Linyphiidae

{{Short description|Family of spiders}}

{{Redirect|Sheet weaver|sheetweb spider|Stiphidiidae}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Cretaceous|present}}

| name = Dwarf spiders

| image = Drapetisca alteranda.JPG

| image_caption = Drapetisca alteranda

| taxon = Linyphiidae

| authority = Blackwall, 1859

| range_map = Distribution.linyphiidae.1.png

| diversity = 624 genera, 4724 species

| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies

| subdivision = Dubiaraneinae

Erigoninae

Leptyphantinae

Linyphiinae

Micronetinae

Mynogleninae

Stemonyphantinae

}}

Linyphiidae, spiders commonly known as sheet weavers (from the shape of their webs), or money spiders (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and Portugal) is a family of very small spiders comprising 4706 described species in 620 genera worldwide. This makes Linyphiidae the second largest family of spiders after the Salticidae. The family is poorly understood due to their small body size and wide distribution; new genera and species are still being discovered throughout the world. The newest such genus is Himalafurca from Nepal, formally described in April 2021 by Tanasevitch. Since it is so difficult to identify such tiny spiders, there are regular changes in taxonomy as species are combined or divided.

Money spiders are known for drifting through the air via a technique termed "ballooning".{{Cite web|last=jordancuff|date=2019-05-16|title=Rolling in money spiders|url=https://biocoenosis.org/2019/05/16/rolling-in-money-spiders/|access-date=2021-10-12|website=Biocoenosis|language=en}}

Within the agriculture industry, money spiders are regarded as biological control agents against pest species like aphids and springtails.{{Cite journal|last1=Sunderland|first1=K. D.|last2=Fraser|first2=A. M.|last3=Dixon|first3=A. F. G.|date=1986|title=Field and Laboratory Studies on Money Spiders (Linyphiidae) as Predators of Cereal Aphids|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2404027|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=23|issue=2|pages=433–447|doi=10.2307/2404027|jstor=2404027 |bibcode=1986JApEc..23..433S |issn=0021-8901|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last1=Harwood|first1=James D.|last2=Obrycki|first2=John J.|date=2005-09-01|title=Web-Construction Behavior of Linyphiid Spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae): Competition and Co-Existence Within a Generalist Predator Guild|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-005-7013-8|journal=Journal of Insect Behavior|language=en|volume=18|issue=5|pages=593–607|doi=10.1007/s10905-005-7013-8|bibcode=2005JIBeh..18..593H |s2cid=30576829 |issn=1572-8889}}

Description

In Linyphiidae, the clypeus is normally over twice as high as the diameter of the anterior median eyes. The chelicerae have lateral stridulating ridges and lack lateral condyles.{{Cite web |title=araneae - Key to families |url=https://araneae.nmbe.ch/key |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=araneae.nmbe.ch |language=en}}

The legs are long and thin, and bear macrosetae. The abdomen is usually oval or elongated.{{Cite web |title=Family Linyphiidae - Sheetweb and Dwarf Spiders |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/1969 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=bugguide.net}}

Distribution

Spiders of this family occur nearly worldwide. In Norway many species have been found walking on snow at temperatures of down to −7 °C.

While these spiders are light enough to utilize ballooning for travel,{{Cite journal|last=Suter|first=Robert B.|date=1992|title=Ballooning: Data from Spiders in Freefall Indicate the Importance of Posture|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3705774|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=20|issue=2|pages=107–113|jstor=3705774 |issn=0161-8202}} they are limited by the physics of an often turbulent atmosphere and microclimate.{{Cite journal|last=Suter|first=Robert B.|date=1999|title=An Aerial Lottery: The Physics of Ballooning in a Chaotic Atmosphere|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3705999|journal=The Journal of Arachnology|volume=27|issue=1|pages=281–293|jstor=3705999 |issn=0161-8202}} For this reason ballooning spiders have little control over where they land,{{Cite news|date=2021-10-18|title=Invasion of the ballooning money spiders|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-58940701|access-date=2021-12-08}} leading to a high mortality rate for the practice and its predominant usage by spiderlings and juveniles. The travel of money spiders by ballooning likely contributes to their vast distribution and speciation.

Predators and prey

  • Among birds, goldcrests are known to prey on money spiders.RSPB Birds magazine, Winter 2004
  • Money spiders are known to prey on aphids, springtails, flies, and other spiders.

Taxonomy

The Pimoidae are the sister group to the Linyphiidae.{{cite journal| last=Hormiga| first=G.| year=1998| title=The spider genus Napometa (Araneae, Araneoidea, Linyphiidae)| journal=Journal of Arachnology| volume=26| pages=125–132| url=http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v26_n2/JoA_v26_p125.pdf}}

There are six subfamilies, of which Linyphiinae (the sheetweb spiders), Erigoninae (the dwarf spiders), and Micronetinae, contain the majority of described species.

Many species have been described in monotypic genera, especially in the Erigoninae, which probably reflects the scientific techniques traditionally used in this family. Common genera include Neriene, Lepthyphantes, Erigone, Eperigone, Bathyphantes, Troglohyphantes, Tennesseellum and many others. These are among the most abundant spiders in the temperate regions, although many are also found in the tropics. The generally larger bodied members of the subfamily Linyphiinae are commonly found in classic "bowl and doily" webs or filmy domes. The usually tiny members of the Erigoninae are builders of tiny sheet webs. These tiny spiders (usually 3 mm or less) commonly balloon even as adults and may be very numerous in a given area on one day, only to disappear the next.

Males in the subfamily Erigoninae typically have modified cephalothoraxes. These modifications are diagnostic for a given taxon, being genus or species-specific. These come in an impressive array of forms including, but not limited to, grooves, tubercles, projections, bumps, lobes, and spines. Occasionally, the projections may be decorated with tufts of hair or even bear eyes.

The following are select examples of species in which males possess rather remarkable modifications. Walckenaeria acuminata has its eyes placed on a tall, thin spire whose height exceeds the length of the cephalothorax. Grammonota gigas has a transverse row of four longitudinal lobes behind the eyes. Gnathonargus unicorn has a long, slender, upward-pointing clypeal projection resembling a unicorn horn. Hypselistes florens has a cephalic lobe shaped like an hourglass when viewed from the front. Perregrinus deformis has a short, downcurved clypeal projection resembling a human nose. Praestigia kulczynskii has its anterior median eyes placed ventrally at the end of a long, thick projection issuing from the clypeus. The genera Coreorgonal and Spirembolus have their cephalic regions deeply divided into two pronounced lobes. Eskovia exarmata has a cephalothorax shaped like a trapezoid when viewed laterally. Horcotes quadricristatus has a single, sharp tooth sticking up between the anterior and posterior eyes.{{cite book |title=Spiders of North America: an identification manual |date=2005 |publisher=American Arachn. Soc |location=s.l. |isbn=0977143902}}{{cite book |last1=Paquin |first1=Pierre |last2=Duperre |first2=Nadine |title=Guide d'identification des Araignees (Araneae) du Quebec |date=2003 |publisher=Association des entomologistes amateurs du Québec |pages=251}}

Similarly, the pedipalps of males range from simple to complex in their design, with some possessing striking features and arrangements of palpal sclerites that are unique for a given genus and/or species.

A few spiders in this family include:

=Genera=

{{as of|2021|05}}, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:{{cite web| title=Family: Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859| website=World Spider Catalog| access-date=2019-04-22| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/48}}

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Gallery

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Image:Frontilla_close.jpg|Bowl and doily spider, Frontinella pyramitela

Image:Florinda_coccinoa.jpg|Blacktailed red sheetweaver, Florinda coccinoa

Image:Florinda_coccinoa_eyes.png|Florinda coccinoa eyes

Image:Sheet weaver spider web.jpg| Sheet weaver's web in morning dew

Image:Linyphia hortensis web.JPG| Sheet weaver's web

See also

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

  • Bosselaers, J & Henderickx, H. (2002) A new Savignia from Cretan caves (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Zootaxa 109:1-8 [http://www.biologybrowser.org/cgi-bin/search/r.cgi?ID=1079108449 PDF]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • Hågvar, S. & Aakra, K. 2006. Spiders active on snow in Southern Norway. Norw. J. Entomol. 53, 71-82.