Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas
{{Short description|State-recognized tribe in Texas, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Distinguish|Lipan Apache Band of Texas}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas
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| named_after = Lipan Apache people, State of Texas
| formation = Incorporated in 2007
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| type = {{unbulleted list|Nonprofit organization|Native American tribe}}
| tax_id = US Texas TIN 13311748407
EIN 33-1174840
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| status = active
| purpose = To promote and preserve the cultural, social, educational, spiritual, linguistic, economic, health, and traditional needs
| location_city = McAllen, Texas
| location_country = United States
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| language = English
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| website = {{URL|lipanapache.org}}
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The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas is a state-recognized tribe{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Khrystye H. |date=2023 |title=Eagle Permits, RFRA, and American Indian Religious Freedom: Legal Avenues for First Amendment Protection |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48758184.pdf |journal=The Indigenous Peoples' Journal of Law, Culture, & Resistance |volume=8 |issue= |pages=87 |doi= |jstor=48758184 |access-date= |quote= 2018 Petition to Fish and Wildlife Service "Pastor Robert Soto, a member of the state-recognized Lipan Apache tribe..."}}{{cite web |title=Indigenous Students and Families |url=https://www.txel.org/media/2wskbhoo/indigenous-students-and-families.pdf |publisher=Texas Education Agency|quote= "The state-recognized Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas has its headquarters in McAllen"}}{{cite book |last=Moss |first=Margaret P. |author-link= |date=December 16, 2015 |title=American Indian health and nursing |url= |location= |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |page=378 |isbn=9780826129840 |quote= In a Appendix B the Lipan Apache Tribe is listed as state-recognized for Texas.}}{{Cite book|last1=Breslin|first1=Beau|last2=Cavanaugh|first2=Kathrine|title=Case 1: A.A. v. Needville Independent School District|series=Studies in Law, Politics, and Society|volume=65|pages=144|year=2014|url=https://dokumen.pub/special-issue-law-and-the-liberal-state-9781784412388-9781784412395.html}} and nonprofit organization in Texas.{{cite journal |last=McNally |first=Michael D. |author-link= |date=Summer 2019 |title=Native American Religious Freedom as a Collective Right |url=https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3202&context=lawreview |journal=BYU Law Review |volume=2019 |issue=1 |pages=269| quote=The Court also noted that the Lipan Apache tribe, as a non-profit, was, among the four hundred federally unrecognized tribes, one of only fifty that had received federal funding.}}
Members of the tribe descend from the Lipan Apache,{{cite book |last1=Seymour |first1=Deni J. |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Oscar |editor-last=Seymour |editor-first=Deni J. |date=2017 |chapter=Embracing a Mobile Heritage Federal Recognition and Lipan Apache Enclavement |title=Fierce and indomitable: The protohistoric non-pueblo world in the American Southwest |publisher=University of Utah Press |page=77 |isbn=9781607815211}} a Southern Athabaskan Indigenous people.{{cite journal |last=Hoijer |first=Harry |date=1938 |title=The southern Athapaskan languages |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/661792 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=75–87|doi=10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00080 |jstor=661792 |url-access=subscription }} The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas is headquartered in McAllen, Texas.{{cite web |title=Indigenous Students and Families |url=https://www.txel.org/media/2wskbhoo/indigenous-students-and-families.pdf |publisher=Texas Education Agency}}
The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas incorporated as a non-profit in 2007. In a lawsuit against the Department of the Interior (DOI) initiated by a Lipan tribe member, a ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit resulted in a settlement with the DOI, which granted over 400 Native American plaintiffs access to eagle feathers. The City of Presidio, Texas, and County of Presidio Texas transferred a historic Lipan Apache cemetery back to the Tribe. The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas attend the yearly Apache Alliance summit meetings.
They are not a federally recognized American Indian tribe.{{cite web |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/01/08/2024-00109/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of |work=Federal Register}}{{cite web |title=What is a federally recognized tribe? |url=https://www.bia.gov/faqs/what-federally-recognized-tribe |work=Bureau of Indian Affairs |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior}} State-recognition status can take different forms, including by state law and by legislation.{{Cite journal |last1=Koenig |first1=Alexa |last2=Stein |first2=Jonathan |date=2008 |title=Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A Survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes across the United States |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/lawreview/vol48/iss1/2/ |journal=Santa Clara Law Review |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages= |access-date=8 July 2024 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}{{rp|137}} The Texas government has not developed a process of recognition.{{rp|103}} The Tribe has been recognized by legislation, which does not carry the force of law.{{Cite book |last1=Koenig |first1=Alexa |title=Recognition, sovereignty struggles, and indigenous rights in the United States: A sourcebook |last2=Stein |first2=Jonathan |date=2013 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-0215-8 |editor-last=De Ouden |editor-first=Amy E. |location=Chapel Hill, NC |pages=133 |chapter=Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: a survey of state-recognized tribes and state recognition processes across the United States. |editor-last2=O'Brien |editor-first2=Jean M.}}
Organizations
The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas, Inc., became a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in 2007.{{cite web |title=Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas Inc |url=https://texas-biz.com/co/lipan-apache-tribe-of-texas-inc |website=Texas Company Directory |access-date=15 December 2023}} It is based in McAllen, Texas.{{cite web |title=Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas Inc |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_tx/0800852245 |website=OpenCorporates |access-date=15 December 2023}}
Their subject areas are arts, cultural awareness; education, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and community and economic development . In 2013, the organization held $10,013 in assets.{{cite web |title=Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas, Inc. |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/33-1174840 |website=GuideStar |access-date=15 December 2023}}
Bernard F. Barcena Jr. is the registered agent of this tribe.
Officers of the organization include:
- Director and agent: Bernard F. Barcena Jr.
- Director: Robert Soto
- Officer: Erika Sauseda
- Officer: Juan S. Garcia
The Lipan Apache Tribe Cemetery Association, another 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, was registered in 2023.{{Cite web |title=About the Lipan Apache Tribe Cemetery Association (LATCA) |url=https://www.lipanapache.org/LAT/cemetery.html |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=Official Website of the Lipan Apache Tribe}}{{better citation needed|date=January 2024}} Bernard F. Barcena of San Antonio is also the registered agent of this organization.{{cite web |title=The Lipan Apache Tribe Cemetery Association |url=https://www.bizapedia.com/tx/the-lipan-apache-tribe-cemetery-association.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Bizapedia}}
Resolution and bill
On March 18, 2009, [https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/81R/billtext/html/SR00438F.htm SR 438, titled "Recognizing the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas,"] a congratulatory resolution authored by State Senator Juan Hinojosa, was adopted in the Texas Senate, legislative session 81(R). Jointly, on the same day, [https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/81R/billtext/html/HR00812F.htm HR 812, titled "Recognizing the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas,"] was adopted in the Texas House of Representatives. Although not signed by the Governor or law, these resolutions expressed the sentiments of the Senate and the House in recognizing the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas as "the present-day incarnation of the clans, bands, and divisions historically known as the Lipan Apaches, who have lived in Texas and northern Mexico for 300 years"{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=SENATE JOURNAL, EIGHTY-FIRST LEGISLATURE - REGULAR SESSION |url=https://journals.senate.texas.gov/sjrnl/81R/html/81RSJ03-18-F.htm |website=Senate Journal Online}} and commending the people of this Tribe for their contributions to the state.{{Cite news |date=March 24, 2009 |title=Lipan Apache Tribe wins recognition in Texas |url=https://indianz.com/News/2009/013725.asp |work=IndianZ}}
In 2019, the State of Texas 86th Legislature adopted concurrent resolutions, Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 61 (SCR 61) and House Concurrent Resolution No. 171 (HCR 171), that affirmed the Texas Legislature's views that the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas was "the present-day incarnation of a proud people who have lived in Texas and northern Mexico for more than 300 years." In addition, the resolutions commended the people of this Tribe for their contribution to the state. The Senate, House, and the Governor signed each concurrent resolution.{{Cite web |title=86(R) SCR 61 - Enrolled version - Bill Text |url=https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/billtext/html/SC00061F.htm |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=capitol.texas.gov}}{{Cite web |title=86(R) HCR 171 - Enrolled version - Bill Text |url=https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/86R/billtext/html/HC00171F.htm |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=capitol.texas.gov}}
There are alternative forms and means for States to recognize tribes,{{Cite book |title=Cohen's Handbook of Federal Indian Law |year=2012 |isbn=9780769855165 |edition=LexisNexis |location=New York, New York |publication-date=2012 |pages=169 |last1=Cohen |first1=Felix S. }} including by state law and by legislation.{{rp|137}}Texas has "no legal mechanism to recognize tribes."{{cite news |last1=Brewer |first1=Graham Lee |last2=Ahtone |first2=Tristan |date=17 July 2022 |title=In Texas, a group claiming to be Cherokee faces questions about authenticity |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/mount-tabor-indian-community-texas-indigenous-rcna3746 |access-date=15 December 2023 |work=NBC News}} While they do not hold the same legal weight as state law or administrative recognition, concurrent legislative resolutions in Texas can “convey the sentiment of the legislature and may offer…a statement of congratulations” and simple resolutions can offer “a statement of congratulations”{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=TxLege Terms: Concurrent/Joint/Simple Resolutions |url=https://www.lrl.texas.gov/whatsNew/client/index.cfm/2018/4/25/TxLege-Terms-ConcurrentJointSimple-Resolutions |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=Legislative Reference Library of Texas}} to tribal organizations. Such resolutions do not carry the force of law, but can serve as a means of establishing an official relationship between the State and a tribe or tribal organization.{{rp|137}} The 2009 resolutions were referenced in a 2012 U.S. Government Accountability Office report titled [https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-12-348 INDIAN ISSUES: Federal Funding for Non-Federally Recognized Tribes], which stated that the "Texas Senate and House of Representatives each adopted a simple resolution (voted on only by the house in which it was introduced and not sent to the Governor to sign) to commend and recognize the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas.... According to Texas officials, such simple resolutions do not go beyond the bounds and the authority of the house that acts on it and do not officially establish any group as a state recognized tribe."{{cite web |date=April 2012 |title=Indian Issues: Federal Funding for Non-Federally Recognized Tribes |url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-12-348.pdf |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=Highlights |publisher=U.S. Government Accountability Office |page=8 |location=Washington, DC}} In 2016, the [https://www.ncsl.org/ National Conference of State Legislators] (NCSL) stated that "States’ government- to-government relationships with tribes continue to evolve, taking many forms, including formal recognition. Usually accomplished through legislative action, state recognition of American Indian tribes is just one tool used to build state-tribal collaboration."{{Cite web |title=State Recognition of American Indian Tribes |url=https://nnigovernance.arizona.edu/state-recognition-american-indian-tribes |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=The University of Arizona Native Nations Institute}}
The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas sent a letter of intent to file a petition for federal recognition on February 22, 2011.{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2013 |title=List of Petitioners by State |url=https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/admindocs/ListPetByState_2013-11-12.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119222444/https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/admindocs/ListPetByState_2013-11-12.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=Department of Interior Indian Affairs |page=47}} It has thus far not filed a petition for federal recognition as a Native American tribe.{{cite web |title=Petitions Resolved |url=https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/ofa/petitions-resolved |website=Indian Affairs |publisher=US Department of the Interior |access-date=17 July 2022}}
State senator Hinojosa introduced Texas SB 274 in January 2021 and SB 231 in November 2022 "[r]elating to state recognition of the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas." The bills died in committee.{{cite web |title=Texas Senate Bill 274 |url=https://legiscan.com/TX/bill/SB274/2021 |website=TX SB274, 2021–2022, 87th Legislature |publisher=LegiScan |access-date=15 December 2023}}{{Cite web |title=Texas SB231 {{!}} 2023-2024 {{!}} 88th Legislature |url=https://legiscan.com/TX/bill/SB231/2023 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=LegiScan |language=en}}
Court case
In August 2014, after nine years of litigation by Robert Soto (Vice-chairman of the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas) and other plaintiffs against the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI), the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals found that the seizure of 50 eagle feathers during a 2006 Lipan Apache pow wow violated Robert Soto's rights as a "sincere adherent to an American Indian religion" under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) of 1993.{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=SENATE RESOLUTION NO. 438 |url=https://capitol.texas.gov/tlodocs/81R/billtext/html/SR00438F.htm |website=Texas State Senate}} They concluded that Congress did not specifically aim to safeguard the religious rights solely of federally recognized tribe members.{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Adair Martin |date=April 2018 |title=Native American Use of Eagle Feathers Under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act |url=https://scholarship.law.uc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1204&context=uclr#:~:text=Accordingly%2C%20the%20United%20States%20government,a%20bona%20fide%20religious%20purpose. |journal=University of Cincinnati Law Review |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=575}} The Court accepted that he was "without dispute an [American] Indian" and a member of the Lipan Apache Tribe acknowledged to have "long historical roots" in Texas and who had a history of "government-to-government" relationships with the Republic of Texas, State of Texas, and the United States. The opinion was limited only to "Soto's RFRA claim based on his and his tribe's status".{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2014 |title=McAllen Grace Brethren Church v. Salazar |url=https://casetext.com/case/mc-allen-grace-brethren-church-v-salazar |website=Casetext |page=23}} They remanded to the lower district court for proceedings consistent with their opinion, and the case was cabined to "Native American co-religionists" (referring to the "religious practices of real Native Americans"). The DOI and the plaintiffs [https://www.lipanapache.org/LAT/McAllen-v-Jewell-2016.html settled the case on June 3, 2016]. Through the settlement, the DOI granted lifetime permits to over 400 Native American plaintiffs who were not members of federally recognized tribes to "possess, carry, use, wear, give, loan, or exchange among other Indians, without compensation, all federally protected birds, as well as their parts or feathers" for their "Indian religious use," in accordance to "the terms set forth in the DOI's February 5, 1975 'Morton Policy'". The case was officially closed on February 17, 2017.{{Cite journal |last=Keim |first=Adèle Auxier |date=2023 |title=The Religious Freedom Restoration Act and Indian Act: From Individual Advocacy to Collective Action. |journal=Journal of Appellate Practice and Process |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=186 |via=Gale General Onefile}}
Cemetery
In 2021, officials in Presidio and Presidio County, Texas, transferred a late 18th- and 19th-century cemetery, Cementerio del Barrio de los Lipanes, to the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas.{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2021 |title=Presidio County of Commissioner's Court Minutes |url=https://www.co.presidio.tx.us/upload/page/4702/2021%20Minutes/Minutes%2010.13.2021.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531180101/https://www.co.presidio.tx.us/upload/page/4702/2021%20Minutes/Minutes%2010.13.2021.pdf |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=Presidio County Texas}}{{Cite web |last=AIA |first=Stephen (Chick) Rabourn |date=2023-03-07 |title=Interpreting the Past |url=https://magazine.texasarchitects.org/2023/03/07/interpreting-the-past/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Texas Architect Magazine}} The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas partnered with the Big Bend Conservation Alliance to protect and study the site in the Lipan Apache Cemetery project. The project was funded in part by the Mellon Foundation,{{cite news |last1=Karas |first1=Sam |title=Lipan Apache Cemetery project to be completed with Mellon Foundation grant |url=https://bigbendsentinel.com/2023/10/11/lipan-apache-cemetery-project-to-be-completed-with-mellon-foundation-grant/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=Big Bend Sentinel |date=11 October 2023}} {{cite news |last1=Bubenik |first1=Travis |date=9 October 2023 |title=Big Bend group awarded a grant for Lipan Apache cemetery project and "land reclamation" study |url=https://www.marfapublicradio.org/2023-10-09/big-bend-group-awarded-grant-for-lipan-apache-cemetery-project-and-land-reclamation-study |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=Marfa Public Radio}} which supported the project with a grant of $650,000 to be used to complete the protective structure and to install interpretive signage at the site, as well as to support a study to help understand the needs of Indigenous peoples in West Texas.{{Cite web |last=Karas |first=Sam |date=2024-03-27 |title=Community gathers for official opening ceremony at Cementerio del Barrio de los Lipanes |url=http://bigbendsentinel.com/2024/03/27/community-gathers-for-official-opening-ceremony-at-cementerio-del-barrio-de-los-lipanes/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=The Big Bend Sentinel |language=en-US}} The architect firm MASS Design Group designed the boundary structure, to help protect and delineate the burial site. MASS is known for building architecture that "promotes justice and human dignity," such as the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Montgomery, Alabama, a memorial to victims of lynching nationwide.{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Big Bend group awarded grant for Lipan Apache cemetery project and "land reclamation" study |url=https://www.marfapublicradio.org/2023-10-09/big-bend-group-awarded-grant-for-lipan-apache-cemetery-project-and-land-reclamation-study |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Marfa Public Radio, radio for a wide range. |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=El Cementerio Del Barrio de los Lipanes {{!}} MASS Design Group |url=https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/el-cementerio-del-barrio-de-los-lipanes |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=massdesigngroup.org}} The Lipan Apache Cemetery project was marked as completed on March 23, 2024.{{Cite web |last=Karas |first=Sam |date=2024-03-23 |title=Opening ceremony for Lipan Apache Cemetery in Presidio to be held Saturday |url=http://bigbendsentinel.com/2024/03/23/opening-ceremony-for-lipan-apache-cemetery-in-presidio-to-be-held-saturday/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=The Big Bend Sentinel |language=en-US}}
Activities
The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas hosts two annual powwows in Alton, Texas.{{cite news |title=53rd Annual Pow Wow event planned |url=https://www.wintertexantimes.com/news/entertainment/4161-53rd-annual-pow-wow-event-planned.html |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=Winter Texas Times}}
A member of the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas, Gonzo Flores, served as Southern Plains Vice-President of the National Congress of American Indians in 2022.{{cite news |last1=Estus |first1=Joaqlin |title=NCAI heads into midyear conference short its CEO |url=https://ictnews.org/news/ncai-heads-into-midyear-conference-short-its-ceo |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=ICT}} He was succeeded by Reggie Wassana (Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes).{{cite news |title=National Congress of American Indians Swears in Newly Elected 2023-2025 Executive Committee |url=https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/national-congress-of-american-indians-swears-in-newly-elected-2023-2025-executive-committee |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=Native News Online}}
The Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas attend the yearly Apache Alliance summit meetings, alongside federally recognized Apache tribes such as the San Carlos Apache Tribe and the Jicarilla Apache Tribe.{{Cite web |title=13th Annual Apache Alliance held in San Carlos |date=November 19, 2021 |url=https://www.wmicentral.com/news/latest_news/13th-annual-apache-alliance-held-in-san-carlos/article_ccf35086-ef35-5deb-958e-eb87567e8652.html}} They have support from two federally recognized Apache tribal leaders who attended the Apache Alliance meetings, former Chairwoman Gwendena-Lee Gatewood of the White Mountain Apache Tribe (Apache Alliance meeting, 2019) and Chairman Terry Rambler of the San Carlos Apache Tribe (Apache Alliance meeting, 2021).{{Cite web |title=Apache Alliance meeting today in San Carlos AZ. | website=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/1514735868638931/posts/pfbid02EC4qzP61UzB9KTceJ3s6Rb7PUt5iWSi17VYGo8kA17t9P9Mu7b1b7z7g3djMYRWal/?app=fbl}}{{Cite web |title=We had a great Apache Alliance today at the Apache Gold Casino. | website=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/204121083072158/posts/pfbid02KU5EcFrWmrTpwWCMrn4xfH9HoRZR45kb2qr6FJ3JpRHZY1qMa7r9XSm5dAxADeDCl/?app=fbl}}
Notable members
- Darcie Little Badger, novelist, oceanographer{{cite news |last1=Solomon |first1=Dan |title=Darcie Little Badger's Engrossing New Novel Blends Lipan Apache Folklore and Oceanography |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/darcie-little-badger-new-novel/ |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=Texas Monthly |date=13 December 2021}}
- Robert Soto, pastor, powwow dancer{{cite news |last1=Maffly |first1=Brian |title=Feds make it easier for Native Americans to collect eagle feathers, but Utes fear change could go too far |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2019/08/20/feds-make-it-easier/ |access-date=16 December 2023 |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=20 August 2019}}
See also
Notes
The State of Texas has no office to manage Indian Affairs.{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=State Committees and Commissions on Indian Affairs |url=https://www.ncsl.org/quad-caucus/state-committees-and-commissions-on-indian-affairs |website=National Conference of State Legislators}} The [https://asct-1.itrcweb.org/ Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council] notes that the list made by the NCSL may be incomplete,{{Cite web |date=December 2019 |title=Implementing Advanced Site Characterization Tools |url=https://asct-1.itrcweb.org/asct_full_pdf_12_15_19.pdf |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council |page=168}} but as of the publication of this article there has not been an established office for said affairs in the State of Texas.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
This organization is separate and distinct from other federally unrecognized organizations who also identify as Lipan Apache descendants, including the Apache Council of Texas (Alice), Cuelgahen Nde Lipan Apache of Texas (Three Rivers), Lipan Apache Band of Texas (Brackettville), and Lipan Apache Nation (San Antonio).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Official website|https://www.lipanapache.org/}}
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Category:Cultural organizations based in Texas