Lipidology

Compared to other biomedical fields, lipidology was long-neglected as the handling of oils, smears, and greases was unappealing to scientists and lipid separation was difficult.{{sfn|Kates|1972|p=275-276}} It was not until 2002 that lipidomics, the study of lipid networks and their interaction with other molecules, appeared in the scientific literature.{{Cite journal|last=Holčapek|first=Michal|date=July 2015|title=Lipidomics|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|language=en|volume=407|issue=17|pages=4971–4972|doi=10.1007/s00216-015-8740-0|pmid=25963650|issn=1618-2642|doi-access=free}} Attention to the field was bolstered by the introduction of chromatography, spectrometry, and various forms of spectroscopy to the field, allowing lipids to be isolated and analyzed.{{sfn|Kates|1972|p=275-276}} The field was further popularized following the cytologic application of the electron microscope, which led scientists to find that many metabolic pathways take place within, along, and through the cell membrane - the properties of which are strongly influenced by lipid composition.{{sfn|Kates|1972|p=275-276}}

The Framingham Heart Study and other epidemiological studies have found a correlation between lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease (CVD).Therapeutic lipidology, p. vii-viii Lipoproteins are generally a major target of study in lipidology since lipids are transported throughout the body in the form of lipoproteins.

A class of lipids known as phospholipids help make up what is known as lipoproteins, and a type of lipoprotein is called high density lipoprotein (HDL).{{Citation|last1=Feingold|first1=Kenneth R.|title=Introduction to Lipids and Lipoproteins|date=2000|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305896/|work=Endotext|editor-last=De Groot|editor-first=Leslie J.|publisher=MDText.com, Inc.|pmid=26247089|access-date=2018-12-14|last2=Grunfeld|first2=Carl|editor2-last=Chrousos|editor2-first=George|editor3-last=Dungan|editor3-first=Kathleen|editor4-last=Feingold|editor4-first=Kenneth R.}} A high concentration of high density lipoproteins-cholesterols (HDL-C) have what is known as a vasoprotective effect on the body, a finding that correlates with an enhanced cardiovascular effect.{{Cite journal|last1=Speer|first1=Thimoteus|last2=Meinitzer|first2=Andreas|last3=März|first3=Winfried|last4=Fliser|first4=Danilo|last5=Lüscher|first5=Thomas F.|last6=Landmesser|first6=Ulf|last7=von Eckardstein|first7=Arnold|last8=Laufs|first8=Ulrich|last9=Böger|first9=Rainer H.|date=2017-05-21|title=Symmetric dimethylarginine, high-density lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=38|issue=20|pages=1597–1607|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehx118|pmid=28379378|issn=0195-668X|doi-access=free}} There is also a correlation between those with diseases such as chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, or diabetes mellitus and the possibility of low vasoprotective effect from HDL.{{Cite journal|last=Bell|first=David S.H.|date=October 1996|title=Diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease|journal=Coronary Artery Disease|volume=7|issue=10|pages=715–722|doi=10.1097/00019501-199610000-00004|pmid=8970762|issn=0954-6928}}

Another factor of CVD that is often overlooked involves the concentrations of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). These are often seen at higher than expected and necessary levels in the body due to food uptake, family history, and a person's metabolic rate. There is a correlation between these increased levels and stroke, heart attack, and mortality.{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=William Virgil |date=2018-07-12 |title=Clinical Lipidology and the Prevention of Vascular Disease: Time for Personalized Therapy |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1127 |journal=Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume=104 |issue=2 |pages=269–281 |doi=10.1002/cpt.1127 |pmid=29998536 |s2cid=51621704 |issn=0009-9236|url-access=subscription }}

File:Lovastatin.png is used to treat cardiovascular disease]]

Statins are a class of lipid-lowering medications used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease, specifically those associated with LDL-C.{{Citation |last=Davidson |first=Michael H. |title=Pharmacological Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease |date=2007 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-533-6_7 |work=Therapeutic Lipidology |pages=121–148 |editor-last=Davidson |editor-first=Michael H. |place=Totowa, NJ |publisher=Humana Press |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-59745-533-6_7 |isbn=978-1-59745-533-6 |access-date=2022-05-12 |editor2-last=Toth |editor2-first=Peter P. |editor3-last=Maki |editor3-first=Kevin C. |editor4-last=Gotto |editor4-first=Antonio M.|url-access=subscription }} Statins have been shown to reduce incident cardiovascular events by 30-40% when used as prescribed.{{Cite journal|last=Julius|first=Ulrich|date=November 2017|title=History of lipidology and lipoprotein apheresis|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567568817300764|journal=Atherosclerosis Supplements|language=en|volume=30|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.034|pmid=29096824|url-access=subscription}} However, statins are associated with a range of adverse effects (e.g., statin myopathies and myalgias) sometimes severe enough warrant discontinuation and/or substitution.{{Cite journal |last1=Bytyçi |first1=Ibadete |last2=Penson |first2=Peter E. |last3=Mikhailidis |first3=Dimitri P. |last4=Wong |first4=Nathan D. |last5=Hernandez |first5=Adrian V. |last6=Sahebkar |first6=Amirhossein |last7=Thompson |first7=Paul D. |last8=Mazidi |first8=Mohsen |last9=Rysz |first9=Jacek |last10=Pella |first10=Daniel |last11=Reiner |first11=Željko |last12=Toth |first12=Peter P. |last13=Banach |first13=Maciej |date=2022-09-07 |title=Prevalence of statin intolerance: a meta-analysis |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=43 |issue=34 |pages=3213–3223 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehac015 |issn=1522-9645 |pmc=9757867 |pmid=35169843}}{{Cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=Connie B. |last2=Preiss |first2=David |last3=Tobert |first3=Jonathan A. |last4=Jacobson |first4=Terry A. |last5=Page |first5=Robert L. |last6=Goldstein |first6=Larry B. |last7=Chin |first7=Clifford |last8=Tannock |first8=Lisa R. |last9=Miller |first9=Michael |last10=Raghuveer |first10=Geetha |last11=Duell |first11=P. Barton |last12=Brinton |first12=Eliot A. |last13=Pollak |first13=Amy |last14=Braun |first14=Lynne T. |last15=Welty |first15=Francine K. |date=February 2019 |title=Statin Safety and Associated Adverse Events: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association |url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATV.0000000000000073 |journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology |language=en |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=e38–e81 |doi=10.1161/ATV.0000000000000073 |pmid=30580575 |issn=1079-5642}} For individuals completely intolerant to statins who nevertheless have an indication for lipid-lowering therapy, lipoprotein apheresis—a non-surgical method of removing lipoprotein particles from the bloodstream—is an option.

Pharmacologic inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), an enzyme crucial for maintaining lipoprotein homeostasis, can be achieved through the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting PCSK9, such as evolocumab and alirocumab. This approach offers a potential solution for individuals with statin intolerance and insufficient response to statins alone, a common scenario among patients with familial hypercholesterolemia—whereby significant reductions in circulating lipoproteins can be achieved.

Lipidomics is the complete profile of all lipids in a biological system at a given time. This is used to identify and quantify the lipids that can be detected. Since lipids have a variety of functions in the body, being able to understand which specific types are present in the body and at what levels is crucial to understand the diseases that result due to lipids.{{Cite journal |last=Postle |first=Anthony D. |date=2012 |title=Lipidomics |url=http://journals.lww.com/00075197-900000000-99724 |journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care |volume=15 |issue=2 |language=en |pages=127–133 |doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834fb003 |pmid=22316558 |s2cid=220586183 |issn=1363-1950|url-access=subscription }} Methods of lipidomic analysis include mass spectrometry and chromatography. Monitoring lipid concentration can reveal much about an organism's health.

• Dyslipidemia

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• {{citation| last = Kates | first = Morris | title = Techniques of lipidology; isolation, analysis and identification of lipids | volume = 3 | publisher = North-Holland Pub. Co.American Elsevier | location = Amsterdam, New York | year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0444103505 |doi=10.1016/S0075-7535(08)70544-8 |pages=269–610 |series=Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology }}
• {{cite book|title=Therapeutic lipidology|year=2007|publisher=Humana|location=Totowa, N.J.|isbn=9781597455336}}

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