Linguonym
{{Short description|Name for an individual language or family of languages}}{{linguistics}}
Linguonym (from {{langx|la|lingua}} / language, and {{langx|el|ὄνομα}} / name), also known as glossonym (from {{langx|grc|γλῶσσα}} / language) or glottonym (from Attic Greek: γλῶττα / language), is a linguistic term that designates a proper name of an individual language, or a language family. The study of language names is known as linguonymy (glossonymy, glottonymy) or linguonymics (glossonymics, glottonymics).
As a distinctive linguistic discipline, linguonymic{{Efn|Linguonym, glossonym, glottonym and their respective variants are considered equally valid terms. "Linguonym" will be used in this article where possible to avoid burdensome repetition.}} studies are closely related to some other onomastic disciplines, particularly those that are focused on the study of ethnonyms (names of ethnic groups) and choronyms (names of regions and countries). In that context, the field is related to ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic studies. Various questions related to the study of formation and use of language names are also relevant for several other disciplines within social sciences and humanities.{{sfn|Good|Cysouw|2013|p=339-342}}{{sfn|Kikvidze|2013|p=194-198}}{{sfn|Kamusella|2015|p=44}}{{sfn|Peetermans|2016|p=}}
The term "linguonym" was introduced in 1973,{{sfn|Duliĉenko|1973|p=83-90}} and again in 1977,{{sfn|Gold|1977|p=14}}{{sfn|Gold|1980|p=29}}{{sfn|Gold|1983|p=88}} and further attempts to define the field were made in 1979.{{sfn|Goebl|1979|p=7–38}} Three synonymic terms (linguonym, glossonym, glottonym) gradually came into use, primarily among linguists and other scholars,{{sfn|Back|1988|p=5–9}} but the field of linguonymic studies is still considered to be in its formative stages.{{sfn|Léglise|Migge|2006|p=313-339}}{{sfn|Peetermans|2016|p=}}
Typology
{{wiktionary|linguonym|glossonym|glottonym}}
Language names can be classified by several criteria. According to origin, they can be divided into two groups:
- Endonymic language names, known as endolinguonyms (autolinguonyms), endoglossonyms (autoglossonyms) or endoglottonyms (autoglottonyms) represent language names of endonymic (native) origin, created and used by native speakers as designations for their languages.{{sfn|Coupland|Jaworski|2009|p=213}}{{sfn|Kikvidze|2013|p=195}}{{sfn|Kamusella|2015|p=44}} For example, the term Deutsch is an endolinguonym (native name) for the language that is called German in English.
- Exonymic language names, known as exolinguonyms (exoglossonyms/alloglossonyms, exoglottonyms/alloglottonyms) represent language names of exonymic (foreign) origin, created and used by those who are not native speakers of the referred languages.{{sfn|Coupland|Jaworski|2009|p=213}}{{sfn|Kikvidze|2013|p=195}} For example, the term German is an exolinguonym (foreign name), used in English language as a designation for the language that is called Deutsch by its native speakers.
Related terms
In recent years, some authors have proposed the term "logonym" as an alternative designation for the onomastic class that includes the names of languages,{{sfn|Klamer|2010|p=3, 7, 13, 511, 537}} thus avoiding the use of already accepted terms (linguonym, glossonym, glottonym). Critics replied that the proposed term (logonym) has several meanings, spanning different fields of study.{{sfn|Wicklander|1978|p=218}}{{sfn|Room|1996|p=57}}{{sfn|Dubois|2000|p=33-98}} As of 2015 the term had not gained wide acceptance.{{sfn|Picone|2015|p=268}}
Searching for appropriate onomastic terms for some other classes of proper names, several researchers have tried to use term linguonym (glossonym, glottonym) as a designation not for the names of languages, but for a specific class of anthroponyms (proper names of humans, individual and collective) that are given to the groups of speakers of any particular language. Some of those attempts were made as a result of misunderstanding,{{sfn|Skutnabb-Kangas|2000|p=178-179}} by referencing to official UNESCO documents, that used those terms in their proper meaning, as designations for language names,{{sfn|Martí|2005|p=284}} thus revealing the lack of bases for the proposed alternative uses. Other attempts were made without any referencing, or addressing the issue of the proper meanings and uses of the terms.{{sfn|Reisigl|Wodak|2001|p=50}}{{sfn|Wodak|2001|p=82}}
In the same time, the question of defining an appropriate anthroponomastic term for the specific class of proper names that are given to groups of speakers of any particular language (names such as: Anglophones / speakers of English, or Francophones / speakers of French), remained opened and focused on several available solutions that would combine classical terms for speakers or speaking (based on Latin verb loquor, loqui, locutus) with standard suffix -onym, thus producing the term loquonym. Such issues, related to proper formation and use of onomastic terms, have gained importance in scholarly circles, since international surveys among experts revealed the existence of several challenging issues related to the process of terminological standardization within the field.{{sfn|Harvalík|Caffarelli|2007|p=181-220}}
See also
References
{{reflist|2}}
{{notelist}}
Sources
{{Refbegin|2}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Back|first=Otto|title=Glottonyme und Ethnonyme|journal=Die Slawischen Sprachen|year=1988|volume=14|pages=5–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SegKAQAAMAAJ}}
- {{Cite book|editor-last1=Coupland|editor-first1=Nikolas|editor-last2=Jaworski|editor-first2=Adam|title=Sociolinguistics: The Sociolinguistics of Multilingualism|year=2009|volume=4|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415408547|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3AhAQAAMAAJ}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Dubois|first=Alain|title=Synonymies and related lists in zoology: General proposals, with examples in herpetology|journal=Dumerilia|year=2000|volume=14|number=2|pages=33–98|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281994551}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Duliĉenko|first=Aleksandro D.|author-link=Aleksandr Dulichenko|title=La lingvonimiko — ĝiaj esenco kaj problemoj|journal=Scienca Revuo|year=1973|volume=24|number=2–3|pages=83–90|url=http://www.eventoj.hu/isae/scienca-revuo/enhavo-1949-2000.htm}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Дуличенко|first=Александр Д.|author-link=Aleksandr Dulichenko|title=Лингвонимика|journal=Ученые записки Петрозаводского государственного университета|year=2020|volume=42|number=7|pages=13–16|url=https://uchzap.petrsu.ru/files/redaktor_pdf/1603963551.pdf}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Goebl|first=Hans|title=Glottonymie, Glottotomie und Schizoglossie: Drei sprachpolitisch bedeutsame Begriffe|journal=Ladinia|year=1979|volume=3|pages=7–38|doi=10.54218/ladinia.03.7-38|s2cid=239136530|url=https://www.sbg.ac.at/rom/people/prof/goebl/docs/Goebl_Hans_1979_Glottonymie,%20Glottotomie%20und%20Schizoglossie.%20Drei%20sprachpolitisch%20bedeutsame%20Begriffe.pdf}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Gold|first=David L.|title=Dzhudezmo|journal=Language Sciences|year=1977|volume=4|pages=14–16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2FEqAQAAIAAJ}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Gold|first=David L.|title=The Spanish, Portuguese and Hebrew Names for Yiddish and the Yiddish Names for Hebrew|journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language|year=1980|issue=24|pages=29–42|isbn=9789027930286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8dhAAAAMAAJ}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Gold|first=David L.|title=Planning Glottonyms for Jewish Languages (With Emphasis on Judezmo and Yahudic)|journal=Jewish Language Review|year=1983|volume=3|pages=71–95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUomAQAAIAAJ}}
- {{Cite journal|last1=Good|first1=Jeff|last2=Cysouw|first2=Michael|title=Languoid, Doculect, and Glossonym: Formalizing the Notion Language|journal=Language Documentation & Conservation|year=2013|volume=7|pages=331–359|url=http://128.171.57.22/bitstream/10125/4606/5/cysouw_good.pdf}}
- {{Cite journal|editor-last1=Harvalík|editor-first1=Milan|editor-last2=Caffarelli|editor-first2=Enzo|title=Onomastic Terminology: An International Survey|journal=Rivista Italiana di Onomastica|year=2007|volume=13|number=1|pages=181–220|url=https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/461196/Terminology.pdf}}
- {{Cite book|last=Kamusella|first=Tomasz|title=Creating Languages in Central Europe During the Last Millennium|year=2015|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137507846|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4aHtBQAAQBAJ}}
- {{Cite book|last=Kikvidze|first=Zaal|chapter=Lost and Acquired in Translation: Shades of Meaning in Language Names|title=General and Specialist Translation/Interpretation: Theory, Methods, Practice|year=2013|volume=6|location=Kyiv|pages=194–198|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/8749809}}
- {{Cite book|last=Klamer|first=Marian|title=A Grammar of Teiwa|year=2010|location=Berlin-New York|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110226072|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7IrcQny1_gC}}
- {{Cite journal|last1=Léglise|first1=Isabelle|last2=Migge|first2=Bettina|title=Language-Naming Practices, Ideologies, and Linguistic Practices: Toward a Comprehensive Description of Language Varieties|journal=Language in Society|year=2006|volume=35|number=3|pages=313–339|doi=10.1017/S0047404506060155|jstor=4169502|hdl=10197/5810|s2cid=145616987|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4169502|hdl-access=free}}
- {{Cite book|last=Martí|first=Fèlix|title=Words and Worlds: World Languages Review|year=2005|location=Clevedon|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=9781853598272|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hrT4YGBNGEC}}
- {{Cite book|last=Peetermans|first=Andy|chapter=Glottonymy as a could-be subfield of onomastics: Terminological considerations and historiographical applications|title=Annual Colloquium of the Henry Sweet Society|year=2016|location=Cambridge|publisher=Pembroke College|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308232598}}
- {{Cite book|last=Picone|first=Michael D.|chapter=French Dialects of Louisiana: A Revised Typology|title=New Perspectives on Language Variety in the South: Historical and Contemporary Approaches|year=2015|location=Tuscaloosa|publisher=University of Alabama Press|pages=267–287|isbn=9780817318154|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjLVBgAAQBAJ}}
- {{Cite book|last1=Reisigl|first1=Martin|last2=Wodak|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Wodak|title=Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism|year=2001|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134579570|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WP2CAgAAQBAJ}}
- {{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies|year=1996|location=Lanham and London|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810831698|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEtiAAAAMAAJ}}
- {{Cite book|last=Skutnabb-Kangas|first=Tove|title=Linguistic Genocide in Education - or Worldwide Diversity and Human Rights?|year=2000|location=Mahwah|publisher=Erlbaum Associates|isbn=1135662363|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR5mspS2kpoC}}
- {{Cite book|last=Wicklander|first=Dale R.|title=Ethical Survey of Culture Media: Narration and Worksheets|year=1978|location=Winston-Salem|publisher=Hunter|isbn=9780894590412|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-F6wAAAAIAAJ}}
- {{Cite book|last=Wodak|first=Ruth|author-link=Ruth Wodak|chapter=Politikwissenschaft und Diskursanalyse: Diskurs in/der Politik|title=Demokratie: Mudus und Telos: Beïtrage für Anton Pelinka|year=2001|location=Wien|publisher=Böhlau Verlag|pages=75–99|isbn=9783205993421|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFgrYodZJC4C}}
{{refend}}
External links
- [http://faculty.ce.berkeley.edu/coby/essays/gloss.htm Coby Lubliner (2006): Adventures in Glossonymy]