List of pharaohs deified during lifetime

File:Templo de Ramsés II, Abu Simbel, Egipto, 2022-04-02, DD 26-28 HDR.jpg depicting, from right to left, the god Ra-Horakhty, the deified form of Ramesses II, and the gods Amun Ra and Ptah]]

In ancient Egypt, it was standard for pharaohs to be worshipped posthumously as transfigured beings amongst the royal ancestors. This was generally performed in the form of a mortuary cult.{{cite book | last1=Bommas | first1=Martin | last2=Harrisson | first2=Juliette | last3=Roy | first3=Phoebe | title=Memory and Urban Religion in the Ancient World | publisher=A&C Black | publication-place=London New Delhi New York Sydney | date=2012-12-06 | isbn=978-1-4411-3014-3 | page=}}{{cite journal | last=Meskell | first=Lynn | title=The Egyptian Ways of Death | journal=Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association | volume=10 | issue=1 | date=2001 | issn=1551-823X | doi=10.1525/ap3a.2001.10.1.27 | pages=27–40}} During the pharaoh's lifetime, they were generally recognized as having divine properties, in accordance with imperial cult government. However, it was exceedingly rare for a pharaoh to have a cultic devotion to their worship as a deity during the lifetime of the pharaoh.{{cite web | last=Bryson | first=Karen (Maggie) | title="Man, King, God? The Deification of Horemheb" | website=Academia.edu | date=2018-11-16 | url=https://www.academia.edu/37788859 | access-date=2025-01-06}} A few pharaohs are exceptions to this, usually as a result of successful self-deification attempts typically substantiated by military accomplishment or political leadership.

Pharaohs deified during their lifetime

A few pharaohs have been confirmed to have been honored with cultic worship as deities during their lifetime. Greco-Roman pharaohs were also deified during their lifetime, although the theological context is different from that of the pharaonic era deifications.

class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|+Pharaohs deified during their lifetime !width=100\| Pharaoh !style="width: 80px;" \| Dynasty !style="width: 80px;" \| Reigned !scope="col"\| Deification !style="width: 80px;" \| Spouse deified
colspan="8"\| Pharaonic Egypt
{{center\|Senusret III"The Oxford Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology", Edited by Donald B. Redford, p. 85, Berkley, 2003, {{ISBN\|0-425-19096-X}}}} \| {{center\|12th Dynasty}} \| {{center\|1878 BC – 1839 BC}} \| Senusret III was deified during his lifetime primarily due to his military achievements.{{Cite book \|title=A companion to ancient Egypt \|date=2014 \|publisher=Wiley Blackwell \|isbn=978-1-118-78514-0 \|editor-last=Lloyd \|editor-first=Alan B. \|edition=Paperback \|series=Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World \|location=Malden, Mass.}} \| {{center\|No}}
{{center\|Amenhotep III{{cite book \| last=Kozloff \| first=Arielle P. \| title=Amenhotep III \| publisher=Cambridge University Press \| publication-place=Cambridge; New York \| date=2012-02-20 \| isbn=978-1-107-01196-0 \| pages=2, 51, 121, 174, 197}}}} \| {{center\|18th Dynasty}} \| {{center\|1388 BC – 1351 BC}} \| Amenhotep III initiated his own self-deification{{cite journal \| last=Laboury \| first=Dimitri \| title=Senwosret III and the Issue of Portraiture in Ancient Egyptian Art \| journal=Cahier de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille \| publisher=Université de Lille, Lille, France \| date=2017 \| issn=0153-5021 \| url=https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/223728 \| access-date=2025-01-09 \| page=77\| hdl=2268/223728 }} towards the end of his lifetime as the dazzling Aten,{{cite book \| last1=O'Connor \| first1=David Bourke \| last2=Cline \| first2=Eric H. \| title=Amenhotep III: perspectives on his reign \| publisher=University of Michigan Press \| publication-place=Ann Arbor \| date=2001 \| isbn=0-472-08833-5 \| pages=87, 89–91, 94, 294}}{{cite book \| title=Tutankhamun: discovering the forgotten Pharaoh: exhibition organized at the Europa expo space TGV train station "les Guillemins", Liège, 14th December 2019-30th August 2020 \| publisher=Presses universitaires de Liège \| publication-place=Liège \| date=2020 \| isbn=978-2-87562-245-7 \| page=239}} simultaneously deifying his wife, Queen Tiye.{{cite book \| last1=Darnell \| first1=John Coleman \| last2=Manassa \| first2=Colleen \| title=Tutankhamun's Armies \| publisher=John Wiley & Sons \| publication-place=Hoboken, N.J. \| date=2007-08-03 \| isbn=978-0-471-74358-3 \| page=24}}{{cite web \| title=Queen Tiye and her Family \| website=ProQuest \| date=2000-01-01 \| url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1293472880 \| access-date=2025-01-06\| id={{ProQuest\|1293472880}} }} \| {{center\|Yes}}
{{center\|Tutankhamun{{cite book \| last=Press \| first=Oxford University \| title=The Oxford Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology \| publisher=Berkley Books \| date=2003 \| isbn=978-0-425-19096-8 \| page=85}}}} \| {{center\|18th Dynasty}} \| {{center\|1388 BC – 1351 BC}} \| A cult devoted to the deified form of Tutankhamun as the god Amun developed after he overturned Atenism.Bell, L. (1985). Aspects of the Cult of the Deified Tutankhamun. \| {{center\|No}}
{{center\|Ramesses II{{cite journal \| last=Lichtheim \| first=Miriam \| title=Features of the Deification of Ramesses II . Labib Habachi \| journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies \| volume=32 \| issue=3 \| date=1973 \| issn=0022-2968 \| doi=10.1086/372293 \| pages=354–355}}}} \| {{center\|19th Dynasty}} \| {{center\|1279 BC – 1213 BC}} \| Ramesses II deified himself during his lifetime{{cite journal \| last=Price \| first=Campbell \| title='Ramesses, "King of Kings": On the Context and Interpretation of Royal Colossi'. \| journal=S. Snape and M. Collier (Eds) Ramesside Studies in Honour of K. A. Kitchen (Rutherford Press, Bolton, 2011), 403-411. \| date=2011-01-01 \| url=https://www.academia.edu/410571 \| access-date=2025-01-13 \| page=404}} as the god Amun, his favorite god,{{cite web \| last=Treasure \| first=Matthew \| title=Four Faces on One Neck: The Tetracephalic Ram as an Iconographic Form in New Kingdom Egypt \| website=Academia.edu \| date=2021-01-01 \| url=https://www.academia.edu/49077937 \| access-date=2025-01-13}} while retaining his own personal identity,{{cite book \| last1=Eyma \| first1=A. K. \| last2=Bennett \| first2=C. J. \| title=A Delta-man in Yebu \| publisher=Universal-Publishers \| publication-place=S.l. \| date=2003 \| isbn=1-58112-564-X \| page=}} primarily for his military campaigns and diplomatic successes.{{cite book \| last1=Furlan \| first1=Urška \| last2=Husøy \| first2=Thomas Alexander \| last3=Bohun \| first3=Henry \| title=Narratives of Power in the Ancient World \| publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing \| publication-place=Newcastle-upon-Tyne \| date=2022-09-30 \| isbn=978-1-5275-8276-7 \| page=64}} For example, Stele Aksha 505 describes how Ramesses II's status in the army was divine.A. Rosenvasser, "The Stele Aksha 505 and the Cult of Ramesses II as a God in the Army", RIHAO 1 (1972), p. 104 He concurrently deified his wife Queen Nefertari.{{cite web \| last=Xekalaki \| first=Zeta \| title=Aspects of the Cultic Role of Queen Nefertari and the Royal Children during the Reign of Ramesses II \| website=Academia.edu \| date=2011-09-28 \| url=https://www.academia.edu/960459 \| access-date=2025-01-13}} \| {{center\|Yes}}
colspan="8"\|Greco–Roman Period
{{center\|Ptolemy II Philadelphus}} \| {{center\|Ptolemaic Dynasty}} \| {{center\|309 BC - 246 BC}} \| Ptolemy II Philadelphus initiated a self-deification{{cite book \| last=Mittelman \| first=Rachel J. \| title=Community and Identity at the Edges of the Classical World \| chapter=Macedonian, Greek, or Egyptian? Navigating the royal additive identities of Ptolemy I Soter and Ptolemy II Philadelphus \| publisher=Wiley \| date=2020-10-07 \| isbn=978-1-119-63071-5 \| doi=10.1002/9781119630746.ch7 \| pages=119–137}}{{cite book \| last1=McKechnie \| first1=Paul \| last2=Guillaume \| first2=Philippe \| title=Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World \| publisher=BRILL \| publication-place=Leiden Boston \| date=2008-11-30 \| isbn=978-90-474-2420-8 \| page=}} he and his sister-wife, Arsinoe II,{{cite web \| last=Lorenzi \| first=Rossella \| title=Cleopatra Not First Female Pharoah of Her Line \| website=NBC News \| date=2010-12-03 \| url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40491275 \| access-date=2025-01-12}} Theoi Adelphoi (brother-sister gods).{{cite journal \| last=Abd El Tawab Nour El Hady El Sherif \| first=Yasser \| title=The Effect of the Legend of Osiris on the Behaviour of the King Ptolemy Philadelphus \| journal=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality \| volume=17 \| issue=1 \| date=2019-12-01 \| issn=1687-1863 \| doi=10.21608/jaauth.2019.76468 \| doi-access=free \| pages=16–25 \| url=https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/article_76468_31320d29e7fb8128a85902376abcdf0a.pdf \| access-date=2025-01-12}} \| {{center\|Yes}}
{{center\|Ptolemy III Euergetes}} \| {{center\|Ptolemaic Dynasty}} \| {{center\|280 BC - 222 BC}} \| Following precedent of Ptolemy II, Ptolemy III deified himself and his wife, Berenice II, as Theoi Eurgetai (benefactor gods).{{cite journal \| last=Suto \| first=Yoshiyuki \| title=Common Savior and Benefactor of All:Popular Conception of Kingship in Ptolemaic Egypt \| journal=Orient \| volume=59 \| date=2024-03-31 \| issn=0473-3851 \| doi=10.5356/orient.59.79 \| doi-access=free \| pages=86}} \| {{center\|Yes}}

class="wikitable plainrowheaders"

|+Pharaohs deified during their lifetime

!width=100| Pharaoh

!style="width: 80px;" | Dynasty

!style="width: 80px;" | Reigned

!scope="col"| Deification

!style="width: 80px;" | Spouse deified

colspan="8"| Pharaonic Egypt

{{center|Senusret III"The Oxford Guide: Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology", Edited by Donald B. Redford, p. 85, Berkley, 2003, {{ISBN|0-425-19096-X}}}}

| {{center|12th Dynasty}}

| {{center|1878 BC – 1839 BC}}

| Senusret III was deified during his lifetime primarily due to his military achievements.{{Cite book |title=A companion to ancient Egypt |date=2014 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-78514-0 |editor-last=Lloyd |editor-first=Alan B. |edition=Paperback |series=Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World |location=Malden, Mass.}}

| {{center|No}}

{{center|Amenhotep III{{cite book | last=Kozloff | first=Arielle P. | title=Amenhotep III | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge; New York | date=2012-02-20 | isbn=978-1-107-01196-0 | pages=2, 51, 121, 174, 197}}}}

| {{center|18th Dynasty}}

| {{center|1388 BC – 1351 BC}}

| Amenhotep III initiated his own self-deification{{cite journal | last=Laboury | first=Dimitri | title=Senwosret III and the Issue of Portraiture in Ancient Egyptian Art | journal=Cahier de Recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille | publisher=Université de Lille, Lille, France | date=2017 | issn=0153-5021 | url=https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/223728 | access-date=2025-01-09 | page=77| hdl=2268/223728 }} towards the end of his lifetime as the dazzling Aten,{{cite book | last1=O'Connor | first1=David Bourke | last2=Cline | first2=Eric H. | title=Amenhotep III: perspectives on his reign | publisher=University of Michigan Press | publication-place=Ann Arbor | date=2001 | isbn=0-472-08833-5 | pages=87, 89–91, 94, 294}}{{cite book | title=Tutankhamun: discovering the forgotten Pharaoh: exhibition organized at the Europa expo space TGV train station "les Guillemins", Liège, 14th December 2019-30th August 2020 | publisher=Presses universitaires de Liège | publication-place=Liège | date=2020 | isbn=978-2-87562-245-7 | page=239}} simultaneously deifying his wife, Queen Tiye.{{cite book | last1=Darnell | first1=John Coleman | last2=Manassa | first2=Colleen | title=Tutankhamun's Armies | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | publication-place=Hoboken, N.J. | date=2007-08-03 | isbn=978-0-471-74358-3 | page=24}}{{cite web | title=Queen Tiye and her Family | website=ProQuest | date=2000-01-01 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1293472880 | access-date=2025-01-06| id={{ProQuest|1293472880}} }}

| {{center|Yes}}

{{center|Tutankhamun{{cite book | last=Press | first=Oxford University | title=The Oxford Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology | publisher=Berkley Books | date=2003 | isbn=978-0-425-19096-8 | page=85}}}}

| {{center|18th Dynasty}}

| {{center|1388 BC – 1351 BC}}

| A cult devoted to the deified form of Tutankhamun as the god Amun developed after he overturned Atenism.Bell, L. (1985). Aspects of the Cult of the Deified Tutankhamun.

| {{center|No}}

{{center|Ramesses II{{cite journal | last=Lichtheim | first=Miriam | title=Features of the Deification of Ramesses II . Labib Habachi | journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume=32 | issue=3 | date=1973 | issn=0022-2968 | doi=10.1086/372293 | pages=354–355}}}}

| {{center|19th Dynasty}}

| {{center|1279 BC – 1213 BC}}

| Ramesses II deified himself during his lifetime{{cite journal | last=Price | first=Campbell | title='Ramesses, "King of Kings": On the Context and Interpretation of Royal Colossi'. | journal=S. Snape and M. Collier (Eds) Ramesside Studies in Honour of K. A. Kitchen (Rutherford Press, Bolton, 2011), 403-411. | date=2011-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/410571 | access-date=2025-01-13 | page=404}} as the god Amun, his favorite god,{{cite web | last=Treasure | first=Matthew | title=Four Faces on One Neck: The Tetracephalic Ram as an Iconographic Form in New Kingdom Egypt | website=Academia.edu | date=2021-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/49077937 | access-date=2025-01-13}} while retaining his own personal identity,{{cite book | last1=Eyma | first1=A. K. | last2=Bennett | first2=C. J. | title=A Delta-man in Yebu | publisher=Universal-Publishers | publication-place=S.l. | date=2003 | isbn=1-58112-564-X | page=}} primarily for his military campaigns and diplomatic successes.{{cite book | last1=Furlan | first1=Urška | last2=Husøy | first2=Thomas Alexander | last3=Bohun | first3=Henry | title=Narratives of Power in the Ancient World | publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing | publication-place=Newcastle-upon-Tyne | date=2022-09-30 | isbn=978-1-5275-8276-7 | page=64}} For example, Stele Aksha 505 describes how Ramesses II's status in the army was divine.A. Rosenvasser, "The Stele Aksha 505 and the Cult of Ramesses II as a God in the Army", RIHAO 1 (1972), p. 104 He concurrently deified his wife Queen Nefertari.{{cite web | last=Xekalaki | first=Zeta | title=Aspects of the Cultic Role of Queen Nefertari and the Royal Children during the Reign of Ramesses II | website=Academia.edu | date=2011-09-28 | url=https://www.academia.edu/960459 | access-date=2025-01-13}}

| {{center|Yes}}

colspan="8"|Greco–Roman Period

| {{center|Ptolemaic Dynasty}}

| {{center|309 BC - 246 BC}}

| Ptolemy II Philadelphus initiated a self-deification{{cite book | last=Mittelman | first=Rachel J. | title=Community and Identity at the Edges of the Classical World | chapter=Macedonian, Greek, or Egyptian? Navigating the royal additive identities of Ptolemy I Soter and Ptolemy II Philadelphus | publisher=Wiley | date=2020-10-07 | isbn=978-1-119-63071-5 | doi=10.1002/9781119630746.ch7 | pages=119–137}}{{cite book | last1=McKechnie | first1=Paul | last2=Guillaume | first2=Philippe | title=Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World | publisher=BRILL | publication-place=Leiden Boston | date=2008-11-30 | isbn=978-90-474-2420-8 | page=}} he and his sister-wife, Arsinoe II,{{cite web | last=Lorenzi | first=Rossella | title=Cleopatra Not First Female Pharoah of Her Line | website=NBC News | date=2010-12-03 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40491275 | access-date=2025-01-12}} Theoi Adelphoi (brother-sister gods).{{cite journal | last=Abd El Tawab Nour El Hady El Sherif | first=Yasser | title=The Effect of the Legend of Osiris on the Behaviour of the King Ptolemy Philadelphus | journal=Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality | volume=17 | issue=1 | date=2019-12-01 | issn=1687-1863 | doi=10.21608/jaauth.2019.76468 | doi-access=free | pages=16–25 | url=https://jaauth.journals.ekb.eg/article_76468_31320d29e7fb8128a85902376abcdf0a.pdf | access-date=2025-01-12}}

| {{center|Yes}}

| {{center|Ptolemaic Dynasty}}

| {{center|280 BC - 222 BC}}

| Following precedent of Ptolemy II, Ptolemy III deified himself and his wife, Berenice II, as Theoi Eurgetai (benefactor gods).{{cite journal | last=Suto | first=Yoshiyuki | title=Common Savior and Benefactor of All:Popular Conception of Kingship in Ptolemaic Egypt | journal=Orient | volume=59 | date=2024-03-31 | issn=0473-3851 | doi=10.5356/orient.59.79 | doi-access=free | pages=86}}

| {{center|Yes}}

It was rare for a pharaoh to gain cult devotion during their lifetime.

=Pharaohs possibly deified during their lifetimes=

There is some evidence or speculation that other pharaohs were deified during their lifetimes.

class="wikitable plainrowheaders" \|+Pharaohs possibly deified during their lifetime !scope="col"\| Pharaoh !scope="col"\| Dynasty !scope="col"\| Reigned !scope="col"\| Deification
colspan="8"\| Pharaonic Egypt
{{center\|Mentuhotep II}} \| {{center\|11th Dynasty}} \| {{center\|2060 BC – 2009 BC}} \| It has been stipulated that Mentuhotep II was deified during his lifetime but this is disputed.{{cite journal \| last=Karwowska \| first=Paulina \| title=In the presence of my king forever: Royal images in the tombs of noblemen of the Middle Kingdom and beyond \| journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean \| volume=32 \| issue=2 \| date=2023 \| issn=2083-537X \| doi=10.37343/uw.2083-537X.pam32.2.08 \| page=160\| doi-access=free }}
{{center\|Akhenaten{{cite journal \| last=Lichtheim \| first=Miriam \| title=Features of the Deification of Ramesses II . Labib Habachi \| journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies \| volume=32 \| issue=3 \| date=1973 \| issn=0022-2968 \| doi=10.1086/372293 \| pages=354–355}}}} \| {{center\|18th Dynasty}} \| {{center\|1351 BC – 1334 BC}} \| Akhenaten attempted to deify himself during his Atenism religiopolitical upheaval, although the success of this attempt has not been conferred.{{cite journal \| last=Wade \| first=Sabrina \| title=Atenism and Pharaoh Akhenaten's Attempt to Deify Himself \| journal=Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History \| volume=11 \| issue=2 \| date=2021-10-01 \| issn=2163-8551 \| doi=10.20429/aujh.2021.110201 \| doi-access=free \| url=https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1146&context=aujh \| access-date=2025-01-06 \| page=}}
{{center\|Horemheb{{cite book \| last=Martin \| first=Geoffrey Thorndike \| title=The Memphite Tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, Commander-in-chief of Tutʻankhamūn: Human skeletal remains \| publisher=Egypt Exploration Society \| publication-place=London \| date=1989 \| isbn=978-0-85698-188-3 \| pages=72, 73}}}} \| {{center\|18th Dynasty}} \| {{center\|1319 BC – 1292 BC}} \| There is some evidence that Horemheb had a cult devotion during his lifetime,{{cite web \|url=http://www.aegyptologie.com/forum/attachments/Haremhab-Uraeus_Martin.pdf \|title=www.aegyptologie.com \|format= \|accessdate=}} although this is disputed.{{cite journal \| last=Bryson \| first=Karen M \| title=The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era \| website=JScholarship \| date=2018-04-13 \| url=https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/items/bdee9c60-5ff6-4026-99ea-5ef6f8aa5507 \| access-date=2025-01-06}}

class="wikitable plainrowheaders"

|+Pharaohs possibly deified during their lifetime

!scope="col"| Pharaoh

!scope="col"| Dynasty

!scope="col"| Reigned

!scope="col"| Deification

colspan="8"| Pharaonic Egypt

| {{center|11th Dynasty}}

| {{center|2060 BC – 2009 BC}}

| It has been stipulated that Mentuhotep II was deified during his lifetime but this is disputed.{{cite journal | last=Karwowska | first=Paulina | title=In the presence of my king forever: Royal images in the tombs of noblemen of the Middle Kingdom and beyond | journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean | volume=32 | issue=2 | date=2023 | issn=2083-537X | doi=10.37343/uw.2083-537X.pam32.2.08 | page=160| doi-access=free }}

{{center|Akhenaten{{cite journal | last=Lichtheim | first=Miriam | title=Features of the Deification of Ramesses II . Labib Habachi | journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume=32 | issue=3 | date=1973 | issn=0022-2968 | doi=10.1086/372293 | pages=354–355}}}}

| {{center|18th Dynasty}}

| {{center|1351 BC – 1334 BC}}

| Akhenaten attempted to deify himself during his Atenism religiopolitical upheaval, although the success of this attempt has not been conferred.{{cite journal | last=Wade | first=Sabrina | title=Atenism and Pharaoh Akhenaten's Attempt to Deify Himself | journal=Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History | volume=11 | issue=2 | date=2021-10-01 | issn=2163-8551 | doi=10.20429/aujh.2021.110201 | doi-access=free | url=https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1146&context=aujh | access-date=2025-01-06 | page=}}

{{center|Horemheb{{cite book | last=Martin | first=Geoffrey Thorndike | title=The Memphite Tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, Commander-in-chief of Tutʻankhamūn: Human skeletal remains | publisher=Egypt Exploration Society | publication-place=London | date=1989 | isbn=978-0-85698-188-3 | pages=72, 73}}}}

| {{center|18th Dynasty}}

| {{center|1319 BC – 1292 BC}}

| There is some evidence that Horemheb had a cult devotion during his lifetime,{{cite web |url=http://www.aegyptologie.com/forum/attachments/Haremhab-Uraeus_Martin.pdf |title=www.aegyptologie.com |format= |accessdate=}} although this is disputed.{{cite journal | last=Bryson | first=Karen M | title=The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era | website=JScholarship | date=2018-04-13 | url=https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/items/bdee9c60-5ff6-4026-99ea-5ef6f8aa5507 | access-date=2025-01-06}}

Because deification during a pharaoh's lifetime increases a leader's power within their religious circle, it was a sought-after edict. Various pharaohs attempted self-deification during their lifetime, but not every attempt was successful.

References

Pharaohs

Category:Deified people

Category:Lists of deities

Category:Lists of religious figures

Category:Religion-related lists

Category:Apotheosis