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List of Marshals of the First French Empire

{{Short description|Marshals appointed by Napoleon}}{{Infobox military rank|name=Marshal of the Empire|NATO rank=|equivalents=|lower rank=|higher rank=|abolished=1815|formation=1804|Non-NATO rank=|rank=|image=Napoleonic Marshal baton.svg|abbreviation=|service branch=|country={{flag|First French Empire}}|caption2=|image2=|caption=The baton of a Marshal; although often treated as such, Marshal was not a rank, rather, a reward|image_size=75|history=}}Marshal of the Empire was a civil dignity in the First French Empire between 1804 and 1815. The successor of the dignity, the Marshal of France, is a five-star rank with a NATO code of OF-10, equivalent to an Admiral of France in the French Navy. The distinction was used sporadically and was vacant during parts of its history.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|p=xii}} A Marshal was a grand officer of the Empire, entitled to a high-standing position at the court and to the presidency of an electoral college.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|p=10}} In total, 26 men were awarded a Marshal's baton.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|p=xi}} The most recent promotions to marshal came in 1815, two years after a break on routine promotions to the rank, when Napoleon promoted Emmanuel de Grouchy, one of his Generals, to the dignity.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=305–315}}

File:Vereshchagin Napoleon near Borodino.jpg

Unlike many positions, the Marshal of the Empire distinction was not a rank, rather a reward, given out by Napoleon. Almost all officers to hold the position of Marshal were professional soldiers in the French Army. Some, including Józef Poniatowski, served in foreign armies. Of all 26, 5 were killed in action, or by accident.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|p=xviii}} One Marshal was present at the Battle of Vitoria, fought in 1813, where the Duke of Wellington earned the British equivalent of the distinction.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=2}} Most had defected to the royalists before the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleon's subsequent defeat, with only four others (most notably Marshals Emmanuel de Grouchy and Michel Ney) serving under Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|p=xii}}{{Sfn|Delderfield|2002|pp=208–210}}

Auguste de Marmont, born in 1774, was the youngest officer to earn the distinction of Marshal.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=200–218}} Francois Kellerman was the oldest, born in 1735.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=316–321}} The majority of Marshals were given the title in 1804 (18 out of 26), while Grouchy received the distinction at the latest time, in 1815, shortly before the Battle of Waterloo.{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=305–315}}

List of Marshals

{{legend inline|#e3d9ff|{{em dash}} Indicates that the Marshal was either killed in action or killed by accident|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text=†}}

class="wikitable sortable"

|+ {{sronly|List of Marshals of the First French Empire}}

!scope="col"| Name

!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image

!scope="col"| Born

!scope="col"| Died

!scope="col"| Date of promotion

scope="row" style="background:#e3d9ff;"| {{Sortname|Louis-Alexandre|Berthier}}†

|File:Louis-Alexandre Berthier.png

|November 20, 1753{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=1–22}}

|June 1, 1815{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=1–22}}

|May 19, 1804{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=1–22}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Joachim|Murat}}

|File:Murat (Gerard).jpg

|{{Date table sorting|March 25, 1767|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Atteridge|1911|loc=Chapter I}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=23–48}}

|{{Date table sorting|October 13, 1815|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=23–48}}{{Sfn|Atteridge|1911|loc=Chapter XVII}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=23–48}}{{Sfn|Atteridge|1911|loc=Chapter VII}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Bon Adrien Jeannot de|Moncey|Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey}}

|File:Marechal Moncey.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|July 31, 1754|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=245–250}}

|{{Date table sorting|April 20, 1842|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=245–250}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=245–250}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Jean-Baptiste|Jourdan}}

|File:Le maréchal Jourdan.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|April 29, 1762|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=251–258}}

|{{Date table sorting|23 November, 1833|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=251–258}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=251–258}}{{Sfn|Delderfield|2002|p=208}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|André|Masséna}}

|File:André Masséna (Fontaine et Gros).jpg

|{{Date table sorting|May 6, 1756|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=49–71}}

|{{Date table sorting|April 4, 1817|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=49–71}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=49–71}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Charles-Pierre François|Augereau|Charles-Pierre Augereau}}

|File:Robert Lefevre 20.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|October 21, 1757|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=259–267}}

|{{Date table sorting|June 12, 1816|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=259–267}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=259–267}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Jean-Baptiste Jules|Bernadotte}}

|File:Jean-Baptiste-Jules Bernadotte, Prince de Ponte-Corvo, roi de Suède, Maréchal de France (1763-1844).jpg

|{{Date table sorting|January 26, 1763|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=72–92}}

|{{Date table sorting|March 8, 1844|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=72–92}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=72–92}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Jean-de-Dieu|Soult}}

|File:Jean-de-Dieu Soult, maréchal duc de Dalmatie (1769-1851).jpg

|{{Date table sorting|March 29, 1769|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=93–116}}

|{{Date table sorting|November 26, 1851|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=93–116}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=93–116}}

scope="row"|{{Sortname|Guillaume Marie-Anne|Brune}}

|File:Guillaume Marie-Anne, comte de Brune, maréchal de France (1763-1815).jpg

|{{Date table sorting|May 13, 1763|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=268–277}}

|{{Date table sorting|August 2, 1815|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=268–277}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=268–277}}

scope="row" style="background:#e3d9ff;"| {{Sortname|Jean|Lannes}}†

|File:Jean Charles Nicaise Perrin - Jean Lannes, duc de Montebello, Maréchal de France.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|April 11, 1769|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=117–140}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 31, 1809|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=117–140}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=117–140}}

scope="row" style="background:#e3d9ff;"| {{Sortname|Édouard|Mortier}}†

|File:Dubufe - Marshal Mortier.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|February 13, 1768|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=278–285}}

|{{Date table sorting|July 28, 1835|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=278–285}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=278–285}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Michel|Ney}}

|File:Charles Meynier Michel Ney 2.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|January 10, 1769|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=141–161}}

|{{Date table sorting|December 7, 1815|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=141–161}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=141–161}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Louis-Nicolas|Davout}}

|File:Louis nicolas davout.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|May 10, 1770|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=162–182}}

|{{Date table sorting|June 1, 1823|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=162–182}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=162–182}}

scope="row" style="background:#e3d9ff;"| {{Sortname|Jean-Baptiste|Bessières}}†

|File:Reisener - Portrait du maréchal Jean-Baptiste Bessières, duc d'Istries (1768-1813).jpg

|{{Date table sorting|August 6, 1768|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=286–295}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 1, 1813|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=286–295}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=286–295}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|François Christophe de|Kellermann}}

|File:Marechal-Kellermann.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|May 28, 1735|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=316–321}}

|{{Date table sorting|September 13, 1820|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=316–321}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=316–321}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|François Joseph|Lefebvre}}

|File:François-Joseph Lefebvre.png

|{{Date table sorting|October 15, 1755|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=322–332}}

|{{Date table sorting|September 14, 1820|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=322–332}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=322–332}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Catherine-Dominique de|Pérignon}}

|File:Dominique-Catherine Pérignon.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|May 31, 1754|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=344–348}}

|{{Date table sorting|December 25, 1818|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=344–348}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=344–348}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Jean-Mathieu-Philibert|Sérurier}}

|File:Jean mathieu philibert serurier.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|December 8, 1742|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=349–353}}

|{{Date table sorting|December 21, 1819|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=349–353}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 19, 1804|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=349–353}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Claude Victor|Perrin|Claude Victor-Perrin, duc de Bellune}}

|File:Claude-Victor Perrin.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|December 7, 1764|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=296–304}}

|{{Date table sorting|March 1, 1841|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=296–304}}

|{{Date table sorting|July 13, 1807|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=296–304}}

scope="row"|{{Sortname|Jacques Étienne Joseph Alexandre|Macdonald}}

|File:Étienne Macdonald.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|November 17, 1765|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=183–199}}

|{{Date table sorting|September 25, 1840|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=183–199}}

|{{Date table sorting|July 12, 1809|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=183–199}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Nicolas Charles|Oudinot}}

|File:Nicolas Charles Oudinot by Robert Lefèvre.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|April 25, 1767|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=333–343}}

|{{Date table sorting|September 13, 1847|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=333–343}}

|{{Date table sorting|July 12, 1809|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=333–343}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Auguste Frédéric de|Marmont|Auguste de Marmont}}

|File:Portrait équestre du maréchal Marmont.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|July 20, 1774|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=200–218}}

|{{Date table sorting|July 23, 1852|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=200–218}}

|{{Date table sorting|July 12, 1809|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=200–218}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Louis-Gabriel|Suchet}}

|File:Louis-Gabriel Suchet.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|March 2, 1770|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=219–230}}

|{{Date table sorting|January 3, 1826|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=219–230}}

|{{Date table sorting|July 8, 1811|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=219–230}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Laurent de Gouvion|Saint-Cyr}}

|File:Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|April 13, 1764|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=231–244}}

|{{Date table sorting|March 17, 1830|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=231–244}}

|{{Date table sorting|August 27, 1812|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=231–244}}

scope="row" style="background:#e3d9ff;"| {{Sortname|Józef|Poniatowski}}†

|File:Prince Joseph Poniatowski by Józef Grassi.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|May 7, 1762|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=354–358}}

|{{Date table sorting|October 19, 1813|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=354–358}}

|{{Date table sorting|October 17, 1813|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=354–358}}

scope="row"| {{Sortname|Emmanuel de|Grouchy|Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy}}

|File:Emmanuel de Grouchy 2.jpg

|{{Date table sorting|October 23, 1766|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=305–315}}

|{{Date table sorting|May 29, 1847|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=305–315}}

|{{Date table sorting|April 17, 1815|format=mdy}}{{Sfn|Pattison|2010|pp=305–315}}

See also

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

{{Refbegin|30em}}

  • {{Cite book|last=Atteridge|first=Andrew H.|url=https://archive.org/details/joachimmuratmars00atte|title=Joachim Murat, marshal of France and king of Naples|publisher=Methuen Publishing|year=1911|isbn=1-908692-62-6}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Delderfield|first=Ronald F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXGTAW1I_TEC|title=Napoleon's Marshals|publisher=Cooper Square Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-4616-6119-1|author-link=R. F. Delderfield}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Heathcote|first=Tony|title=The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary|publisher=Pen and Sword Books|year=1999|isbn=978-0-85052-696-7}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Pattison|first=Richard D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rP6icw1XF3gC|title=Napoleon's Marshals|publisher=Books on Demand|year=2010|isbn=978-3-86741-429-6|author-link=Richard Dunn Pattison}}

{{Refend}}

Marshals

*First French Empire

Marshals of the First French Empire

Marshals of the First French Empire