List of Illyrians
{{Short description|Conglomeration of Indo-European peoples and tribes in the Balkan Peninsula}}
File:King_Monounios.jpg (290-270 BCE)]]
The Illyrians ({{transliteration|grc|Illyrioi}}; {{langx|la|Illyrii|}}) were a conglomeration of Indo-European peoples and tribes in the Balkan Peninsula, Southeastern Europe. They spoke the Illyrian language and practiced a multitude of common religious and cultural practices. Many Illyrian groups formed a distinct tribal mode of social organisation, which survived much later in the form of the Albanian tribal system.{{sfn|Galaty|2002|pp=109–121}}{{sfn|Villar|1996|p=316}}
In late Iron Age and early classical antiquity, the first polities of the area would be created by tribal groupings, including the Taulantii and Dardani. The most powerful Illyrian states of the area, the Ardiaean kingdom, emerged in the 3rd century BC during the rule of Agron and Teuta. The Illyrians came into conflict with Roman Republic and were defeated in the Illyrian Wars, which were followed by many revolts. The largest and last of them was the Great Illyrian Revolt (6-9 BC). The beginning of the integration of the region of Illyria in the Roman world followed the revolt and saw many Illyrians rise through the ranks of the Roman society and the Roman army in particular which produced several emperors of Illyrian origin.
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Agron
| Ruler | Ruled from {{circa}} 250 BC to 230 BC | In 231 BC, Agron possessed the most powerful land army and navy, of any of the kings who had reigned before him. He extended the kingdoms' borders in the north and south.Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, page 105. |
Anastasius I
| Emperor | Lived from {{circa}} 431 AD to 518 AD | Anastasius I was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 491 to 518. |
Artas
| Ruler | Ruled from {{circa}} 430 BC to 413 BC | Artas was a ruler of Messapia. He supplied the Athenians with one hundred and fifty javelin-throwers in 413 BC for the war against the Syracuse.The emergence of state identities in Italy in the first millennium BC, pg.51 |
Astius
| Bishop | Died in {{circa}} 98 AD | Astius was a bishop in the city of Dyrrachium. |
Audata
| Queen | Ruled from {{circa}} 359 BC to 336 BC | Audata was related to Bardylis and wife of Philip II of Macedon. |
Aurelian
| Emperor | Lived from {{circa}} 214 AD to 275 AD | Aurelian was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 270 to 275. |
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Ballaios
| Ruler | Ruled from {{circa}} 260 BC to 230 BC | Ballaios ruled over the eastern Adriatic with capital at Rhizon. He is attested only from silver and bronze coinage, found abundantly along both coasts of the Adriatic. He is considered as the predecessor of Agron.{{sfn|Bilić|2020|p=15}}{{sfn|Dyczek|2019|pp=198, 200}} |
Bardylis
| Ruler | Lived from {{circa}} 448 BC to 358 BC | Bardylis was the founder of the first attested Illyrian dynasty.{{harvnb|Šašel Kos|2002|p=113}} Macedonian campaigns proved successful in 393, 372 and 359 BC and invaded Epirus in alliance with Dionysius of Syracuse.Harding, Philip. From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus, 1985, p. 93, {{ISBN|0-521-29949-7}}. Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358. |
Bardylis II
| Ruler | Ruled from {{circa}} 295 BC to 290 BC | Bardyllis II was the son of Cleitus (r. 295–290 BC). He managed to re-create the state of his grandfather in the region of Dassaretis to the west of the Lynkestian lake.Plutarch, Pyrrhus 9. |
Bato the Breuci
| Ruler | Born between {{circa}} 35 BC to 30 BC | Bato surrendered to Tiberius in 8 AD on the bank of the Bosna river.D. Dzino, Illyricum in Roman Politics 229 BC - AD 68 (Cambridge 2010), pp. 149–153. |
Bato the Daesitiate
| Ruler | Born between {{circa}} 35 BC to 30 BC | Bato was defeated by the Romans in 9 AD during the Great Illyrian Revolt; end of final Illyrian resistance to Roman occupation.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 216, "Further east the formidable Daesitiates of central Bosnia retained their name. The great rebellion of All 6 had been led by their chief Bato, and their relatively low total of 103 decuriae likely reflects..." |
Bato the Dardanian
| Ruler | Ruled from {{circa}} 206 BC to 176 BC | Bato clashed with Ancient Macedonia in 199 BC, in order to liberate Paeonia.The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 85, "The recorded names of Dardanian leader during the Macedonian and the Roman wars, Longarus, Bato..." |
Bircenna
| Queen | Ruled from {{circa}} 292 BC to 272 BC | Bircenna was the daughter of Bardylis II and a wife of Pyrrhus of Epirus. |
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Caeria
| Queen | Died in 344 BC or 343 BC | Caeria was an Illyrian queen, who reigned in the 4th century BC. |
Caius
| Pope | Served from 17 December 283 to 22 April 296 | In accordance with Christian tradition, Caius is a native from Dalmatia and a relative of Diocletian. |
Constantine the Great
| Emperor | Lived from 25 July 306 to 22 May 337 | Flavius Valerius Constantinus was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 306 to 337. |
Constantius II
| Emperor | Lived from 7 August 317 to 3 November 361 | Flavius Julius Constantius was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 337 to 361. |
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Diocletian
| Emperor | Lived from 22 December 242/245 to 3 December 311/312 | Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus was born in Dalmatia and served as the emperor of the Roman Empire from 284 to 305. |
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Jerome
| Priest | Lived from {{circa}} 342 or 347 to 420 | Early Church Farther credited for translating the Bible into Latin | |
Jovian
| Emperor | Lived from 331 to 364 | Flavius Jovianus was the Emperor of the Roman Empire from 363 to 364. |
Justin I
| Emperor | Lived from 2 February 450 to 1 August 527 | Flavius Iustinus was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 518 to 527. |
Justinian the Great
| Emperor | Lived from 11 May 482 to 14 November 565 | Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. |
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Kratill Mahata
| Gymnasiarch | fl. 3rd century BC | A gymnasiarch from the ancient illyrian city of Nikaia who lived in the 3rd century BC.Patsch, Carl: Das Sandschak Berat in Albanie, Wien 1904, p. 119 |
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Mark Lugari
| Schoolteacher | fl. late 3rd century and early 2nd century BC | A schoolteacher from the ancient city of Apollonia (Illyria) who lived in the late 3rd century and early 2nd century BC.Anamali, Skënder. (1976) Të dhënat mbishkrimore në disa qytete të Ilirisë së Jugut. Tiranë, 1976, fq. 119Ceka, Neritan. (1987) Mbishkrime byline (Inscriptions bylliones). In: Iliria, vol. 17 n°2, 1987. pp. 49-121. |
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Sabinianus Magnus
| military leader | fl. 5th century CE | General of the Eastern Roman Empire(magister militum per Illyricum), who fought in the rebellion of Theodoric Strabo against Emperor Zeno.{{sfn|Croke|Marcellin|2001|p=89}} |
Sabinianus
| military and political leader | fl. 505-508 | Son of Sabinianus Magnus. Consul and magister militum per Illyricum. |
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Teuta
| Ruler | Ruled from {{circa}} 231 BC to 228/227 BC | Teuta was the spouse of Agron and the ruler of the Ardiaei tribe upon Agron's death. |
V
Historical rulers
= Enchelean - Taulantian rulers =
{{Main|Enchelean-Taulantian dynasty}}
- Galaurus: king of Taulantii. Unsuccessfully invaded Macedonia between 678 and 640 BC.Μιμαλλόνες "imitators of men" Etym. Mag. (587.53) see Hesychius "mimelazein. mimeisthai" "mimelon. homoion"
- Grabos I (5th century BC): attested on an Athenian inscription, he was very likely a person with great political responsibilities. He probably was the grandfather of Grabos II.{{harvnb|Cabanes|2002|p=51}}
- Sirras (437–390 BC), ruler in Lyncestis.{{cite book|editor-last1=Cambi|editor-first1=Nenad|editor-last2=Čače|editor-first2=Slobodan|editor-last3=Kirigin|editor-first3=Branko|title=Greek influence along the East Adriatic Coast|series=Knjiga Mediterana|volume=26|year=2002|isbn=9531631549|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeKAAAAAMAAJ|quote=Undoubtedly the word Illyrian had a distinct political (hence to some extent also ethnic) meaning, when applied to the Illyrian kingdom of Sirrhas or Bardylis I, at thend of the 5th or the beginning of the 4th century BC to the fall of Genthius in 168 BC, regardless of the unsolvable problem of how many dynasties alternately occupied the throne and what was the origin and the actual expanse of the kingdom of each of them}}{{cite book |last1=Katičić |first1=Radoslav |title=Ancient Languages of the Balkans |date=2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3111568874 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSkjAAAAQBAJ|page=155}}
- Grabos II (r. 358–356 BC): entered Athenian alliance to resist Philip's power in 356 BC.
- Pleuratus I (r. 356–335 BC): reigned near the Adriatic coast in southern Illyria. In a losing effort in 344 BC, tried to thwart Philip's advances in Illyria.The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 121, 156, 167, 170-174, 190
- Pleurias (r. c. 337/336 BC): Illyrian ruler who campaigned against Philip II about 337 BC. He is considered by some scholars as king of either the Autariatae, the Taulantii, or the Dardani.Hammond, "The Kingdoms in Illyria circa 400-167 BC". Some have suggested that he was the same as Pleuratus I;{{harvnb|Howe|Müller|Stoneman|2017|p=98}} Pleurias is mentioned only in Diodorus (16.93.6), elsewhere unattested in ancient sources.
- Cleitus, son of Bardylis I (r. 335–295 BC): mastermind behind the Illyrian Revolt in Pelion of 335 BC against Alexander the Great.[https://books.google.com/books?id=iOWS4i5X9fgC&lpg=PA120 Wilkes 1995, page 120]
- Glaucias: king of Taulantii. He aided Cleitus at the Battle of Pelion in 335 BC, raised Pyrrhus of Epirus and was involved in other events in southern Illyria in the late 4th century BC.Neritan Ceka: Illlyrian to the Albanians, 2005, Migjeni
- Monunius I, (r. 290–270 BC): reigned during the Gallic invasions of 279 BC. He minted his own silver staters in Dyrrhachion.The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 129, "No Illyrian production of coins is known before King Monunius struck his coins at Dyrrhachium (see figure 11), followed by Mytilus around ten years later..."
- Mytilos, successor of Monunius I and probably his son (r. 270–?): waged war on Epirus in 270 BC. He minted his own bronze coins in Dyrrhachion.
Ardiaean-Labeatan rulers
{{main|Ardiaean-Labeatan dynasty}}
- Pleuratus II: reigned in a time of peace and prosperity for the Illyrian kingdom.,Fanula Papazoglu (1965), "Les origines et la destinée de l'état Illyrien," p. 143 ruled BC 260 ~ BC 250
- Teuta (regent for Pinnes): forced to come to terms with the Romans in 227 BC.Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, p. 120, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 158, "Illyrian success continued when command passed to Agron's widow Teuta, who granted individual ships a licence to universal plunder. In 231 AC the fleet and army attacked Ells and Messenia..."
- Demetrius of Pharos: surrenders to the Romans at Pharos in 218 BC and flees to Macedonia.,A History of Rome to A.D. 565 - p. 111 by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak, William Gurnee Sinnigen,"The island of Pharos and some adjacent territory in Illyria were given to a Greek adventurer, Demetrius of Pharos" ruled B.C 222~B.C 219
- Scerdilaidas: allied with Rome to defeat Macedonia in 208 BC.,Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: mélanges offerts au professeur Pierre Cabanes by Danièle Berranger, Pierre Cabanes, Danièle Berranger-Auserve, page 137 ruled B.C 218~B.C 206
- Pinnes: too young to become king; ruled under the regency of Teuta, Demetrius and Scerdilaidas.,Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 162, "...revival of Illyrian power under Demetrius of Pharos, who had succeeded Teuta and married Triteuta, mother of the infant King Pinnes." ruled B.C 230~B.C 217
- Pleuratus III: rewarded by the Romans in 196 BC, with lands annexed by the Macedonians.,The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, pages 121, 156, 167, 170-174, 190 ruled B.C 205~B.C 181
- File:Face of King Gentius on Ancient Illyrian coin.jpg Gentius: defeated by the Romans in 168 BC during the Third Illyrian War; Illyrian kingdom ceased to exist while the king was taken prisoner.,Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 221, "Ardiaei from which intoxicated men were conveyed home by their women who had also participated to the overindulgence of their kings Agron and Gentius..." ruled B.C 181~B.C 168
Dardanian rulers
{{main|Dardani}}
- Longarus: invaded northern borders of the Illyrian kingdom in 229 BC while Teuta was dealing with campaigns in Epirus.The Illyrians by J. J. Wilkes, 1992, {{ISBN|0-631-19807-5}}, p. 86, "...including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with..."
- Bato of Dardania fought alongside the Romans against Macedon during the Second Macedonian War. Bato is known for using advanced war tactics against Athenagoras.
- Monunius of Dardania: repelled the Bastarnae Invasion of Dardania in 175 BC.Polybius 23.10
Other rulers
;Histria
- Epulon, ruler of Histria: thwarted Roman advances in the Istrian peninsula until his death in 177 BC.Livy 41.11
;Dalmatae
- Verzo, ruler of the Dalmatae: took the city of Promona from the Liburni in order to ambush Octavian in 34 BC.Aleksandar Stipčević: Iliri: povijest, život, kultura, p. 49.
- {{ill|Testimos|sq|Tutimi}}, ruler of the Dalmatae: defeated by the Romans in 33 BC; Dalmatia incorporated into Roman Republic.
;Messapia
- Opis of Messapia: attacked by Taras in 460 BC at Hyria, in which he died.Pausanias (10.10.6.)
;Pannonia
- Pinnes of Pannonia: led Pannonians in the Great Illyrian Revolt from 6 AD.The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott,1996,page 176: "... Daesitiates was soon matched by rebellion of the Breuci in Pannonia, headed by Pinnes and another Bato. ..."
;Minor rulers
- {{ill|Ionios (king)|sq|Joni (mbret)}}: ruled over Issa and the surrounding region in the first half of the 4th century BC, probably after the fall of Dionysius of Syracuse in 367 BC.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1647OyYAqMC&pg=PA25 |title = Croatia: Aspects of Art, Architecture and Cultural Heritage|isbn = 9780711229211|date = 2009-11-24| publisher=Frances Lincoln Adult }}
- Caeria: Illyrian queen who ruled to 344/343BC.
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
- {{cite journal|last=Bilić|first=Tomislav|title=Greek-Illyrian coinage of the central Adriatic region: an overview|journal=TEME|number=LATINA & GRAECA – NOVA SERIJA 38|issn=1820-7804|year=2020|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/380758}}
- {{cite book|last=Cabanes|first=Pierre|title=Iliri od Bardileja do Gencia (IV. – II. stoljeće prije Krista)|trans-title=The Illyrians from Bardylis to Gentius (4th – 2nd century BC)|year=2002|orig-year=1988|language=hr|translator=Vesna Lisičić|publisher=Svitava|editor1=Dinko Čutura|editor2=Bruna Kuntić-Makvić|isbn=953-98832-0-2}}
- {{cite book|last1=Croke|first1=Brian|last2=Marcellin|first2=Ammien|title=Count Marcellinus and his chronicle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ep6U-meRt00C|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198150016}}
- {{cite journal|last=Dyczek|first=Piotr|title=Illyrian King Ballaios, King Agron and Queen Teuta from ancient Rhizon|journal=ANODOS Studies of the Ancient World|url=https://www.academia.edu/41420545|publisher=Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, Filozofcká fakulta|year=2019|number=13/2013|issn=1338-5410|pages=195–202}}
- {{cite book|editor= William A. Parkinson|last=Galaty|first=Michael L.|title=The Archaeology of Tribal Societies|chapter=Modeling the Formation and Evolution of an Illyrian Tribal System: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analogs|year=2002|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=1789201713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TR8DwAAQBAJ}}
- {{cite book|last1=Howe|first1=Timothy|last2=Müller|first2=Sabine|last3=Stoneman|first3=Richard|year=2017|title=Ancient Historiography On War and Empire|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=978-1785703027|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qa6DQAAQBAJ}}
- {{cite journal|last=Šašel Kos|first=Marjeta|title=Pyrrhus and Illyrian Kingdom(s?)|journal=Greek Influence Along the East Adriatic Coast|series=Knjiga Mediterana|volume=26|year=2002|isbn=9531631549|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeKAAAAAMAAJ|pages=101–119}}
- {{cite book|last=Villar|first=Francisco|title=Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa|language=es|publisher=Gredos|place=Madrid|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5NbPAAACAAJ|isbn=84-249-1787-1}}
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{{Illyrians}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Illyrians}}