List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication

About the same time FC was gaining popularity in the United States in the early 1990s, the Guardianship and Administration Board in Melbourne, Australia, was reviewing a landmark case involving allegations of sexual abuse and facilitated communication. The 1990 case involved a 28-year-old woman (pseudonym "Carla") with severe disabilities who was removed, twice, from her home by state authorities because of messages obtained through FC that she was being sexually abused at home.

Nine facilitators, including Rosemary Crossley, one of Australia's leaders in FC movement, over a course of nine months, obtained messages through FC that allegedly involved incest, rape and other sexual depredations. Crossley had assessed Carla in August 1988, indicating that her ability to spell was very good and expressing amazement at the extent of Carla's vocabulary and perceptions during the evaluation. Officials removed Carla from the home when one of the facilitators, through another facilitated session, indicated Carla threatened suicide if she was not removed from her home.{{cite news|title=State 'tortured' family – Landmark case finds experts' naivety 'tragic'|last=Heinrich|first=Paul|date=February 16, 1992|work=Sunday Age|issue=Late Edition|location=Melbourne, Australia|page=1}}{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/suffering-at-the-hands-of-theprotectors-19920215-esuq.html|title=Suffering at the hands of the protectors|last=Heinrichs|first=Paul|date=February 16, 1992|work=Sunday Age|access-date=March 19, 2015|issue=Late Edition|location=Melbourne, Australia|page=9}}

Following a 15-month custody battle, the Guardianship Board accepted extensive evidence from psychological and other tests that agreed that the woman had a severe intellectual disability, was unable to differentiate between letters of the alphabet, and could not have authored the messages. Double-blind testing, conducted by psychologists Alan Hudson and Beatrice Melita, demonstrated that the only meaningful responses obtained through FC were when the facilitator knew the questions being asked of Carla.{{cite journal |last1=Hudson |first1=A. |last2=Melita |first2=B. |last3=Arnold |first3=N. |title=Brief report: A case study assessing the validity of facilitated communication |journal=Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |date=1993 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=165–173|doi=10.1007/BF01066425 |pmid=8463196 |s2cid=5869876 }} The court determined that Carla and her family were "victims" and admonished the facilitators: "the one step that would have prevented the case occurring—prior verification that the woman could communicate with facilitated communication—had not been done." All charges were dropped and custody was granted to Carla's family.

In 1991, Mark Storch, of Shokan, New York, was charged with abusing his daughter after the Department of Social Services received reports that his daughter, Jenny, a 14-year-old with autism, had, through facilitated communication, disclosed recurring sexual assaults, including 200 vaginal and anal rapes. Storch's wife, Laura, was charged with neglect. Despite no physical evidence of abuse, inconsistencies in the facilitated testimony, and questions about the facilitator's troubling personal history, officials pressed charges, which led to a costly, 10-month legal battle. The case was dropped because FC lacked sufficient testing and acceptance in the scientific community.

Bennett Leventhal, head of pediatric psychology at the University of Chicago, testified in the Storch's defense, saying:{{blockquote|The obligation of an investigator into a new technique is to show how it works. With FC, there's this basic assumption of "What can it hurt?" The Storch trial is living proof of how dangerous it is to embrace new science before it has been tested.{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-28-tm-41-story.html|title=The language of suspicion: with an adult's hand gently supporting hers, an autistic child who'd never spoken could type messages on a keyboard. It seemed like a miracle{{snd}}until the messages changed|last=Chideya|first=Farai|date=February 28, 1993|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=September 20, 2023|page=34}}|source=}}

In 1992, the parents of Betsy Wheaton, a 16-year-old nonspeaking person with autism, were, through facilitated communication, falsely accused of sexually abusing their daughter. The facilitator, Janyce Boynton, who was trained in FC at the University of Maine,{{cite journal|last=Boynton|first=Janyce|date=March 2012|title=Facilitated Communication – what harm it can do: Confessions of a former facilitator|journal=Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention|volume=6|issue=1|pages=3–13|doi=10.1080/17489539.2012.674680|s2cid=144642290}}{{cite web|url=http://dailyorange.com/2016/04/how-facilitators-control-words-typed-in-facilitated-communication-without-realizing/|title=How facilitators control words typed in facilitated communication without realizing|last=Burke|first=Michael|date=2016-04-11|website=Daily Orange|access-date=17 March 2018}} interpreted Betsy's hitting and scratching during facilitated sessions as reenactments of abuses occurring at home. Boynton reported these incidents to the Department of Human Services, and Betsy and her brother were removed from the home. The brother was also implicated. The parents' attorney hired Howard Shane of Boston Children's Hospital to conduct testing of authorship. It was determined through double blind testing that Boynton, not Betsy, was authoring the messages obtained through facilitation. Boynton, unlike many other facilitators who have undergone testing, accepted the results, stopped using FC, and persuaded the school system to stop using FC as well.{{cite journal|last=Palfreman|first=Jon|date=11 May 2012|title=The dark legacy of FC|journal=Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention|volume=6|issue=1|pages=14–17|doi=10.1080/17489539.2012.688343|s2cid=144395085|author-link=Jon Palfreman}}{{cite journal|last=von Tetzchner|first=Stephen|date=June 25, 2012|title=Understanding facilitated communication: Lessons from a former facilitator – Comments on Boynton, 2012|journal=Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention|volume=6|issue=1|pages=28–35|doi=10.1080/17489539.2012.699729|s2cid=217511582}}{{cite news|title=Allegations by FC of Sexual Abuse Have Been Challenged|date=17 January 1995|newspaper=The Washington Post|edition=Final|page=z12}}

Looking back on her training, Boynton could see that it had been inadequate. She had not worked with anyone who was nonverbal, and she was pronounced "good to go" after only two days of mostly lectures. She knew that disabled people suffer relatively high levels of abuse, was taught that there was a strong affinity between patient and facilitator, so, she has stated, "you get this sense in your head that you're the only one this person trusts... And then you get overly protective and you have that thought in your head that maybe they've been abused." She describes the process of facilitating as "everything happening at once.... you're so distracted by other things." Until she was tested, she fully believed that she was protecting Betsy. Howard Shane states: "You're expected to believe (the person has been abused) and then, bam, the accusation happens."{{cite web |last=Burke |first=Michael |date=April 11, 2016 |title=How facilitators control words typed in facilitated communication without realizing |url=https://dailyorange.com/2016/04/how-facilitators-control-words-typed-in-facilitated-communication-without-realizing |access-date=September 20, 2023 |website=The Daily Orange |publisher=Syracuse University}}

Of the Wheaton case, Todd wrote:{{blockquote|The real responsibility for the Wheaton tragedy lies with Rosemary Crossley, Douglas Biklen, and their acolytes. Despite all of their advanced degrees, professional credentials, and university appointments, they failed in their professional and ethical responsibility to show that FC was safe and effective before foisting it on the world. Having donned the trappings of expertise and put themselves out as authorities, they incurred what John Erskine called "the moral obligation to be intelligent." Long before they even thought to put pen to paper and write their extravagant tales of extraordinary awakenings, they should have heeded not just the technical lessons of Clever Hans, but the findings of more than a century of scientific and practical investigations of automatic writing, experimenter bias, mental telepathy, unconscious influence, subjective validation, stimulus leakage, expectancy effects, deception and self-delusion. Had they exercised due scientific diligence, the developers of FC would have quickly realized that they had done nothing better than turn pliant arms into Ouija planchettes and reinvent the seance.}}

In 1993, Gregory Cracchiolo, who taught students with severe developmental disabilities in Whittier, California, was accused of sexually assaulting four of his students, with facilitated communication being the only source of evidence. The student making the allegation was unable to communicate by speech to verify these claims. Cracchiolo lost his job and faced 11 felony counts of forcible sodomy and forced oral copulation. He faced a maximum sentence of 88 years in prison. While authorship testing was not done, the charges were dropped after a month, because FC lacked the scientific evidence to determine its efficacy. The prosecutor continued to believe the abuses occurred. Cracchiolo blamed the case for ending his teaching career.{{cite news|title=Teacher says method that helps disabled ruined him. Courts: Autism sufferers, using a 'facilitator' to communicate, accused teacher of sexual assault. Charges dropped but he plans to sue for $2.5 million|last=Dillow|first=Gordon|date=January 24, 1993|work=Los Angeles Times|edition=Home |page=1}}

In 1993, David and Jean Lehman of Newmarket, Ontario, were charged with sexually abusing their 20-year-old son, Derek, based solely on evidence obtained through facilitated communication. At birth, Derek had been diagnosed with autism and severe intellectual disability and, at the time of the allegations, lived in a group home. He was not able to speak but could use two hand signals: "please" and "toilet". He was not able to recognize numbers beyond three and was not aware of his own sex or that of others.

During authorship testing, conducted by Mary Konstantareas, psychology professor at the University of Guelph, Derek was not able to name an object that he had seen but his facilitators had not. After a year-long court battle, the charges were proven unfounded and dropped. The ordeal left the Lehmans in debt, nearly losing their business, and drove David Lehman to nearly committing suicide. The Lehmans filed an $8.5 million civil suit and accepted a settlement for an undisclosed amount. They were also granted custodianship of their son.{{cite news|title=Autism 'miracle' a nightmare for family|last=Papp|first=Leslie|date=21 January 1996|work=The Toronto Star|edition=Sunday Second}}

In 1997, a Michigan couple, who had lost custody of their daughter, was awarded $750,000 by a federal jury when jurors concluded that the officials in the case "knew or should have known the girl's facilitated allegations of abuse were bogus."{{cite news|title=Brian Dickerson Column: A legal horror show tears Oakland Co. family apart|last=Dickerson|first=Brian|date=March 17, 2008|work=McClatchy-Tribune Business News|location=Washington, D.C.}}{{cite news |last=Dickerson |first=Brian |title=A legal horror show tears Oakland Co. family apart |url=https://freep.newspapers.com/clip/43740636/detroit-free-press/ |access-date=22 July 2020 |publisher=Detroit Free Press |date=March 17, 2008}}{{cite news |last=Dickerson |first=Brian |title=A legal horror show tears Oakland Co. family apart |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/55856886/brian-dickerson-page-11-a-legal/ |access-date=22 July 2020 |publisher=Detroit Free Press |date=March 17, 2008}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2014/11/18/gorcyca-liable-million/19235377/|title = Gorcyca personally liable for $1-million judgment}}

In 1998, middle-aged John Pinnington changed careers to focus on the care and treatment of individuals with autism (having been inspired by his experiences with his own autistic step-son). After several years of work in the field, Pinnington was hired by Thomley Hall College, a specialist facility for students aged 16–25 with autism, where he was promoted to the position of Deputy Headmaster in 2004. At the time of his promotion the college was aware that between the years 2000 and 2002, two young adults with autism had accused Pinnington of sexual abuse. Those charges, made during facilitated communication sessions, had been investigated by the college and by the police and found to be without foundation. In 2005, Pinnington learned that a third young man with autism had made an abuse allegation. Again, the charges were made during a facilitated communication session.

Despite the dismissal of all charges by police investigators, the law in the UK required that a record of the allegations remain in Pinnington's police record, and the charges came to light later in 2005 when a new set of background checks were mandated by a charity that had taken over the college. Despite the lack of any independent evidence of the abuse, and despite the fact that all allegations had been made during FC sessions, and despite the fact that one of the facilitators was the mother of an accuser, Pinnington was fired from his position by the charity.

Pinnington was unsuccessful in his attempts to have the abuse allegations expunged from his record, and in 2008, in a controversial landmark decision,{{cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Alisdair |title=This illogical law makes children the real victims |journal=Sunday Telegraph London |date=June 29, 2008 |page=6}} his appeal to the High Court was denied, even though the court agreed that there was "strong doubt" about the veracity of the allegations. The baseless accusations, made during FC sessions, permanently ended Pinnington's career as an educator and so seriously damaged his reputation that he has been unable to find employment of any kind.{{cite journal |last=Verkaik |first=Robert |title=Police face legal challenge over criminal records checks |journal=The Independent |date=January 30, 2008 |page=36}}{{cite journal |last=Bingham |first=John |title=Teacher's career is wrecked by 'lies.' |journal=Daily Telegraph London |date=August 1, 2008 |page=11}}

In 1999, a 50-year-old businessman from the south of England was accused, through FC, of abusing his 17-year-old son. The son, reportedly, had severe autism and epileptic seizures{{cite news|title=Facilitated communication not reliable as evidence|date=July 26, 2000|work=The Times|location=London, England}} and was not able to speak. Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, President of the High Court Family Division, ruled on the first case of its kind in England,{{cite news |last=Rumbelow |first=Helen |date=July 13, 2000 |title=Autistic son's language aid led to abuse charge |work=The Times |location=London}} saying FC was "dangerous" and should not be used by UK courts to "back up or dismiss allegations of abuse".{{cite journal|last=Gardner|first=Martin|date=January–February 2001|title=Facilitated Communication: A Cruel Farce|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|pages=17–19}}{{cite news|title=Law Report: Case Summaries – 9 October 2000|date=October 9, 2000|work=The Independent|location=London}} She also indicated the court was "entirely satisfied the allegations were unfounded",{{cite news|title=Discredited test let to child abuse nightmare for father|last=Allen|first=Richard|date=12 July 2000|work=The Evening Standard|location=London}} since there was no evidence that the father or anyone else was a perpetrator, or that the abuse had ever occurred.

In 2007, Julian Wendrow of West Bloomfield, Michigan, was charged with sexually abusing his daughter and placed in jail for 80 days.{{cite news|title=Dad of autistic Westbloomfield girl nearly free of rape charges: She won't testify, so case collapses|last1=Wisely|first1=John|date=March 11, 2008|work=McClatchy-Tribune Business News|last2=Brasier|first2=L.L.|location=Washington, D.C.}} His wife, Tali, was accused of severely mentally and emotionally abusing her children and was forced to wear an electronic tether.{{cite news|url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20071218/NEWS03/712180304/Abuse-case-hinges-keyboardWest-Bloomfield|title=Abuse case hinges on a keyboard|last1=Brasier|first1=L.L.|date=December 18, 2007|work=McClatchy-Tribune Business News|access-date=March 18, 2015|last2=Wisely|first2=John|location=Washington, D.C.}} Their 13-year-old son was also named as a perpetrator. Both children were placed in foster care.

The allegations resulted from messages obtained via FC at school while an aide helped guide the girl's hand. The case was a "virtual rerun" of the 1992 Betsy Wheaton case. When lawyers questioned the girl without the facilitator present, she was unable to answer questions, including "What color is your sweater?" and "Are you a boy or a girl?" The case fell apart due to lack of physical evidence of abuse and facilitated testimony that contained information inconsistent with the Wendrow family, lifestyle and living arrangements: relatives that did not exist, Christian theology attributed to observant Jewish parents, nonexistent rooms and photos.

Aislinn testified, through FC, that she was afraid of her father because of a gun. Police found no guns in the home.{{cite news|title=Oakland fumbles sex case charges: overeager prosecutions can ruin lives, some say|last1=Wisely|first1=John|date=April 27, 2008|work=McClatchy-Tribune Business News|last2=Brasier|first2=L.L.|location=Washington, D.C.}} As a result, the charges were dropped and the children returned to their parents. Prosecutors continued to believe the girl was afraid of her father. A wrongful arrest suit was settled for $1.8 million, which, according to the attorney representing the Police Department, was a business decision made by the insurance company and was not an admission of wrongdoing or liability.{{cite news|title=Dad's arrest in sex case results in $1.8 million settlement|last1=Wisely|first1=John|date=13 January 2011|work=Gannet News Service|last2=Brasier|first2=L.L.|page=ARC}}

On February 3, 2010, Gigi Jordan of New York was found by police in the Peninsula New York hotel. She was incoherent from a drug overdose. Jude Mirra, her eight-year-old son, was also found, dead from a mixture of painkillers and anti-inflammatories which Jordan force-fed him. Jordan, at the time, was under the impression Mirra wanted to die because of alleged sexual abuse typed out during sessions involving FC. Despite testifying that she was "by Jude's side at all hours of the day", Jordan believed the biological father, her ex-husband, had been abusing the boy for years and that Mirra's diagnosis of autism was actually a catatonic psychosis brought on by the alleged abuse. To Jordan, the killing was "altruistic filicide"—a mercy killing.{{cite news |last1=Sanchez |first1=Ray |last2=Remizowski |first2=Leigh |name-list-style=and |date=November 5, 2014 |title=New York businesswoman guilty of manslaughter in son's death |work=CNN |publisher=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/11/05/justice/new-york-autistic-death-trial |access-date=September 20, 2023}}{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trialbegins-for-former-new-york-city-executive-gigi-jordan-accused-of-murdering-her-son-with-pills-atthe-peninsula-hotel-1410397598|title=Trial Begins for Gigi Jordan, accused of murdering her son with pills; the former Manhattan executive's lawyer said she killed her son out of "fierce love and devotion"|last=Bashan|first=Yoni|date=September 10, 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=March 21, 2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

Mirra, who was diagnosed with autism, was not able to speak. Jordan indicated that Mirra, through FC, had told her "I need a lot of drugs to die peacefully" and "I wish you do it soon." Although Jordan and Mirra communicated by typing together on a BlackBerry, no witnesses ever observed Mirra type by himself. In reviewing typed messages provided by Jordan of her son's disclosures, court officials questioned whether Mirra had the capacity to understand or spell words like "aggressively" and "sadistic".{{cite news |last=Bashan |first=Yoni |date=October 9, 2014 |title=Gigi Jordan describes last moments with her son; testifies about details in a Peninsula Hotel Room, says she tried to revive Mirra |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Dow Jones & Company Inc. |location=New York |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gigi-jordan-describes-last-moments-with-her-son-1412902984 |access-date=March 21, 2015}}

Jordan also believed her second ex-husband, a pharmaceutical executive, was stealing millions of dollars from her and wanted her killed. Both men denied the accusations. No evidence of any crimes committed in connection with the case were found against either of the two men. In November 2014, the jury accepted Jordan's claim of extreme emotional disturbance and found her guilty of first-degree manslaughter in the death of her son. On December 31, 2022, she was found dead at her home hours after U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor revoked her bail.{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/nyc-millionaire-pharma-executive-convicted-killing-autistic-son-found-dead-supreme-court-revokes-bail|title=NYC millionaire pharma executive convicted of killing autistic son found dead after Supreme Court revokes bail|first=Danielle|last=Wallace|publisher=Fox News|date=January 2, 2023|accessdate=January 3, 2023}} Her death was ruled a suicide.{{cite news|url= https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/death-of-pharma-millionaire-who-killed-8-year-old-son-in-manhattan-hotel-ruled-suicide/4029502/|title=Death of Pharma Millionaire Who Killed 8-Year-Old Son in Manhattan Hotel Ruled Suicide|publisher=NBC New York|date=January 4, 2023}}

In 2012, the parents of a young woman with severe intellectual disabilities, autism, and profound communication problems were reunited with their daughter after the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales concluded they had been wrongfully arrested on suspicion of serious sexual assault obtained via FC. The family had been separated for six months. No charges were brought against the parents. Rowan Wilson, a psychiatrist, had, on November 8, 2010, assessed the woman's mental capacity using FC,{{cite news|title=Parents wrongly accused of sexually abusing daughter; lawyers consider next step|last=Shipton|first=Martin|date=November 9, 2012|work=The Western Mail|issue=Edition 1; National Edition|page=15}} though he, admittedly, had no knowledge or experience of the system.{{cite news|title=Daughter taken from parents after unproven abuse claims; Doctor used wrong method to question autistic woman|last=Devine|first=Darren|date=13 November 2012|work=The Western Mail|issue=Edition 1; National Edition|page=15}} He also failed to consider the discrepancy between the woman's language fluency with and without FC. The Medical Practitioners Tribunal Services ruled that Wilson was still fit to practice because "he had shown remorse and insight into the errors he was highly unlikely to repeat." Wilson participated in further training in autism.

In 2018, Jose Cordero spent 35 days in jail and was barred from seeing his family for months after he was accused of abusing his seven-year-old autistic son. The accusations arose through the child's teacher using the "hand-over-hand" method of FC. Miami-Dade prosecutors grew suspicious when, through the facilitator the boy made even more outlandish claims and language not typical for someone that age. After being paired with a different teacher and specialist the child was no longer able to reproduce a single word. Coupled with negative DNA testing this resulted in the charges being dropped. According to a final State Attorney report, "Due to significant inconsistencies within the victim's disclosures coupled with controversial means by which the disclosure was obtained, and a lack of corroborating witnesses, the state would be unable to prove this case beyond a reasonable doubt at this time."{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/crime/article204034704.html|title=How a teacher's 'junk science' landed a dad in jail on charge of raping his autistic son|last1=Ovalle|first1=David|last2=Kyra|first2=Gurney|website=miamiherald.com|publisher=Miami Herald|access-date=April 9, 2018}}

The case raises questions about whether or not the teacher, Saul Fumero, made up the allegations and whether the district was aware he was using a discredited communication method. Fumero acknowledged that he has had no formal training in FC. A Miami-Dade Schools spokeswoman did not say whether the district would review Fumero's actions, but noted that teachers are required by law to immediately report allegations of abuse. The spokeswoman, Daisy Gonzalez-Diego, added that the district "does not endorse the facilitated communication method and does not provide training" for it because it is not accepted by those working in the field of "augmentative and alternative communication".

In January 2021, father of a fifteen-year-old girl with regressive autism (child named SP in court documents), Kevin Plantan was arrested and charged with raping his daughter SP when she was five and nine-years-old. Plantan and SP's mother Smith were divorced and had a contentious relationship. SP lived with her mother in Hanover County, Virginia, and Plantan lived in Naples, Florida. Plantan was arrested based on writings written by SP though a facilitator. Plantan states to podcaster Amanda Knox that he wanted to believe that his daughter had been communicating with her own words over the years they were writing to each other and on his monthly visits with her. When the arresting officer showed him the letter accusing him (Plantan) with abuse, Plantan's first response was devastation that SP was not really writing as he had thought.

The Hanover County Circuit Court judge refused to believe Plantan who was held in prison ten months until he was released clearing him of all charges. Experts such as Howard Shane and James Todd advised Plantan's legal council explaining facilitated communication and the ideomotor effect. The mother, Smith was ordered to test for authorship by Shane. While waiting for the court and Shane to pick a date for the test, Smith withdrew the charges if Plantan would agree to never see their daughter again. The judge believing that Smith was not acting in good faith, released Plantan from prison and eventually the case against Plantan was dropped.

Plantan filled a civil suit "against his ex-wife, the occupational therapists, and the investigating officer for malicious prosecution, but that effort ultimately failed." As of January 2025, Plantan was attempting to rebuild his life, his ex-wife is homeschooling SP and continuing to use FC with her. Plantan has not seen his daughter since before his arrest.{{cite web |last1=Vyse |first1=Stuart |authorlink=Stuart Vyse|title=A Life Shattered by Pseudoscience |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/a-life-shattered-by-pseudoscience/ |website=skepticalinquirer.org |publisher=Center for Inquiry |access-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108175253/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/a-life-shattered-by-pseudoscience/ |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |date=August 19, 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Knox |first1=Amanda|authorlink=Amanda Knox |title=EP 115 - Facilitated Communication (Kevin Plantan) |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ep-115-facilitated-communication-kevin-plantan/id1494368441?i=1000686910940 |website=Labyrinths |access-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201050034/https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ep-115-facilitated-communication-kevin-plantan/id1494368441?i=1000686910940 |archive-date=1 February 2025 |language=English |format=Audio |date=January 29, 2025}}

{{cite web |title=Plantan v. Smith |url=https://casetext.com/case/plantan-v-smith-1 |website=casetext.com |access-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201050352/https://casetext.com/case/plantan-v-smith-1 |archive-date=1 February 2025 |date=October 5, 2023}}

{{Reflist}}

Category:Abuse

Category:Facilitated communication

Abuse allegations made through facilitated communication

Category:Pseudoscience-related lists

Category:False allegations of sex crimes