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List of Georgia and Florida slave traders

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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}

File:Robert Watts, Savannah 1797.jpg was the leading Savannah slave seller of the immediate post-Revolutionary War era in Georgia]]

File:Map of the state of Georgia, drawn from actual surveys and the most authentic information LOC 2011588001.jpg

This is a list of American slave traders working in Georgia and Florida from 1776 until 1865.

Note 1: The importation of slaves from overseas was prohibited by the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War but resumed locally afterwards, including through the port of Savannah, Georgia (until 1798).{{Cite web |last=Marques |first=Leonardo |title=The United States and the Transatlantic Slave Trade to the Americas, 1776–1867 |url=https://etd.library.emory.edu/concern/etds/bv73c055p?locale=fr |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=etd.library.emory.edu |page=44 |language=English |type=Dissertation later published by Yale UP}} Especially in the 1790s, slavers sailing out of Rhode Island would go directly to Africa and trade rum for captives and then sell them in either Cuba or Georgia, wherever the prices were better that season.{{Cite journal |last=Marques |first=Leonardo |date=2012 |title=Slave Trading in a New World: The Strategies of North American Slave Traders in the Age of Abolition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41478768 |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=233–260 |issn=0275-1275}}

Note 2: It was technically illegal to import slaves into Georgia from other states from 1788 until the law was repealed in 1856,{{Cite web |title=Slave Laws of Georgia, 1755–1860 |url=https://www.georgiaarchives.org/assets/documents/Slave_Laws_of_Georgia_1755-1860.pdf |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=georgiaarchives.org}} but there was no law prohibiting the sale of slaves just across the border in the lands of the Cherokee Nation in what became the northwest quadrant of the state after Indian Removal, or across the Savannah River in Hamburg, South Carolina, maybe across the Chattahoochee River from Columbus in Alabama, or perhaps in Tallahassee in the Florida Territory.

  • W. E. Archer{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=244}}
  • J. B. Allgood, Macon{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=223}}
  • Austin, Georgia and Virginia{{Cite news |date=1830-08-12 |title=Casualty |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/weekly-raleigh-register-casualty/149882534/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=Weekly Raleigh Register |pages=1}}
  • A. K. Ayer, Columbus, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1853-10-25 |title=Dissolution |pages=4 |work=Weekly Columbus Enquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/weekly-columbus-enquirer-dissolution/130064839/ |access-date=2023-08-15}}
  • Thomas Bagby, Macon, Ga.
  • William K. Bagby, Atlanta, Ga.{{Cite web |title=Williams' Atlanta Directory 1859–60 |url=https://www.civilwarphilatelicsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Res-Arch-City-Dir-Atlanta-1859-60.pdf}}
  • Robert Beasley, Macon, Ga.{{sfnp|Bellamy|1984|page=305}}
  • Bebee, Atlanta, Ga."Murder at Atlanta Georgia" Newspapers.com, Independent American, September 24, 1856, https://www.newspapers.com/article/independent-american-murder-at-atlanta-g/143865375/
  • Blount & Dawson, Savannah{{sfnp|Colby|2024|page=86}}
  • Alexander Bryan, Savannah{{Cite web |last=savannahhistory |date=2019-09-03 |title=From Slave House to School House: Rediscovering the Bryan Free School |url=https://savannahhistory.home.blog/2019/09/03/from-slave-house-to-school-house-rediscovering-the-bryan-free-school/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Fact-Checking Savannah's History |language=en}}{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=223}}
  • Joseph Bryan, Savannah{{sfnp|Colby|2024|page=86}}
  • Busster, Georgia{{Cite web |title=Reller Ralerfurt searching for his mother, father, brother, and sister · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/3873 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • Redmond Bunn, Macon, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1850-10-01 |title=100 Negroes for Sale |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-telegraph-100-negroes-for-sal/150783345/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Weekly Telegraph |pages=3}}
  • Curtiss Carroll, Georgia{{Cite web |title=Archey M'Cloud searching for his mother Emily Ramsey and siblings Adeney, Frank, Lewis, and Georgiana · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/786 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • Clark & Grubb, Atlanta{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=248}}
  • Robert M. Clarke, Atlanta, Ga.{{Cite book |last=Venet |first=Wendy Hamand |title=A Changing Wind: Commerce and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta |date=2014 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-19216-2 |oclc=879430095 | page=97 |jstor=j.ctt5vksj6 | lccn=2013041255 | ol=26884541M |language=en-us}}{{sfnp|Colby|2024|page=96}}Pre-Printed Receipt for a Slave Girl. (1862-12-23). Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; 13; 30. https://jstor.org/stable/community.21813273
  • Amaziah Cobb, Georgia{{Cite web |title=Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery |url=https://dlas.uncg.edu/petitions/petition/20685016/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=dlas.uncg.edu}}
  • Charles Collins, Macon{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=246}}
  • Joseph M. Cooper, Macon, Ga.{{sfnp|Bellamy|1984|page=305}}
  • W. S. Cothron, Floyd, Ga.{{sfnp|Friedman|2017|page=166}}
  • Crawford, Frazer & Co., Atlanta, Ga., principals Robert Crawford, Addison D. Frazer, and Thomas Lafayette Frazer
  • James Dean (or Deane), Macon{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=244}}
  • Milledge Durham and William Brightwell, Georgia{{Cite web |title=Petition #20685014 - Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery |url=https://dlas.uncg.edu/petitions/petition/5430/ |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=dlas.uncg.edu}}
  • Fields & Gresham, Atlanta, Ga.
  • Theophilus Freeman, Georgia, Virginia, and New Orleans{{Sfnp|Johnson|2009|page=52}}
  • L. Graves{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=244}}
  • George Griffin, Georgia{{Cite news |date=1851-01-09 |title=Jailor's Notice |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-constitutionalist-and-republic/150739827/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic |pages=3}}
  • S. H. Griffin, Atlanta{{sfnp|Colby|2024|page=101}}
  • Henry C. Halcomb, Atlanta, Ga.
  • George Harris, Georgia{{Cite news |date=1827-04-03 |title=Runaway Negro |pages=2 |work=Western Carolinian |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/western-carolinian-runaway-negro/131973570/ |access-date=2023-09-17}}
  • Charles S. Harrison, Columbus, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1860-06-04 |title=Harrison & Pitts |pages=4 |work=Daily Columbus Enquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-columbus-enquirer-harrison-pitts/130043450/ |access-date=2023-08-15}}
  • W. H. Henderson, Atlanta, Ga.
  • W. C. Hewitt, Macon, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1850-12-18 |title=Forty Negroes for sale |pages=4 |work=Georgia Journal and Messenger |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/georgia-journal-and-messenger-forty-negr/131450407/ |access-date=2023-09-08}}
  • Inman, Cole & Co., Atlanta, Ga.
  • George W. Jones, Virginia and Georgia{{Cite news |date=1851-05-30 |title=Runaway in Jail at Mathews Courthouse Va. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-enquirer-runaway-in-jail-at-mat/163077882/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=Richmond Enquirer |pages=3}}
  • Jones & Robinson, Georgia{{Cite news |date=1847-12-30 |title=Thirty Dollars Reward |pages=3 |work=The Independent Monitor |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-monitor-thirty-dollars-r/131990572/ |access-date=2023-09-18}}
  • John Jossey, Macon{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=246}}
  • Jerrome, Danbury, Ga.{{Cite web |title=Henry Simpson searching for his mother Sophie Jerome · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/2304 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • Zephaniah Kingsley, Florida
  • Jesse Kirby and John Kirby, Virginia and Georgia{{Cite news |date=1834-05-15 |title=Horrid Outrage |pages=3 |work=The North-Carolina Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-north-carolina-star-horrid-outrage/131981675/ |access-date=2023-09-18}}
  • Charles A. L. Lamar{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=223}}
  • Lowe & Simmons, Columbus, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1851-12-30 |title=Negroes for Sale |pages=3 |work=Weekly Columbus Enquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/weekly-columbus-enquirer-negroes-for-sal/130420533/ |access-date=2023-08-21}}
  • McRiley, Georgia{{Cite web |title=Rev. Samuel Blackwell looking for his father-in-law Gilbert Grant · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/1568 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • Meinhard brothers, Savannah{{sfnp|Colby|2024|page=86}}
  • Miller and Waterman, Macon{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|pp=247–248}}
  • John S. Montmollin, Savannah
  • Dick Mulhundro, Virginia and Georgia{{Cite web |title=Lucinda Keys looking for her children Albert and Margaret Carpenter · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/501 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • Myers & Thomas, Columbus, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1846-04-07 |title=Twenty-Five Dollars Reward |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-telegraph-twenty-five-dollars/150738564/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Weekly Telegraph |pages=3}}
  • Thomas Napier, Macon, Ga.{{sfnp|Bellamy|1984|page=305}}
  • Jack Nickols, Georgia and Alabama{{Cite web |title=Alexander Pasco looking for his mother Jennie · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/426 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • George Nixon, Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama{{Cite news |date=1845-06-03 |title=Runaway in Jail |pages=1 |work=Richmond Enquirer |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-enquirer-runaway-in-jail/131988575/ |access-date=2023-09-18}}
  • G. H. Noel, Macon, Ga.{{sfnp|Bellamy|1984|page=305}}
  • James G. Noel, Macon, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1859-08-02 |title=Notice to Planters |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-telegraph-notice-to-planters/150740556/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Weekly Telegraph |pages=4}}
  • Joe Norris, Georgia (?){{Cite web |title=Rachel Emanuel searching for her brothers Columbus and Alex Jones · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/4501 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • Nowell, Macon{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=247}}
  • Nowland, Virginia and Georgia{{Cite web |title=Fanny White (formerly Fanny Nowland) looking for her parents Ben and Silvey Nowland and sister Paise Nowland · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/727 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • A. J. Orr and D. W. Orr, Macon, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1850-06-11 |title=35 Negroes for Sale |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-telegraph-35-negroes-for-sale/150739554/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Weekly Telegraph |pages=3}}
  • Edward A. Parker, Macon, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1851-06-04 |title=CAUTION |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/georgia-journal-and-messenger-caution/150739962/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=Georgia Journal and Messenger |pages=3}}
  • W. R. Phillips, Macon, Ga.{{sfnp|Bellamy|1984|page=305}}
  • Rafe Phillips, Macon{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=244}}
  • George I. Pitts, Columbus, Ga.
  • Ponder brothers (Ephraim G. Ponder, James Ponder, John G. Ponder, William G. Ponder), Tallahassee, Fla. and Atlanta and Thomas County, Ga.{{sfnp|Garrett|2011|page=511}}
  • Annie Poore, Georgia{{Sfnp|Jones-Rogers|2019|p=124}}
  • Zachariah A. Rice, Atlanta, Ga.{{sfnp|Garrett|2011|page=495}}
  • Robinson, South Carolina and Georgia{{Cite news |date=1848-05-05 |title=$20 Reward |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-mississippian-20-reward/149978554/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Weekly Mississippian |pages=4}}
  • John Robinson, Georgia
  • E. H. Simmons, Virginia and Georgia{{Cite news |date=1850-09-10 |title=Brought to Jail in Bibb County |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-telegraph-brought-to-jail-in/150739682/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Weekly Telegraph |pages=3}}
  • Shadrack F. Slatter{{Cite news |date=1832-03-10 |title=Georgia Negroes for Sale |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-weekly-telegraph-georgia-negroes-for/148347765/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Weekly Telegraph |pages=4}}
  • B. D. Smith, Atlanta, Ga.
  • Smith & Co., Macon{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=246}}
  • Charles F. Stubbs, Macon, Ga.{{sfnp|Bellamy|1984|page=305}}{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=223, 246}}
  • Henry Teuker, Virginia and Georgia{{Cite web |title=James Hayes seeking his father Spring Hayes and mother Charity Hayes · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/177 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • John Thornton, South Carolina and Dalton, Ga.{{Cite web |title=J. A. Dunigan seeking their mother Margaret and brother Bennie · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery |url=https://informationwanted.org/items/show/4276 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=informationwanted.org}}
  • N. C. Trowbridge, Augusta, Ga. & Hamburg, S.C.{{Cite news |date=1847-09-29 |title=Negroes! Negroes!! For Sale |pages=3 |work=The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-constitutionalist-and-republic/130419047/ |access-date=2023-08-21}}
  • Wadkins, Virginia and Georgia{{Cite news |date=1839-04-20 |title=Jailor's Notice |pages=1 |work=Weekly Raleigh Register |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/weekly-raleigh-register-jailors-notice/131983247/ |access-date=2023-09-18}}
  • Mat Warner, Virginia and Georgia{{Cite news |date=1860-08-10 |title=Brought to Jail |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-constitutionalist-and-republic/150740801/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic |pages=2}}
  • Robert Watts, Savannah{{sfnp|Wax|1984|p=220}}
  • William Watkins, Atlanta, Ga.{{sfnp|Garrett|2011|page=495}}
  • Weatherby, Augusta, Ga.{{Cite news |date=1847-06-22 |title=$50 Reward |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-constitutionalist-and-republic/150738813/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic |pages=3}}
  • Winston & Dixon, Georgia{{Cite news |date=1856-11-01 |title=Muscogee County |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-columbus-enquirer-muscogee-county/150740211/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=Daily Columbus Enquirer |pages=3}}
  • William Wright, Savannah{{Sfnp|Bancroft|2023|p=223}}

See also

References

{{reflist}}

Sources

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

  • {{cite book |title=Slaves in the Family |isbn=9780374534455 |lccn=97034640 |orig-date=1998 |last1=Ball |first1=Edward |author-link=Edward Ball (American author) |date=2014 |publisher=Macmillan}}
  • {{cite book |title=Slave Trading in the Old South |year=2023 |first=Frederic |last=Bancroft |author-link=Frederic Bancroft |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |series=Southern Classics Series |orig-date=1931 |isbn=978-1-64336-427-8 |others=Introduction by Michael Tadman}}
  • {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/274910 |jstor=274910 |title=Macon, Georgia, 1823–1860: A Study in Urban Slavery |last1=Bellamy |first1=Donnie D. |journal=Phylon |date=1984 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=298–310 }}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Calderhead |first=William |date=1977 |title=The Role of the Professional Slave Trader in a Slave Economy: Austin Woolfolk, A Case Study |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/civil_war_history/v023/23.3.calderhead.html |journal=Civil War History |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=195–211 |doi=10.1353/cwh.1977.0041 |s2cid=143907436 |issn=1533-6271}}
  • {{cite book |last=Colby |first=Robert K. D.

|title=An Unholy Traffic: Slave Trading in the Civil War South |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2024 |isbn=9780197578285 |lccn=2023053721 |oclc=1412042395 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197578261.001.0001 }}

  •  {{cite thesis |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Benjamin Lewis |date=December 2008 |title=Negroes for Sale: The Slave Trade in Antebellum Kentucky |publisher=University of Notre Dame |url=https://curate.nd.edu/downloads/pr76f190f1r |degree=Ph.D. |doi=10.7274/pn89d50750n}}
  • {{cite book |first=Franklin M. |last=Garrett |title=Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1820s–1870s |edition=Reprint |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780820339023 |author-link=Franklin Garrett |orig-date=1954}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Saul |year=2017 |isbn=9781351510769 |title=Jews and the American Slave Trade |publisher=Routledge }}
  • {{Cite thesis |title=A Troublesome Commerce: The Interstate Slave Trade, 1808–1840. |url=https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6941 |publisher=Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College |date=1999 |degree=Doctor of Philosophy |doi=10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.6941 |language=en |first=Robert |last=Gudmestad}}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Head |first=David |date=2013 |title=Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early Republic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24487048 |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=433–462 |doi=10.1353/jer.2013.0061 |jstor=24487048 |issn=0275-1275}}
  • {{cite book |author-last1=Hedrick |year=1927 |author-first1=Charles Embury |title=Social and Economic Aspects of Slavery in the Transmontane Prior to 1850 |series=George Peabody College for Teachers. Contributions to education.no. 46 |location=Nashville, Tennessee |publisher=George Peabody College for Teachers |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102768557 }}
  • {{Cite book |last=James |first=D. Clayton |title=Antebellum Natchez |date=1993 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=978-0-8071-1860-3 |lccn=68028496 |oclc=28281641 |orig-date=1968 |location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana}}
  • {{cite book |last=Jay |first=William |author-link=William Jay (jurist) |title=A View of the Action of the Federal Government, In Behalf of Slavery |location=Utica, N.Y. |publisher=J.C. Jackson |year=1844 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009583255}}
  • {{cite book |first=Walter |last=Johnson |author-link=Walter Johnson| title=River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom |year=2013 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | isbn=9780674074880 | lccn=2012030065 | oclc=827947225 | ol=26179618M }}
  • {{cite book |first=Walter |last=Johnson |title=Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2009 |isbn=9780674039155 |oclc=923120203 |author-link=Walter Johnson (historian)|language=en-us}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Jones-Rogers |date=2019 |first=Stephanie E. |title=They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21866-4 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |language=en-us}}
  •  {{cite journal |last=Kendall |first=John S. |title=Shadow Over the City |journal=The Louisiana Historical Quarterly

|volume=22 |issue=1 |date=January 1939 |pages=142–165 |id=LDS Film 1425689, Image Group Number (DGS) 1640025

|issn=0095-5949 |oclc=1782268 |

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  • {{cite book |last1=Kytle |first1=Ethan J. |last2=Roberts |first2=Blain |title=Denmark Vesey's garden: slavery and memory in the cradle of the Confederacy |location=New York| publisher=The New Press |year=2018 | lccn=2017041546 |isbn=9781620973660 }}
  • {{cite book |title=Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835 |first=David J. |last=Libby |isbn=1-57806-599-2 |year=2004 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi }}
  • {{cite thesis |last=Menck |first=Mary |title=The Devil's Backbone: Race, Space, and Nation-Building on the Natchez Trace |year=2017 |publisher=Tufts University |hdl= |degree=M.A. |url=https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/41687w07f |place=Medford, Massachusetts}}
  • {{cite book |last=Mooney |first=Chase C. |title=Slavery in Tennessee |publisher=Negro Universities Press |year=1971 |location=Westport, Conn. |pages=29–63 |language=en-us |chapter=Chapter Two: Hire, Sale, Theft and Flight of Slaves |orig-date=1957 |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.32000002020263&seq=45}}
  • {{cite book |last=Phillips |first=U. Bonnell |year=1936 |orig-date=1918 |title=American Negro slavery: a survey of the supply, employment and control of Negro labor as determined by the plantation régime |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton and Company }}
  • {{Cite book |last=Schermerhorn |first=Calvin |title=The business of slavery and the rise of American capitalism, 1815–1860 |date=2015 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-19200-1 |location=New Haven, Conn. }}
  • {{cite book |author-last1=Schermerhorn |author-first1=Calvin |chapter=Chapter 10. The Coastwise Slave Trade and a Mercantile Community of Interest |pages=209–224 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812293098-011/html |editor-last1=Rockman |editor-first1=Seth Edward |title=Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development |editor-last2=Beckert |editor-first2=Sven |date=2016 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4841-8 |series=Early American Studies |lccn=2016304619 |oclc=ocn945028802 |doi=10.9783/9780812293098-011 |jstor=j.ctt1dfnrs7 }}
  • {{cite book | last=Sellers | first=James Benson | title=Slavery in Alabama | series=Library of Alabama Classics | chapter=Chapter 5: Traffic in Slaves | others=Introduction by Harriet E. Amos Doss | isbn=9780817389147 | oclc=899157440 | year=2015 | orig-date=1950 | publisher=University of Alabama Press | location=Tuscaloosa | lccn=50004433}}
  • {{cite book| last=Stowe |first= Harriet Beecher |author-link=Harriet Beecher Stowe |year=1853 | title=A key to Uncle Tom's cabin: presenting the original facts and documents upon which the story is founded | publisher=J. P. Jewett & Co. | location=Boston | ol=21879838M | lccn=02004230 | oclc=317690900}} {{free access}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Sydnor |first=Charles S. |author-link=Charles S. Sydnor |year=1933 |url=http://archive.org/details/slaveryinmississ00sydn |title=Slavery in Mississippi |location=New York |others=American Historical Association, Carnegie Corporation of New York |publisher=D. Appleton-Century Co. |oclc=1968805 |lccn=33033678 }}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Wax |first=Darold D. |date=1984 |title="New Negroes Are Always in Demand": The Slave Trade in Eighteenth-Century Georgia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40581222 |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=193–220 |issn=0016-8297}}
  • {{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Jennie K. |date=2020-04-02 |title=Trouble the water: The Baltimore to New Orleans coastwise slave trade, 1820–1860 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144039X.2019.1660509 |journal=Slavery & Abolition |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=275–303 |doi=10.1080/0144039X.2019.1660509 |s2cid=203494471 |issn=0144-039X}}
  • {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Carol |title=Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780–1865 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2009 |isbn=9780813149790 |jstor=j.ctt130j5m9 |lccn=93021012 |oclc=900344359 |orig-date=1994}}

{{refend}}

{{Lists of American slave traders}}

List of Georgia

Slave traders

Georgia slave traders

Slave traders

Slave traders

Slave traders