Lintel
{{short description|Structural horizontal block that spans the space between two vertical supports}}
{{distinguish|Lintel arch}}
File: P1250123 Paris XIV rue Lecuirot n11 rwk.jpg
A lintel or lintol is a type of beam (a horizontal structural element) that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented/structural item. In the case of windows, the bottom span is referred to as a sill, but, unlike a lintel, does not serve to bear a load to ensure the integrity of the wall.
Modern-day lintels may be made using prestressed concrete and are also referred to as beams in beam-and-block slabs or as ribs in rib-and-block slabs. These prestressed concrete lintels and blocks can serve as components that are packed together and propped to form a suspended-floor concrete slab.
An arch functions as a curved lintel.
{{cite book
|last1 = Owen
|first1 = Robert Dale
|author-link1 = Robert Dale Owen
|year = 1849
|chapter = Concerning the two great divisions of manner in architecture
|title = Hints on Public Architecture: Containing, Among Other Illustrations, Views and Plans of the Smithsonian Institution
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey47AAAAMAAJ
|series = Smithsonian Institution. Publication
|location = New York
|publisher = G.P. Putnam
|page = 25
|isbn = 9781404746824
|access-date = 4 March 2023
|quote = [...] at last [...] it occurred to some philosopher or mechanic [...] that by arranging small wedge-shaped stones or other materials in a semicircular form, a sort of curved lintel could be obtained, which, though composed of many distinct parts, could be stretched from pier to pier, or from pillar to pillar [...]. [...] There have been, in some stone constructions, what may be regarded as intermediate steps between the lintel and the arch.
}}
{{cite book
|editor-last1 = Curley
|editor-first1 = Robert
|date = 1 October 2009
|chapter = Building Construction and Civil Engineering
|title = The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LcSbAAAAQBAJ
|series = Turning Points in History
|location = New York
|publisher = Britannica Educational Publishing
|page = 194
|isbn = 9781615300648
|access-date = 4 March 2023
|quote = The arch can be called a curved lintel.
}}
Structural uses
In worldwide architecture of different eras and many cultures, a lintel has been an element of post and lintel construction. Many different building materials have been used for lintels.{{cite web|title=Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture - Lintel|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/lintel.htm|access-date=2007-06-25|publisher=University of Pittsburgh}}
In classical Western architecture and construction methods, by Merriam-Webster definition, a lintel is a load-bearing member and is placed over an entranceway. The lintel may be called an architrave, but that term has alternative meanings that include more structure besides the lintel. The lintel is a structural element that is usually rested on stone pillars or stacked stone columns, over a portal or entranceway.
A lintel may support the chimney above a fireplace, or span the distance of a path or road, forming a stone lintel bridge.
File:Belur2 retouched.jpg entrance at Chennakesava Temple, in the Hoysala architecture tradition of southern India]]
Ornamental uses
File:Zhanyuan_forecourt_lintel_detail.jpg.]]
The use of the lintel form as a decorative building element over portals, with no structural function, has been employed in the architectural traditions and styles of most cultures over the centuries.
Examples of the ornamental use of lintels are in the hypostyle halls and slab stelas in ancient Egypt and the Indian rock-cut architecture of Buddhist temples in caves. Preceding prehistoric and subsequent Indian Buddhist temples were wooden buildings with structural load-bearing wood lintels across openings. The rock-cut excavated cave temples were more durable, and the non-load-bearing carved stone lintels allowed creative ornamental uses of classical Buddhist elements. Highly skilled artisans were able to simulate the look of wood, imitating the nuances of a wooden structure and the wood grain in excavating cave temples from monolithic rock.{{cite book
| last =Keay
| first =John
| title =India: A History
| publisher =Grove Press
| year =2000
| location =New York
| pages = 124–127
| isbn = 978-0-8021-3797-5 }}
In freestanding Indian building examples, the Hoysala architecture tradition between the 11th and 14th centuries produced many elaborately carved non-structural stone lintels in the Southern Deccan Plateau region of southern India. The Hoysala Empire era was an important period in the development of art and architecture in the South Indian Kannadiga culture. It is remembered today primarily for its Hindu temples' mandapa, lintels, and other architectural elements, such as at the Chennakesava Temple.
The Maya civilization in the Americas was known for its sophisticated art and monumental architecture. The Mayan city of Yaxchilan, on the Usumacinta River in present-day southern Mexico, specialized in the stone carving of ornamental lintel elements within structural stone lintels.{{cite web |title=Lintel Repair |url=https://www.brickworkpointing.co.uk/lintelrepair |website=Lintel Repair}} The earliest carved lintels were created in 723 CE. At the Yaxchilan archaeological site there are fifty-eight lintels with decorative pieces spanning the doorways of major structures. Among the finest Mayan carving to be excavated are three temple door lintels that feature narrative scenes of a queen celebrating the king's anointing by a god.{{cite book
| first1=Simon | last1 = Martin
| first2=Nikolai | last2 = Grube
| date=2000
| title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens
| publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd.
| location=London
| pages=[https://archive.org/details/chronicleofmayak00mart/page/117 117, 125]
| isbn=978-0-500-05103-0
| url-access=registration
| url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofmayak00mart/page/117
}}
Radiation protection
Lintels may also be used to reduce scattered radiation in medical applications. For example, Medical linacs operating at high energies will produce activated neutrons which will be scattered outside the treatment bunker maze with a dose rate that depends on the maze cross section. Lintels may be visible or recessed in the roof of the facility, and reduce dose rate in publicly accessible areas by reducing the maze cross section.{{cite journal |last1=Morgan |first1=Helen|date=2006 |title=NCRP Report 151 Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage x-and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities |journal=Journal of Radiological Protection|volume=26 |issue=3|pages=349|doi=10.1088/0952-4746/26/3/B01|doi-access=}}
Types
=Decoration=
- Atalburu – Basque decorative lintel
- Marriage stone – decorative (can be structural) lintel
=Structure=
- Architrave – structural lintel or beam resting on columns-pillars
- Dolmen – prehistoric megalithic tombs with structural stone lintels
- Dougong – traditional Chinese structural element
- I-beam – steel lintels and beams
- Post and lintel
Gallery
Image:Treasure_of_Atreus.jpg|Structural lintel over entrance, Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece
File:Stonehenge trilithon.png|A trilithon at Stonehenge, showing a lintel stone supported by two large post stones
File:20090727 mykines33.jpg|The lintel stone at the Treasury of Atreus (external view)
File:Interior of theTreasury of Atreus.jpg|The lintel stone at the Treasury of Atreus (internal view)
Image:Phimai Lintel.jpg|Structural lintel over the entry to main Buddhist shrine, Phimai historical park, Thailand
Image:Silwan-inscr.jpg|Shebna Inscription on a lintel of a tomb cave near Jerusalem, 8th/7th century BCE
Image:Atalburu_Mendiburua.jpg|Structural lintel with a lauburu and founders' names, above traditional Basque houses in Lower Navarre, Spain
Image:Yaxchilan lintel 15 a.jpg|Non-structural Mayan ornamental lintel stone, from the Yaxchilan city site in Chiapas, southern Mexico. (Late Classic period, 600-900 CE).
Image:Pedlintelsrei 2.JPG|Non-structural decorative lintel at Buddhist Banteay Srei, in Cambodia
Image:Ellora_cave03_002.jpg|Non-structural lintel in Buddhist cave temple at Ellora Caves, India
File:Elias tagger gerbergasse bz (3).jpg|Door lintel in Bozen-Bolzano from 1632 with Elias Tagger's coat of arms, South Tyrol, Italy
Image:16JDBG92.JPG|Non-structural marriage stone lintel at 'The Hill' farm, Dunlop, East Ayrshire, Scotland
File:16thC lintel, Edinburgh Old Town.jpg|One of many 16th century door lintels in Edinburgh's Old Town
File:SimonsbathHouseFireplaceLintelDated1654.jpg|Simonsbath House, Simonsbath, Exmoor Parish, Devon. Wooden lintel over kitchen fireplace with carved date of 1654
File:Jagdschloß Grunewald-23.jpg|Lintel above the entrance to Jagdschloss Grunewald, Germany
Linteau entrée 14 rue Larrey villa Lutétia.jpg|Lintel above a door from Paris