renata |editor1-last=Barausse |editor1-first=Alberto |editor2-last=Borruso |editor2-first=Francesca |editor3-last=Fava |editor3-first=Sabrina |editor4-last=Meda |editor4-first=Juri |editor5-last=Montino |editor5-first=Davide |editor6-last=Morandini |editor6-first=Maria Cristina |title=DBE: Dizionario biografico dell'educazione, 1800–2000 |url=http://dbe.editricebibliografica.it/dbe/ricerche.html |date=2013 |publisher=Editrice Bibliografica |location=Milan, Italy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208151421/http://dbe.editricebibliografica.it/cgi-bin/dbe/Scheda?2036 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |language=Italian |trans-title=BDE: Biographical Dictionary of Education, 1800–2000 |chapter=Schwarz Lina [lina Schwarz] |chapter-url=http://dbe.editricebibliografica.it/cgi-bin/dbe/Scheda?2036 |isbn=978-88-7075-727-9 |url-status=live}}
{{cite news |last1=Marchi |first1=Gian Paolo |title=«Stella, stellina»: Lina Schwarz la poesia più nota e dimenticata |url=https://www.larena.it/argomenti/cultura/stella-stellina-lina-schwarz-la-poesia-più-nota-e-dimenticata-1.2976877 |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=L'Arena |date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208163427/https://www.larena.it/argomenti/cultura/stella-stellina-lina-schwarz-la-poesia-più-nota-e-dimenticata-1.2976877 |archive-date=8 February 2023 |location=Verona, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title='Star, Little Star': Lina Schwarz the Best Known and Most Forgotten Poem |url-status=live}}
{{cite journal |last1=Marchi |first1=Gian Paolo |title=Tra le figlie di Sion. L'esperienza poetica e spirituale di Lina Schwarz |url=http://www.societaletteraria.it/extra/bollettini/bollettino_2013-2014.pdf |access-date=8 February 2023 |journal=Bollettino della Società Letteraria, 2013/2014 |date=June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208201652/http://www.societaletteraria.it/extra/bollettini/bollettino_2013-2014.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2023 |publisher=Società Letteraria |location=Verona, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Among the Daughters of Zion: The Poetic and Spiritual Experience of Lina Schwarz |url-status=live}}
{{cite book |last1=Mazzoli |first1=Elisa |title=Fai un libro fanne un altro: libri e narrazioni con i bambini da zero a tre anni |url=https://www.leoneverde.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Fai-un-libro-fanne-un-altro_estratto.pdf |date=2018 |publisher=Edizioni Il leone verde |location=Turin, Italy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204121908/https://www.leoneverde.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Fai-un-libro-fanne-un-altro_estratto.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2022 |language=Italian |trans-title=Make a Book, Make Another: Books and Stories with Children from Zero to Three Years Old |isbn=978-88-6580-214-4 |url-status=live}}
{{cite book |last1=Montessori |first1=Maria |author-link=Maria Montessori |title=Front cover image for The advanced Montessori method The Advanced Montessori Method |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075977771&view=1up&seq=234 |date=1917 |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company |location=New York, New York |oclc=2160453}}
{{cite book |last1=Muratore |first1=Umberto |title=Clemente Rebora: santità soltanto compie il canto |date=1997 |publisher=Edizioni San Paolo |location=Cinisello Balsamo, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Clemente Rebora: Holiness Alone Completes the Song |isbn=978-88-215-3463-8}}
{{cite book |last1=Nattermann |first1=Ruth |title=Jewish Women in the Early Italian Women's Movement, 1861-1945: Biographies, Discourses, and Transnational Networks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o254EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |date=2022 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-03-097789-4}}
{{cite journal |last1=Nattermann |first1=Ruth |title=The Italian-Jewish Writer Laura Orvieto (1876-1955) between Intellectual Independence and Social Exclusion |journal=Quest: Issues in Contemporary Jewish History |date=November 2015 |issue=8 |pages=159–183 |doi=10.48248/issn.2037-741X/745 |url=https://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/wp-content/uploads/file/Q08/06_Q8_NATTERMAN_Orvieto.pdf |access-date=11 February 2023 |publisher=Foundazione Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea |location=Milan, Italy |language=en |issn=2037-741X |oclc=8539409536}}
{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Emanuele |title=Il simbolo della democrazia dedicato a tutte le associazioni democratiche ed operaie, ed in modo più particolare all'Associazione unitaria, ed alla Consociazione degli operai in Genova |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0sEI5aHu3wC&pg=PA61 |date=1862 |publisher=Tipografia Sociale |location=Genoa, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=The Symbol of Democracy Dedicated to All Democratic and Workers' Associations, and in a More Particular Way to the Unitary Association, and to the Workers' Association in Genoa |oclc=799793530}}
{{cite book |last1=Salis |first1=Giovanni |editor-last=Lombardi |editor-first=Francesco |title=Nino Rota: un timido protagonista del Novecento musicale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNTiZBQ6t2EC&pg=PA53 |date=2012 |publisher=EDT Srl |location=Turin, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Nino Rota: A Shy Protagonist of Twentieth-Century Music |chapter=Le liriche per canto e pianoforte di Nino Rota [The Lyrics for Singing and Piano by Nino Rota] |pages=25–74 |isbn=978-88-6639-794-6}}
{{cite book |last1=Staudenmaier |first1=Peter |title=Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era |url=https://archive.org/details/between-occultism-and-nazism-anthroposophy-and-the-politics-of-race-in-the-fascist-era/page/263/mode/1up |date=2014 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-26407-6}}
{{cite magazine |ref={{harvid|Radiocorriere|1974}}|author= |title=12,20 Musicisti Italiani D'oggi. Cesare Brere |magazine=Radiocorriere TV |date=7–13 April 1974 |volume=LI |issue=15 |url=https://archive.org/details/Radiocorriere-1974-15/page/n54/mode/1up |page=55 |access-date=9 February 2023 |language=Italian |trans-title=12:20 pm / Italian Musicians of Today: Cesare Brere |publisher=Edizioni Radio Italiana |location=Turin, Italy |oclc=9331834016}}
{{cite magazine |ref={{harvid|Radiocorriere|1968}}|author= |title=14,30/Recital del soprano Jolanda Torriani |magazine=Radiocorriere TV |date=7–13 January 1968 |volume=XLV |issue=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/Radiocorriere-1968-02/page/57/mode/1up |page=57 |access-date=9 February 2023 |language=Italian |trans-title=2:30 pm / Recital by Soprano Jolanda Torriani |publisher=Edizioni Radio Italiana |location=Turin, Italy |oclc=9331834016}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Copyright catalogue|1912}}|author= |title=Bollettino delle pubblicazioni italiane ricevute per diritto di stampa, 1911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxT6aCsmH8AC&pg=RA3-PA79 |date=1912 |publisher=Società Tipografica Fiorentína |location=Florence, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Bulletin of Italian Publications Received for Printing Rights |quote=2254. Schwarz Lina. Ancora! ... un altro libro dei bimbi: [versi]. Milano, L. F. Cogliati, 1910. 24° obl.fig. p. 123.}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Copyright catalogue|1921a}}|author= |title=Bollettino delle pubblicazioni italiane ricevute per diritto di stampa, 1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/bollettinodellep1920bibl/page/n176/mode/1up |date=1921 |publisher=Società Tipografica Fiorentína |location=Florence, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Bulletin of Italian Publications Received for Printing Rights |quote=Mariani Campolieti Virginia. 120 Trenta canzoncine per bambini, con accompagnamento di pianoforte, su poesie di Lina Schwarz. Milano, G. Ricordi e C, 1919. 8°. 3 fase. (p. 21; 19; 26). L.4.50.}}
{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|La Rassegna Mensile di Israel|1976}}|author= |title=Book Review: Le vie del tempo |journal=La Rassegna Mensile di Israel |date=March–April 1976 |volume=42 |issue=3–4 |pages=216–218 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41284249 |access-date=12 February 2023 |trans-title=Book Review: The Ways of Time |publisher=Unione delle Comunitá Ebraiche Italiane |location=Rome, Italy |jstor=41284249 |language=Italian |issn=0033-9792 |oclc=6733716019}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Copyright catalogue|1921b}}|author= |title=Catalog of Copyright Entries, New Series |url=https://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyri162libr/page/990/mode/1up |volume=16, Part 3: Musical Compositions |issue=8: July–December 1921 |date=1921 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |quote=Ninna-Nanna; parole di Lina Schwarz musica di Guido Carlo Visconti [of Italy, 16032 © July 7, 1921; 1 c. July 8, 1921; E507628; G. Ricordi & Co., Milan]}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Copyright catalogue|1923}}|author= |title=Bollettino delle pubblicazioni italiane ricevute per diritto di stampa, 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/bollettinodellep1922bibl/page/115/mode/1up |date=1923 |publisher=Società Tipografica Fiorentína |location=Florence, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Bulletin of Italian Publications Received for Printing Rights |quote=3420 Rudolf Steiner. La scuola: scritti vari, raccolti da Lina Schwarz. Milano, tip. A. Vallardi, 1922. 16°. p.47.}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Copyright catalogue|1961}}|author= |title=Catalog of Copyright Entries, Series 3 |url=https://archive.org/details/CatalogOfCopyrightEntriesSeries3Vol.14Part5No.1jan.-june1960/page/n98/mode/1up |volume=14, Part 5: Music |issue=1: January–June 1960 |date=1961 |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C.}}
{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Rome2Rio|2023}}|author= |title=How To Get from Brescia to Switzerland by Train or Car |url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Brescia/Switzerland |website=Rome2rio |publisher=Rome2rio Pty Ltd |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209160555/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Brescia/Switzerland |archive-date=9 February 2023 |location=Richmond, Australia |date=2023 |quote=The distance between Brescia and Switzerland is 130 miles. The road distance is 228.5 miles. |url-status=live}}
{{cite magazine |ref={{harvid|Radiocorriere|1956}}|author= |title=Programma Nazionale: 15 ottobre |magazine=Radiocorriere |date=14–20 October 1956 |volume=XXXIII |issue=42 |url=https://archive.org/details/Radiocorriere-1956-42/page/29/mode/1up |page=29 |access-date=9 February 2023 |language=Italian |trans-title=National Program: 15 October |publisher=Edizioni Radio Italiana |location=Turin, Italy |oclc=9331834016}}
{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore|2013}}|author= |title=Sabrina Maria Fava |url=https://docenti.unicatt.it/ppd2/it/docenti/05378/sabrina-maria-fava/profilo |website=Docenti Unicatt |publisher=Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180241/https://docenti.unicatt.it/ppd2/it/docenti/05378/sabrina-maria-fava/profilo |archive-date=5 February 2023 |location=Milan, Italy |language=Italian |date=2013 |url-status=live}}
{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Città di Verona|2019}}|author= |title=Scopri la città attraverso i suoi personaggi illustri |url=https://www.cittadiverona.it/eventi/scopri-la-citta-attraverso-i-suoi-personaggi-illustri/ |website=Città di Verona |publisher=Società letteraria di Verona |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208200426/https://www.cittadiverona.it/eventi/scopri-la-citta-attraverso-i-suoi-personaggi-illustri/ |archive-date=8 February 2023 |location=Verona, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Discover the City through Its Illustrious Characters |date=14 March 2019 |url-status=live}}

Category:1876 births

Category:1947 deaths

Category:Writers from Verona

Category:Italian pacifists

Category:Italian women poets

Category:Pacifist feminists

Category:Italian women's rights activists

Category:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people

Category:20th-century Italian women writers

Category:20th-century Italian poets

Category:20th-century Italian Jews

Category:Jewish women writers

Category:Jewish poets