Linguistics and the Book of Mormon#Egyptian names

{{see also|Indigenous languages of the Americas}}

Image:Langs N.Amer.png

In 1922, LDS Church general authority B. H. Roberts (1857–1933) conducted a review of the research regarding language development and dialects among the Native American peoples; the University of Illinois Press published [https://archive.org/details/studiesofbookofm00bhro Roberts's study] posthumously in 1985 as Studies of the Book of Mormon.Brigham D. Madsen, ed., B. H. Roberts: Studies of the Book of Mormon, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985.

Roberts based his discussion on the assumption that the majority of Native Americans descend from the peoples described in the Book of Mormon – as is implied by the hemispheric model of Book of Mormon geography, which was the prevailing view among Mormons at the time. Roberts noted that linguistic evidence among the Native American peoples does not support the Book of Mormon narrative, inasmuch as the diverse language stocks and dialects that exist would not have had enough time to develop from a single language dating from A.D. 400 (the approximate date of the conclusion of the Book of Mormon record). Roberts noted:

{{quote|

The facts ... developed up to this point seem to be—

1. That there are a large number of separate language stocks in America that show very little relationship to each other.

2. That it would take a long time—much longer than that recognized as "historic times"—to develop these dialects and stocks where the development is conceived of as arising from a common source of origin—some primitive language.

3. That there is no connection between the American languages and the language of any people of the Old World. New World languages appear to be indigenous to the New World.

4. That the time limits named in the Book of Mormon—which represents the people of America as speaking and writing one language down to as late a period as 400 A.D.—is not sufficient to allow for these divergences into the American language stocks and their dialects.Roberts, B. H. Studies of the Book of Mormon. Signature Books, Inc. Salt Lake City. 2nd Edition. 1992. pp. 91–92.

}}

The fragmentation of language into many groups in the pre-Colombian Americas is at odds with a hemispherical geography model of the Book of Mormon’s peoples – and indeed with the Book of Mormon’s narrative of agricultural Nephites coming to the Americas and building a large-scale society. In Guns, Germs, and Steel, anthropologist Jared Diamond writes that “had any food-producing Native American peoples succeeded in spreading far with their crops and livestock and rapidly replacing hunter-gatherers over a large area,{{efn|As Diamond established earlier throughout Guns, Germs, and Steel, this has been the established pattern throughout history; hunter-gatherer societies are typically displaced by agricultural societies, due to the larger populations (population densities) which can be supported by farming than by hunting/gathering.}} they would have left legacies of easily recognized language families, as in Eurasia,” which did not occur.Guns, Germs, and Steel, pg. 370

Mainstream investigations hold that there is no known special similarity between Native American languages and ancient Egyptian.[http://www.native-languages.org/iaq9.htm#18 Setting the Record Straight About Native Peoples: Lost Tribes of Israel. Native Languages of the Americas. N.d. Accessed April 1, 2024]{{Cite book |last=Southerton |first=Simon G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B85xAAAACAAJ |title=Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church |publisher=Signature Books |year=2004 |isbn=9781560851813 |oclc=55534917 |author-link=Simon G. Southerton|page=xv|quote=Anthropologists and archaeologists, including some Mormons and former Mormons, have discovered little to support the existence of [Book of Mormon] civilizations. Over a period of 150 years, as scholars have seriously studied Native American cultures and prehistory, evidence of a Christian civilization in the Americas has eluded the specialists... These [Mesoamerican] cultures lack any trace of Hebrew or Egyptian writing, metallurgy, or the Old World domesticated animals and plants described in the Book of Mormon.}}

{{Main|Anachronisms in the Book of Mormon}}

A variety of linguistic anachronisms show it to be the product of nineteenth century American authorship. These anachronisms include words that represent concepts that some critics claim not existed in the Americas between 2500 BC and AD 400, or in ancient Israel and Judah.

The words "Christ" and "Messiah" are used several hundred times throughout the Book of Mormon. The first instance of the word "Christ" occurs in parts of the narrative that many Mormons attribute to between 559 and 545 BC.See 2 Nephi 10:3. The first instance of the word "Messiah" occurs in the narrative that Mormons believe happened around 600 BC.1 Nephi 1:19.

"Christ" is the English transliteration of the Greek word {{Lang|el|Χριστός}} (transliterated as Christós); it is relatively synonymous with the Hebrew word משיח, pronounced {{IPA|he|maˈʃi.aχ|}} and rendered "Messiah". Both words have the meaning of "anointed", and are used in the Bible to refer to "the Anointed One".{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=510&letter=M|title=MESSIAH – JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}} In Greek translations of the Old Testament (including the Septuagint), the word "Christ" is used for the Hebrew "Messiah", and in Hebrew translations of the New Testament, the word "Messiah" is used for the Greek "Christ".[http://www.biblegateway.com/ BibleGateway.com: A searchable online Bible in over 50 versions and 35 languages] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630080615/http://www.biblegateway.com/ |date=June 30, 2007 }} Any passage in the Bible that uses the word "Christ" can substitute the word "Messiah" or "the Messiah" with no change in meaning (e.g., {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Matthew|chapter=1|verse=1|range=, 16, 18}}).

The Book of Mormon uses both terms throughout the book. In the vast majority of cases, it uses the terms in an identical manner as the Bible, where it does not matter which word is used:

{{quote|And now, my sons, remember, remember that it is upon the rock of our Redeemer, who is Christ, the Son of God, that ye must build your foundation". ({{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|version=1981|book=Helaman|chapter=5|verse=12}}).}}

{{quote|And after he had baptized the Messiah with water, he should behold and bear record that he had baptized the Lamb of God, who should take away the sins of the world." ({{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|version=1981|book=1 Nephi|chapter=10|verse=10}}).}}

Richard Packham argues that the Greek word "Christ" in the Book of Mormon challenges the authenticity of the work since Smith clearly stated that "there was no Greek or Latin upon the plates from which I, through the grace of the Lord, translated the Book of Mormon."

The word "church" first occurs in 1 Nephi 4:26, where a prophet named Nephi disguises himself as Laban, a prominent man in Jerusalem whom Nephi had slain:

And he [Laban's servant], supposing that I spake of the brethren of the church, and that I was truly that Laban whom I had slain, wherefore he did follow me ({{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|version=1981|book=1 Nephi|chapter=4|verse=26}}).

According to the Book of Mormon, this exchange happened in Jerusalem, around 600 BC. The meaning of the word "church" in the Book of Mormon is more comparable to usage in the Bible than Modern English. The concept of a church, meaning "a convocation of believers", existed among the House of Israel prior to Christianity. For instance, Psalms {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|nobook=|chapter=89|verse=5}} speaks of praising the Lord "in the congregation of the saints"; the Septuagint contains the Greek word ecclesia for "congregation", which is also translated as "church" in the New Testament.

A similar question regards the word "synagogue", found in Alma 16:13:

And Alma and Amulek went forth preaching repentance to the people in their temples, and in their sanctuaries, and also in their synagogues, which were built after the manner of the Jews ({{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|version=1981|book=Alma|chapter=16|verse=13}}).

Synagogues did not exist in their modern form before the destruction of the temple and the Babylonian captivity. The oldest known synagogue is located in Delos, Greece, and has been dated to 150 BC.The Oldest Original Synagogue Building in the Diaspora: The Delos Synagogue Reconsidered," Monika Trümper Hesperia, Vol. 73, No. 4 (October–December 2004), pp. 513–598

Craig L. Blomberg has pointed out several verses in the Book Mormon apparently similar to biblical verses in the King James version of the Bible. According to Blomberg, {{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|version=1981|book=2 Nephi|chapter=31|verse=13}} includes overt references to {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Acts|chapter=2|verse=38}}, {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Matthew|chapter=3|verse=11}}, {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=1 Corinthians|chapter=13|verse=1}}, and were most likely written with their direct influence in mind. Furthermore, Blomberg claims that {{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|version=1981|book=2 Nephi|chapter=31|verse=21}} contains allusions to {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Acts|chapter=4|verse=12}}. Blomberg summarizes his overall position on Book of Mormon anachronisms as follows: "Indeed, the entire Book of Mormon abounds with explicit references to Christ, to his life and ministry and to the three persons of the Godhead long before New Testament times ... even though none of these concepts or terms ever appear in these forms in the Old Testament or any other ancient Jewish literature."

{{Cite book|

title=How Wide the Divide?|

publisher=InterVarsity Press|

year=1997|

isbn=978-0-8308-1991-1|

first=Craig L.|last=Blomberg|

pages=48–49

}}

In 1969, John W. Welch discovered a variety of instances of chiasmus in the Book of Mormon.{{Harvnb|Welch|1969}} The most commonly cited example of chiasmus in the Book of Mormon is the prophet Alma's religious experience, as recorded in {{sourcetext|source=Book of Mormon|version=1981|book=Alma|chapter=36}}. Welch claims that it is unlikely, although not impossible,John W. Welch, "How Much Was Known about Chiasmus in 1829 When the Book of Mormon Was Translated?," FARMS Review 15/1 (2003): 47–80. that Smith knew about chiasmus at the time of the Book of Mormon's publication,{{Harvnb|Welch|2003}} which implies that chiasmus could only be present in the text if indeed the text is a translation and not a fabrication.{{clarification needed|date=June 2025}}

Below is an example of purported chiasmus in Mosiah 3:18-19:

Critics argue that chiasmus is not necessarily evidence of Hebrew origin.For a satirical take on the issue, see Robert Patterson, [http://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V33N04_173.pdf "Hebraicisms, Chiasmus, and Other Internal Evidence for Ancient Authorship in Green Eggs and Ham"], Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 33, no. 4, Winter 2000, p. 163.

Still others disagree on the extent to which chiasmus occurs in the text. With regard to the Alma chapter 36 chiasmus, one critic alleges that Welch "fashioned a chiasm by selecting elements from repetitious language, creatively labeling elements, ignoring text, pairing unbalanced elements, and even including asymmetrical elements".Earl M. Wunderli, [https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V38N04_105.pdf "Critique of Alma 36 as an Extended Chiasm"], Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought.

Welch himself offers the following caution regarding a tendency of enthusiastic readers to see chiasmus where it is not actually present:

Some people, of course, have gone overboard with this search, and caution must be employed; otherwise, it is possible to find chiasmus in the telephone book, and the effort becomes meaningless . ... One must be careful in this quest, however, to avoid the problems of the 'hammer syndrome'—to the person holding a hammer, everything looks like a nail. To the person who knows only chiasmus and no other form of literary composition, everything may start looking like a chiasm.{{Harvnb|Welch|1997|pp=200, 202}}

Some claim writings in the form of chiasmus can also be found in the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price, two other works of scripture in the LDS canon that were dictated by Smith.Possible chiasmus in other LDS scripture: {{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|88|34–38}}, {{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|18|–38}}, {{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|132|19–26}}, and {{lds|Abraham|abr|3|16–19}}. Critics believe this supports their claim that Smith knew about chiasmus, and that it may have been a characteristic of his personal writing style.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

Charles G. Kroupa and Richard C. Shipp are notable for publishing arguments for chiasmus in the Doctrine and Covenants in 1972.{{Harvnb|Kroupa|Shipp|1972}}. In 1975, Shipp affirmed that writings found in the Doctrine and Covenants also had literary patterns similar to chiasmus.{{Harvnb|Shipp|1975}}. In 2004, a study was published by LDS researchers which used statistical analysis to determine the likelihood that a chiastic structure in LDS works appeared by chance as opposed to being created deliberately.{{Harvnb|Edwards|Edwards|2004|p=107}}. The authors concluded “that the likelihood is high that chiastic structure appeared by design in the Pentateuch and in the Book of Mormon. Our estimates do not support such a conclusion for the Doctrine and Covenants [or] the Book of Abraham ... indicating instead that chiasms could have appeared in these works by chance.”{{Harvnb|Edwards|Edwards|2004|p=123}}.

Chiastic patterns have also been found in the Book of the Law of the Lord,{{cite web|url=http://www.strangite.org/Chiasmus.htm|title=Chiasmus}} a purported translation of an ancient text by James J. Strang. This book is not considered authentic by the LDS Church, the Community of Christ or any Latter Day Saint sect other than the Strangite church.

Critics point out that the presence of chiasmus in Strang's writing as well as in the literature of other cultures implies that the source could be non-Hebrew. Additionally, that the presence of chiasmus is not necessarily indicative of ancient origins.[http://www.utlm.org/onlineresources/chiasmusandthebom.htm Chiasmus and the Book of Mormon]{{cite journal |last1=Edwards |first1=Boyd F. |last2=Edwards |first2=W. Farrell |title=When Are Chiasms Admissible as Evidence |journal=BYU Studies |date=2010 |volume=49 |issue=4 |page=135 |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1565&context=physics_facpub |access-date=31 May 2021}}

In 1980, researchers at LDS Church-owned Brigham Young University used stylometric techniques they called "wordprint analysis" to examine possible Book of Mormon authorship, through statistical analysis of the occurrence of specific words and phrases. They concluded that none of the Book of Mormon selections they studied resembled writings of any of the suggested nineteenth-century authors, including Joseph Smith.{{Harvnb|Larsen|Rencher|Layton|1980}} Jerald and Sandra Tanner challenged these findings on various points, most notably questioning the reliability of the data sources used and the methodology of the "wordprint analysis".{{Harvnb|Tanner|Tanner|1993}} Additionally, D. James Croft wrote in Sunstone that there were several flaws in the methodology that were vulnerable to criticism.D. James Croft, "Book Of Mormon 'Wordprints' Reexamined", Sunstone, March 1981, vol. 6:2, pp. 15–22.

A later stylometric study was undertaken by Mormon researcher John Hilton and his non-LDS colleagues at Berkeley,{{Harvnb|Reynolds|2002}} who "went to great pains to immunize the methodology from criticism" through the use of control tests.Kevin L. Barney, [http://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V33N01_79.pdf "Reflections on the Documentary Hypothesis"], Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 33, no. 1, Spring 2000, p. 85. Hilton concluded that, if wordprinting is a valid technique, then this analysis suggests that it is "statistically indefensible" to claim that Smith, Oliver Cowdery, or Solomon Spalding wrote the 30,000 words in the Book of Mormon attributed to Nephi and Alma.{{Harvnb|Hilton|1990}}.

In a peer-reviewed study using a traditional authorship method and a new pattern-classification technique, several researchers at Stanford University concluded that Sidney Rigdon, Solomon Spalding, and Oliver Cowdery were more likely to have written the book out of a pool of authors that also included Parley P. Pratt and two statistical control authors (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Joel Barlow). Smith was not included in the pool of authors because a set of original works written by Smith alone could not be identified with confidence.Jockers, M. L., D. M. Witten, and C. S. Criddle, 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111106092653/http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/4/465.abstract "Reassessing authorship of the Book of Mormon using delta and nearest shrunken centroid classification"]. Literary and Linguistic Computing (2008) 23(4): 465–91. However, this study only examined the relative likelihood of the five above-mentioned authors writing the Book of Mormon, not the possibility of an author or authors outside the five-person pool.[http://www.lifeongoldplates.com/2008/12/new-book-of-mormon-wordprint-analysis.html Life On Gold Plates: A New Book of Mormon Wordprint Analysis]. Another study was published in the same journal that critiqued the methodology used in the earlier study and, using Smith's personal writings written in his own handwriting, concluded that stylometric evidence supports neither Smith nor a Spalding–Rigdon authorship.Schaalje, G. Bruce, Paul J. Fields, Matthew Roper, Gregory L. Snow. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110128084020/http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/01/18/llc.fqq029.full "Extended nearest shrunken centroid classification: A new method for open-set authorship attribution of texts of varying sizes"], Literary and Linguistic Computing (2011).

In a 1991 study for the journal History and Computing, non-Mormon David Holmes used a multivariate technique to analyze the Book of Mormon and the Doctrine of the Covenants. He concluded that they were from the same author, Joseph Smith. He noted that “the style of [Smith’s] 'prophetic voice' as evidenced by the main cluster of the textual samples studied, differs from the style of his personal writings or dictations of a personal nature.”{{Cite journal|last=Holmes|first=David|date=1991|title=A multivariate technique for authorship attribution and its application to the analysis of Mormon scripture and related texts.|journal=History and Computing|volume=3|pages=12–22}}

In 1992, the church magazine Ensign published speculation that the extensive use of the phrase "and it came to pass" found in the Book of Mormon, was the result of the alleged ancient prophet authors' use of the Hebraic transition word "wayehi".{{Cite web|title=Why is the phrase 'and it came to pass' so prevalent in the Book of Mormon?|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1992/12/i-have-a-question/why-is-the-phrase-and-it-came-to-pass-so-prevalent-in-the-book-of-mormon?lang=eng|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.churchofjesuschrist.org}}

Apologists have argued that apparent similarities between proper names found in the Book of Mormon, and names from known ancient civilizations (which presumably Smith would not have known about) can be an argument for the book's ancient historicity. Conversely, critics have pointed out the appearance of names in the Book of Mormon which appear to be anachronistic.

Language specialists discourage the use of small non-random lists of words to compare two separate languages.[https://www.native-languages.org/iaq3.htm#5 Setting the Record Straight About Native Languages: Linguistic Relationships (Page Section 5). Native Languages of the Americas. N.d. Accessed April 1, 2024.] “You need to examine at least three languages to make a valid comparison, and you need to use vocabulary items that have not been hand-selected as the one word in the language that bears some vague resemblance to the other.”

Critics have pointed out that many of the names in the Book of Mormon that are not drawn from the King James Bible are found in the local environment around Palmyra, New York, and would have been known to Smith.{{Harvnb|Abanes|2003|p=72}}.[http://packham.n4m.org/linguist.htm#NAMES A Linguist Looks at Mormonism, More on Book of Mormon Names] Richard Packham has pointed out that several Biblical Hebrew names, including "Aaron",{{lds|Ether|ether|1|15–16}} "Ephraim",{{lds|Ether|ether|7|9}} and "Levi"{{lds|Ether|ether|1|20–21}} are listed as Jaredites in the Book of Ether. He argues that these are anachronisms, since the Jaredites are supposed to have originated from the time of the Tower of Babel, and presumably did not speak Hebrew.Packham, Richard. [http://packham.n4m.org/linguist.htm "A Linguist Looks at Mormonism"]. April 30, 2007. In addition, Packham has pointed out that while "Isabel" is derived from the ancient Hebrew Elizabeth, the name Isabel did not exist until 12th century Spain, which he argues is evidence against the authenticity of the Book of Mormon.

In his book Lehi in the Desert, Mormon apologist Hugh Nibley compares names found in the Book of Mormon with ancient Egyptian names from Upper Egypt. The comparisons allegedly show that many names in the Book of Mormon are similar to names in a certain region and era of ancient Egypt. Lehi in the Desert, pp. 25–31.

Smith, in a letter written in 1843 to the Mormon publication Millennial Star, wrote that the name "Mormon" came from "the Egyptian Mon, hence with the addition of more, or the contraction, mor, we have the word Mormon, which means, literally, more good."Gallacher, Stuart A, "Mormon: An example of folk etymology", Western Folklore, vol. 8, no. 1, January 1949, p. 23. Benjamin Urrutia suggests the name "Mormon" is derived from Egyptian "mor" ("love") and mon ("firmly established"), rendering "Mormon" as "love is firmly established."Benjamin Urrutia, [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/1983/06/the-name-connection "The Name Connection,"] New Era, June 1983, p. 39. Packham criticizes Smith's interpretation, stating that the English word "more" or "mor" is out of place in an Egyptian name.Packham, Richard. [http://packham.n4m.org/linguist.htm#MORMON "A Linguist Looks at Mormonism: Notes on linguistics problems in Mormonism"].

In 1843, Smith stated publicly "there was no Greek or Latin upon the plates from which I... translated the Book of Mormon."Times and Seasons, vol.4, no. 13 (May 15, 1843) p. 194. Richard Packham has pointed out that the Book of Mormon contains some Greek and Latin names, some of which are hellenizations of Hebrew names (e.g., "Antipas", "Archeantus", "Esrom", "Ezias", "Judea", and "Zenos") and some of which are Greek or Latin.[http://packham.n4m.org/linguist.htm#GKNAMES A Linguist Looks at Mormonism, More Greek Names].
[http://packham.n4m.org/linguist.htm#LUCIFER A Linguist Looks at Mormonism, Lucifer].

{{Notelist}}

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| access-date=2007-03-02

}}

• {{Cite book

| last=Palmer | first=Grant H. | author-link=Grant H. Palmer

| title=An Insider's View of Mormon Origins

| publisher=Signature Books

| place=Salt Lake City

| year=2002

| pages=2–7,66,169

| isbn=978-1-56085-157-8

}}

• {{Cite book

| last=Parry | first=Donald W. | author-link=Donald W. Parry

| editor-last=Parry | editor-first=Donald W. | editor-link=Donald W. Parry

| editor2-last=Peterson | editor2-first=Daniel C. | editor2-link=Daniel C. Peterson

| editor3-last=Welch | editor3-first=John W. | editor3-link=John W. Welch | chapter=Hebraisms and Other Ancient Peculiarities in the Book of Mormon

| title=Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon

| publisher=Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies

| place=Provo, Utah

| date=November 2002

| isbn=978-0-934893-72-5

| url=http://www.farmsresearch.com/publications/bookschapter.php?bookid=8&chapid=63

| access-date=2007-04-17

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last = Peterson

|first = Daniel C.

|author-link = Daniel C. Peterson

|year = 1997

|title = Yet More Abuse of B. H. Roberts

|journal = The FARMS Review

|volume = 9

|issue = 1

|url = http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=210

|access-date = 2008-09-01

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030817171653/http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?id=210&table=jbms

|archive-date = 2003-08-17

}}

• {{Cite book

| last=Quinn | first=D. Michael | author-link=D. Michael Quinn

| title=Early Mormonism and the Magic World View

| place=Salt Lake City

| publisher=Signature Books

| date=1998

|orig-year=1987

| pages=41–ff

| isbn=978-1-56085-089-2

}}

• {{Cite book

| last=Reynolds | first=Noel B. | author-link=Noel B. Reynolds

| title=Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon

| place=Provo, Utah

| publisher=Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies

| isbn=978-0-934893-72-5

| year=2002

}}

• {{Cite magazine

| last=Rhodes | first=Michael D. | author-link=Michael D. Rhodes

| title=I Have a Question

| magazine=Ensign

|volume=18

|issue=7

| pages=51–53

| date=July 1988

| url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1988/07/i-have-a-question?lang=eng

| issn= 0884-1136

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last=Ricks

|first=Stephen

|author-link=Stephen D. Ricks

|title=Joseph Smith's Translation of the Book of Mormon

|journal=Featured Papers

|publisher=Maxwell Institute

|place=Provo, Utah

|year=1986

|url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?id=10&table=transcripts

|access-date=2007-04-26

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405222108/http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=transcripts&id=10

|archive-date=2007-04-05

}}

• {{Cite book

|last = Ricks

|first = Stephen

|author-link = Stephen D. Ricks

|title = The Translation and Publication of the Book of Mormon

|publisher = Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, official F.A.R.M.S. transcript of video lecture

|year = 1994

|url = http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=transcripts&id=13

|access-date = 2007-03-02

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012217/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=transcripts&id=13

|archive-date = 2011-09-30

}}

• {{Cite thesis

| last=Shipp | first=Richard C.

| title=Conceptual Patterns of Repetition in the Doctrine and Covenants and Their Implications

| degree=Master's |publisher=Brigham Young University

| year=1975

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last = Skousen

|first = Royal

|author-link = Royal Skousen

|title = The Original Language of the Book of Mormon: Upstate New York Dialect, King James English, or Hebrew?

|journal = Journal of Book of Mormon Studies

|volume = 3

|issue = 1

|publisher = Maxwell Institute

|place = Provo, Utah

|year = 1994

|pages = 28–38

|jstor = 44758652

|s2cid = 162724231

|url = http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=46

|access-date = 2007-04-26

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012228/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=46

|archive-date = 2011-09-30

|url-access= subscription

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last = Skousen

|first = Royal

|author-link = Royal Skousen

|title = The Archaic Vocabulary of the Book of Mormon

|journal = FARMS Insights

|volume = 25

|issue = 5

|year = 2005

|publisher = Maxwell Institute

|url = http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=insights&id=436

|access-date = 2007-03-02

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162809/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=insights&id=436

|archive-date = 2011-07-19

}}

• {{Cite book

| last=Skousen

| first=Royal

| author-link=Royal Skousen

| title=The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text

| year=2009

| publisher=Yale University Press

| place=New Haven, CT

| isbn=978-0-30014-218-1

| url-access=registration

| url=https://archive.org/details/bookofmormonearl0000unse

}}

• {{Cite book

| last =Sorenson | first =John L. | author-link=John L. Sorenson

| title =An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon

| year =1985

| publisher =Deseret Book and FARMS

| place =Salt Lake City

| isbn=978-0-87747-608-5

}}

• {{Cite journal

| last=Sorenson | first= John L. | author-link=John L. Sorenson

| title=When Lehi's Party Arrived in the Land, Did They Find Others There?

| journal=Journal of Book of Mormon Studies

|volume=1

|issue=1

| publisher=Maxwell Institute

| place=Provo, Utah

| year=1992

| pages= 1–34 | jstor= 44758619 | s2cid= 55878207 | url= https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=jbms | url-access=subscription

}}

• {{Cite magazine

| last1=Tanner | first1=Jerald

| last2=Tanner | first2=Sandra

| author-link=Jerald and Sandra Tanner

| date=July 1989

| title= A Black Hole in the Book of Mormon

| magazine=Salt Lake City Messenger

|volume=72

| url=http://www.utlm.org/newsletters/no72.htm

}}

• {{Cite magazine

| last1=Tanner | first1=Jerald

| last2=Tanner | first2=Sandra

| author-link=Jerald and Sandra Tanner

|date=April 1993

| title= The Godmakers II: Under Fire From Within and Without

| magazine=Salt Lake City Messenger

|volume=84

| url=http://utlm.org/newsletters/no84.htm#New%20Computer%20Study

}}

• {{Cite journal

| last=Tvedtnes | first=John A.

| title=Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon: A preliminary survey

| journal=BYU Studies Quarterly

| publisher=Brigham Young University

| place=Provo, Utah

| date=Autumn 1970

| url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/byustudies&CISOPTR=2540&REC=11

| access-date=2007-04-20

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last=Tvedtnes

|first=John A.

|title=A Visionary Man

|journal=Journal of Book of Mormon Studies

|volume=6

|issue=2

|year=1997

|publisher=Brigham Young University

|jstor=44758833

|s2cid=164718509

|place=Provo, Utah

|url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=158

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220064506/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=158

|archive-date=2012-02-20

|url-access=subscription

}}

• {{Cite journal

| last1=Tvedtnes

| first1=John A.

| last2=Gee

| first2=John

| author-link2=John Gee

| last3=Roper

| first3=Matthew

| title=Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions

| journal=Journal of Book of Mormon Studies

| volume=9

| issue=1

| year=2000

| pages=40–51

| publisher=Maxwell Institute

| jstor=44758905

| s2cid=163366857

| place=Provo, Utah

| url=http://farms.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=9&num=1&id=210

| access-date=2009-09-09

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223191452/http://farms.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=9

| archive-date=2008-12-23

| url-status=dead

| url-access=subscription

}}

• {{Cite journal

| last1=Van Wagoner | first1=Richard S. | author-link = Richard S. Van Wagoner

| last2=Walker | first2=Steven C

| title=Joseph Smith: The Gift of Seeing

| journal=Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought

| volume=15 | issue=2 | date=Summer 1982 | pages=48–68

| doi=10.2307/45225078 | jstor=45225078 | s2cid=254395171 | url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fdialogue&CISOPTR=16574&REC=16&CISOBOX=%22gift+of+seeing%22

| access-date=2007-03-02

| doi-access=free | url-access=subscription }}

• {{Cite journal

| last=Welch | first=John W. | author-link=John W. Welch

| title=Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon

| journal=BYU Studies Quarterly

| volume=10 | issue=1 | year=1969

| pages=69–84

}}

• {{Cite book

| last=Welch

| first=John W.

| author-link=John W. Welch

| editor=Noel B. Reynolds

| chapter=What Does Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon Prove?

| title=Book of Mormon Authorship Revisited: the Evidence for Ancient Origins

| publisher=Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies

| year=1997

| place=Provo, Utah

| url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/bookschapter.php?bookid=41&chapid=188

| isbn=978-0-934893-25-1

| access-date=2007-04-03

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510205732/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/bookschapter.php?bookid=41&chapid=188

| archive-date=2008-05-10

| url-status=dead

}}

• {{Cite book

| last=Welch

| first=John W.

| author-link=John W. Welch

| editor-last=Parry

| editor-first=Donald W

| editor-link=Donald W. Parry

| editor2-last=Peterson

| editor2-first=Daniel C.

| editor2-link=Daniel C. Peterson

| chapter=A Steady Stream of Significant Recognitions

| title=Echoes and Evidences of the Book of Mormon

| publisher=Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies

| place=Provo, Utah

| year=2002

| isbn=978-0-934893-72-5

| chapter-url=http://farms.byu.edu/publications/bookschapter.php?bookid=8&chapid=67

| access-date=2007-04-03

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420094521/http://farms.byu.edu/publications/bookschapter.php?bookid=8&chapid=67

| archive-date=2008-04-20

| url-status=dead

}}

• {{Cite book

| last=Weingreen | first=Jacob

| title=A Practical Grammar for Classical Hebrew

| publisher=Oxford University Press

| date=December 31, 1959

| isbn=978-0-19-815422-8

}}

• {{Cite journal

|last=Welch

|first=John W.

|author-link=John W. Welch

|title=How Much Was Known about Chiasmus in 1829 When the Book of Mormon Was Translated?

|journal=FARMS Review

|volume=15

|issue=1

|year=2003

|publisher=Maxwell Institute

|place=Provo, Utah

|url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=465

|access-date=2003-03-02

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304124924/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=465

|archive-date=2008-03-04

}}

• [https://archive.bookofmormoncentral.org/content/hebraisms-and-other-ancient-peculiarities-book-mormon Hebraisms and Other Ancient Peculiarities in the Book of Mormon]
• [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi/35/ Finding Biblical Hebrew and Other Ancient Literary Forms in the Book of Mormon]

{{Latter-day Saints}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Linguistics And The Book Of Mormon}}

Category:Book of Mormon studies

Category:Criticism of Mormonism

Book of Mormon