List of alumina refineries

{{short description|none}}

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This is a list of alumina refineries in the world. The list is incomplete and missing some data.

Smelter-grade alumina refineries

class="wikitable sortable"
Country

! Location

! Coordinates

! data-sort-type="number" |Total Annual Capacity (kt)

! Ownership

Australia

|Nhulunbuy, Northern Territory

|{{coord|12|10|57|S|136|46|55|E|region:AU-NT_type:landmark|name=Gove alumina refinery}}

| 3,500, closed in 2014

| Rio Tinto Alcan

Australia

|Gladstone, Queensland

|{{coord|23|52|1|S|151|17|25|E|region:AU-QLD_type:landmark|name=QAL alumina refinery}}

| 3,954

| 80% Rio Tinto Alcan 20% Rusal{{cite news|title=Alumina Division |publisher=Rusal |url=http://www.rusal.com/business/geography/alumina/ |access-date=2007-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203002210/http://www.rusal.com/business/geography/alumina/ |archive-date=2006-12-03 |url-status=dead }} {{in lang|en}}

Australia

| Yarwun, Queensland

|{{coord|23|49|36|S|151|9|13|E|region:AU-QLD_type:landmark|name=Rio Tinto Yarwun alumina refinery}}

| 3,400

| 100% Rio Tinto{{cite news | title = Rio Tinto - Alumina, aluminium and bauxite - Key data | publisher = Rio Tinto | url = http://www.riotinto.com/whatweproduce/452_aluminium_4336.asp | access-date = 2007-03-14 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001159/http://www.riotinto.com/whatweproduce/452_aluminium_4336.asp | archive-date = 2007-09-27 }} {{in lang|en}}

Australia

| Kwinana, Western Australia

|{{coord|32|11|40|S|115|46|38|E|region:AU-WA_type:landmark|name=Alcoa Kwinana alumina refinery}}

| 2,150

| 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals{{cite news|title=Alumina Limited:: The AWAC Business |publisher=Alumina Limited |url=http://www.aluminalimited.com/index.php?s=awac_biz&ss=global&p=global_op |access-date=2007-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061025041242/http://www.aluminalimited.com/index.php?s=awac_biz&ss=global&p=global_op |archive-date=2006-10-25 |url-status=dead }} {{in lang|en}}

Australia

| Pinjarra, Western Australia

|{{coord|32|38|40|S|115|56|58|E|region:AU-WA_type:landmark|name=Alcoa Pinjarra alumina refinery}}

| 4,200

| 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals

Australia

| Wagerup, Western Australia

|{{coord|32|55|2|S|115|54|50|E|region:AU-WA_type:landmark|name=Alcoa Wagerup alumina refinery}}

| 2,400

| 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals

Australia

| Worsley Alumina, Worsley, Western Australia

|{{coord|33|13|57|S|116|4|6|E|region:AU-WA_type:landmark|name=South32 Worsley alumina refinery}}

| 4,600

| 86% South32, 10% Japan Alumina Associates, 4% Sojitz Alumina{{cite news | title = South32 - Worsley Alumina | publisher = Worsley Alumina| url = http://www.south32.net/our-operations/australia/worsley-alumina}} {{in lang|en}}

Azerbaijan

| Gyandzha Alumina

|{{coord|40|41|29|N|46|24|38|E|region:AZ_type:landmark|name=Ganja alumina refinery}}

| peak of 410 in 1988, closed as of 1997 due to energy issues

| Azeralyuminii{{cite news|title=Alumina Refineries - AME Mineral Economics |publisher=AME Research |url=http://www.ame.com.au/refineries/al/refineries.htm |access-date=2007-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206115758/http://www.ame.com.au/refineries/al/refineries.htm |archive-date=2006-12-06 |url-status=dead }} {{in lang|en}} (Levine, 1996);
DET.Al Holding

Bosnia Herzegovina

| Birac

|{{coord|44|25|10|N|19|6|46|E|region:BA_type:landmark|name=Birac alumina refinery}}

| 600

| Energoinvest Alumina (United Nations 2000)

Bosnia Herzegovina

| Mostar Alumina

|{{coord|43|16|30|N|17|49|14|E|region:BA_type:landmark|name=Mostar alumina refinery}}

|

| Energoinvest Alumina

Brazil

| Alumar, Sao Luis, Maranhao

|{{coord|2|42|32|S|44|20|49|W|region:BR_type:landmark|name=Alumar alumina refinery}}

| 3,500

| 19% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals, 35% Alcoa, 36% South32, 10% Rio Tinto

Brazil

| Pocos De Caldas, Alcominas

| {{coord|21|50|30|S|46|35|24|W|region:BR_type:landmark|name=Pocos De Caldas alumina refinery}}

| 390

| 100% Alcoa

Brazil

| Belem, Alunorte, Barcarena, Pará

|{{coord|1|32|43|S|48|44|4|W|region:BR_type:landmark|name=Alunorte alumina refinery}}

| 6,300{{cite web| title = Alunorte | publisher = Norsk Hydro| url = https://www.hydro.com/en/about-hydro/hydro-worldwide/south-america/brazil/barcarena/alunorte/ | access-date = 2020-06-10 }} {{in lang|en}}

| 86.0% Norsk Hydro, 3.6% CBA, 1.2% Japan Alunorte Investment, 0.1% Mitsubishi Corp., 0.2% Mitsui & Co, 3.8% NAAC{{cite news | title = Companhia Vale do Rio Doce | publisher = Companhia Vale do Rio Doce | url = http://www.cvrd.com.br/ | access-date = 2007-03-15 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060613064018/http://cvrd.com.br/ | archive-date = 2006-06-13 }} {{in lang|en}} (Hydro Aluminium 2004)

Brazil

| Alumínio

| {{coord|23|31|53|S|47|15|59|W|region:BR_type:landmark|name=Alumínio refinery}}

| 940

| 100% Cia Brasileira de Aluminio

Brazil

| Alumina Rondon

| {{coord|4|46|40|S|48|04|02|W|region:BR_type:landmark|name=Alumina Rondon refinery}}

| 3,000 in 2019

| 100% Cia Brasileira de Aluminio

Brazil

| Ouro Preto

| {{coord|20|24|00|S|43|31|19|W|region:BR_type:landmark|name=Alumina refinery}}

| 150

| 66.67% Hindustan Aluminium, 33.33% Novelis

Canada

| Saguenay, Quebec

| {{coord|48|25|37|N|71|9|44|W|region:CA_type:landmark|name=Alcan Vaudreuil refinery}}

| 1,400

| 100% Rio Tinto (Alcan 2006)

China

| Chalco Mining

|

| 2,410

| 100% Chinalco

China

| Chongqing branch

|

| 800

| 100% Chinalco

China

| Guizhou Huajin

|

| 1,600

| 100% Chinalco

China

| Guangxi Pingguo branch

| {{coord|23|20|12|N|107|29|43|E|region:CN_type:landmark|name=Pingguo Al Plant}}

| 2,210

| 100% Chinalco

China

| Chalco Shandong

|

| 2,270

| 100% Chinalco{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1161611/000138713120004040/ach-20f_123119.htm#acha006|title=ALUMINUM CORPORATION OF CHINA LIMITED Form 20-F|date=22 April 2020|publisher=SEC}}

China

| Shanxi New Material Alumina

| {{coord|35|39|24|N|110|40|25|E|region:CN_type:landmark|name=Shanxi New Material Alumina}}

| 2,600

| 100% Chinalco

China

| Shanxi Huaxing

|

| 2,000

| 100% Chinalco

China

| Xinghua Technology

|

| 900

| 100% Chinalco

China

| Dingtai Tuoyuan

|

| 150

|

China

| East Hope (Sanmenxia)

| {{coord|34|44|35|N|111|14|18|E|region:CN_type:landmark|name=Sanmenxia Al Plant}}

| 650

|

China

| Guixi Huayin

|

| 200

|

China

| Jiaokou

|

| 50

|

China

| Kaiman

|

| 1100

|

China

| Lubei

|

| 320

|

China

| Luneng Jinbei

|

| 975

|

China

| Nanchuan

|

| 0

|

China

| Nanshan

|

| 400

|

China

| Pingdingshan

|

| 375

|

China

| Shanxi Tongde

|

| 0

|

China

| Luneng Jinbei

|

| 975

|

China

| Wanji Xiangjiang

| {{coord|34|45|14|N|112|4|20|E|region:CN_type:landmark|name=Wanji Al Plant}}

| 400

|

China

| Weiqiao

|

| 2500

|

China

| Wusheng (Pinglu)

|

| 200

|

China

| Xinfa Huayu (Chiping Xinfa)

|

| 2300

|

China

| Yangquan

|

| 400

|

China

| Yimei

|

| 150

|

China

| Yunnan

|

| 0

|

China

| Zhengzhou

|

| 2490

|

China

| Zhongmei

|

| 83

|

China

| Zhongzhou Aluminum

|{{coord|35|23|14|N|113|27|2|E|region:CN_type:landmark|name=Zhongzhou Aluminium Factory}}

| 3,050

| 100% Chinalco

China

| Zunyi Aluminum

|

| 1,000

| 100% Chinalco

Germany

| Stade Alumina

|

| > 1,000

| Dadco Alumina and Chemicals Ltd, VAW aluminium AG {{cite web| title = Dadco Alumina | publisher = Dadco| url = http://dadcoalumina.com// | access-date = 2021-06-14 }} {{in lang|en}}

Greece

| Distomon Alumina

|

| 830

| 100% Mytilineos Holdings through Rio Tinto through Pechiney

Guinea

| Friguia

|

| 755

| 100% Alumina Company of Guinea

Guinea

| Sangaredi - currently in Feasibility Study

|{{coord|11|5|26|N|13|59|38|W|region:GN_type:landmark|name=Sangaredi alumina refinery}}

| 0

| 33% Global Alumina, 33% BHP, 25% Emirates Global Aluminium, 8.3% Mubadala Development Company PJSC{{cite web

|title = SANGAREDI REFINERY PROJECT BRIEFING PAPER

|publisher = BHP Billiton

|url = http://nyse.10kwizard.com/cgi/image?&ipage=4891415&doc=2&fdl=1&odef=8&dn=2&quest=1&rid=12

|format = PDF

|access-date = 2009-08-30

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707054607/http://nyse.10kwizard.com/cgi/image?&ipage=4891415&doc=2&fdl=1&odef=8&dn=2&quest=1&rid=12

|archive-date = 2011-07-07

}}{{in lang|en}}

India

| Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, re-named to Pioneer Aluminum Industries Limited in 2007

|{{coord|17|35|34|N|82|45|8|E|region:IN_type:landmark|name=AAL G.Koduru, Makavarapalem}}

|1500

|Penna Group (68%), Rescom Group through its investment arm KCap Holdings (26%) and others, since 2021.

India

| Belgaum, Karnataka

|

| 390

| Indal, Hindalco (United Nations 2000)

India

| NALCO, Damanjodi, Odisha

|{{coord|18|46|26|N|82|53|37|E|region:IN_type:landmark|name=Nalco Damanjodi Alumina Refinery}}

| 2,275

| NALCO (United Nations 2000)

India

| Gujarat Alumina Project

|

|

|

India

| Korba Alumina, Chhattisgarh

|{{coord|22|23|39|N|82|43|53|E|region:IN_type:landmark|name=Balco Korba Aluminium Complex}}

| 205

| Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative, Sterlite Industries (United Nations 2000)

India

| Vedanta Alumina, Lanjigarh, Odisha

|{{coord|19|42|24|N|83|22|00|E|region:IN_type:landmark|name=Vedanta Alumina Lanjigarh}}

| 1000 (to be 1400 in 2011)

| Vedanta Resources

India

| Mettur Alumina, Tamil Nadu

| {{coord|11|48|32|N|77|49|44|E|type:landmark}}

| 100

| Malco, Sterlite Industries (United Nations 2000)

India

| Muri Alumina

|

| 120

| Indal, Hindalco (United Nations 2000)

India

| Renukoot Alumina, Uttar Pradesh

|

| 700

| Hindalco (United Nations 2000)

India

| Utkal Alumina International Limited, Doraguda, Rayagada, Odisha

|{{coord|19|11|23|N|83|1|43|E|region:IN_type:landmark|name=Utkal Alumina Refinery}}

| 1500

| Hindalco

Iran

|Jajarm

Ireland

| Aughinish

|{{coord|52|37|35|N|9|3|53|W|region:IE_type:landmark|name=Aughinish alumina refinery}}

| 1,900

| United Company of Rusal 100%{{cite web|url=http://www.rusal.com/index.php?lang=eng&topic=3&subtopic=57&subtopic2=71&subtopic3=246 |title=RUSAL - Aughinish Alumina |access-date=2007-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927154010/http://www.rusal.com/index.php?lang=eng&topic=3&subtopic=57&subtopic2=71&subtopic3=246 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }} (Rusal 2007)

Italy

| Eurallumina

|{{coord|39|12|26|N|8|23|50|E|region:IT_type:landmark|name=Euralumina alumina refinery}}

| 0 - closed 2009

|United Company of Rusal 100%{{cite web|url=http://www.rusal.com/index.php?lang=eng&topic=3&subtopic=57&subtopic2=71&subtopic3=248 |title=RUSAL - Euralumina |access-date=2007-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927153948/http://www.rusal.com/index.php?lang=eng&topic=3&subtopic=57&subtopic2=71&subtopic3=248 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }} (Rusal 2007)

Jamaica

| Clarendon

|

| 1,400

| 50% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals, 50% Jamaican Government

Jamaica

| Ewarton Alumina

|

| 675

| Jamaican Government, United Company of Rusal

Jamaica

| Nain St. Elizabeth (Alpart)

|

| 1,700

| 65% United Company of Rusal, 35% Hydro Aluminium

Jamaica

| Kirkvine Alumina

|

| 625

| Jamaican Government, United Company of Rusal

Japan

| Ehime

|

| 0

| 100% Sumitomo Chemical

Japan

| SAL Yokohama Alumina

|

| 0

| 100% Showa Denko KK

Japan

| Shimizu Alumina

|

| 0

| 100% Nippon Light Metal (United Nations 2000)

Kazakhstan

| Pavlodar Alumina

|

| 1,540

| 100% Alkaz (United Nations 2000)

Montenegro

| Podgorica Alumina

|

| 0

| Kombinat Aluminijuma Podgorica, CAV (United Nations 2000)

Romania

| Oradea

|

| 400

| shut down in 2002

Romania

| Tulcea

|

| 600, stopped production June 2022{{cite web | url=https://www.romania-insider.com/alum-tulcea-stops-production-jun-2022 | title=Alumina producer stops production in Romania amid high cost of energy | date=30 June 2022 }}

| 100% Alro SA, Slatina

Russia

| Achinsk Alumina Refinery

|

| 1,100

| 100% United Company of Rusal

Russia

| Bauxitogorsk

|

| 186

| 100% United Company of Rusal

Russia

| Bogoslovsk

| {{coord|59|46|42|N|60|10|12|E|region:RU_type:landmark|name=Bogoslovsk alumina refinery}}

| 1100

| 100% United Company of Rusal

Russia

| Komi Aluminium Project, Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic

|

| 1,400 (Under Construction)

| United Company of Rusal

Russia

| Ural Aluminium Smelter, Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk Region

| {{coord|56|22|17|N|61|58|14|E|region:RU_type:landmark|name=Ural Aluminium Smelter}}

| 750

| United Company of Rusal (United Nations 2000)

Russia

| Pikalevo Alumina Refinery, Leningrad region

|

| 268

| 100% United Company of Rusal{{cite news | title = Operating Locations | publisher = SUAL Group | url = http://www.sual.com/company/locations/ | access-date = 2007-03-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070131010612/http://www.sual.com/company/locations/ |archive-date = 2007-01-31}} {{in lang|en}} (United Nations 2000)

Russia

| Volkhov Alumina

|

| 400

| 100% North-West Aluminium (United Nations 2000)

Saudi Arabia

| Ma'aden

|

| 1,800

| 25.1% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals

Spain

| San Ciprian

|43º41'56"N 7º27'50W

| 1,530

| 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals

Slovakia

| Slovalco

|

| 0 - since at least 2010 only aluminum, not alumina, produced by the company

| 100% Zavod SNP (United Nations 2000)

Slovenia

| Talum Alumina

|

| 0 - since at least 2010 only aluminum, not alumina, produced by the company

| 100% Eti Holding S.A.

Suriname

| Paranam

| {{coord|5|35|35.91|N|55|6|11.11|W|region:SR_type:landmark|name=Paranam alumina refinery}}

| 0

| 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals

Turkey

| Seydisehir Alumina

|

| 200

| 100% Eti Holding S.A. (United Nations 2000)

Ukraine

| Zaporizhzhia Aluminium Combine, Zaporizhzhia City

| {{coord|47|53|27|N|35|12|14|E|region:UA_type:landmark|name=Zaporizhzhia Aluminium Combine refinery}}

| 270

| United Company of Rusal

Ukraine

| Mykolaiv Alumina Refinery

|

| 1421

| 100% United Company of Rusal

United Arab Emirates

| Al-Taweelah Alumina Refinery

| {{coord|24|47|33|N|54|42|28|E|region:AE_type:landmark|name=Al-Taweelah Alumina Refinery}}

| 2,000

| 100% Emirates Global Aluminium{{cite web | title = EGA's Operations Al Taweela | publisher = Emirates Global Aluminium | url = https://www.ega.ae/en/about-us/operations/al-taweelah-alumina-refinery | access-date = 2020-06-09}}

United Kingdom

| Burntisland

|

| 120 (closed 2002)

| 100% Rio Tinto (United Nations 2000)

USA

| Gramercy, Louisiana

|{{coord|30|2|19.5|N|90|49|47.6|W|region:US_type:landmark|name=Noranda Alumina refinery}}

| 1,215 (close to 50% specialty alumina)

| New Day Aluminum{{cite web|url=https://www.amm.com/Article/3827217/Nonferrous/New-Day-to-add-new-alumina-line-at-Gramercy.html|title=New Day to add new alumina line at Gramercy | American Metal Market | Fastmarkets AMM }}

US Virgin Islands

| St Croix

|

| 600 (closed since 2000)

| 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals (Plunkert 1997){{cite news | title = Untitled | publisher = Brownfields Recovery Corp. | url = http://www.brownrecov.com/stcroix_press6-02.htm | access-date = 2007-03-16 | archive-date = 2007-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000740/http://www.brownrecov.com/stcroix_press6-02.htm | url-status = dead }} {{in lang|en}}

USA

| Burnside, Louisiana

|{{coord|30|8|17|N|90|55|23|W|region:US_type:landmark|name=Almatis Burnside alumina refinery}}

| 560 (closed 2020){{cite web|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/business/article_5830cb98-f90f-11ea-bbf5-073da72e57be.html|title=Hundreds of laid-off workers from shuttered Burnside plant say they're still owed benefits |date=4 October 2020 }}

| 100% Almatis

USA

| Corpus Christi

|{{coord|27|53|0|N|97|15|32|W|region:US_type:landmark|name=Sherwin Corpus Christi alumina refinery}}

| 1,610 (closed 2016)

| Sherwin Alumina Company,{{cite news | title = Sherwin Alumina Company | publisher = Sherwin Alumina Company| url = http://www.sherwinalumina.com/ | access-date = 2007-03-16}} {{in lang|en}} wholly owned by Glencore{{Cite web |url=http://www.kristv.com/story/32590148/sherwin-alumina-to-close-gregory-plant |title=Sherwin Alumina to close Gregory plant |access-date=2017-06-12 |archive-date=2018-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306023557/http://www.kristv.com/story/32590148/sherwin-alumina-to-close-gregory-plant |url-status=dead }}

USA

| Point Comfort, Texas

|{{coord|28|39|3|N|96|33|45|W|region:US_type:landmark|name=Point Comfort alumina refinery}}

| 2,330 (idled 2016, closed 2020)

| 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals

Venezuela

| Bauxilum

|

| 2,000

| Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana{{cite news | title = CVG-Bauxilum | publisher = CVG-Bauxilum | url = http://www.bauxilum.com/englishversion/finances.php | access-date = 2007-03-16}} {{in lang|en}}

Venezuela

| Venalum

|

| 0

| Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana

Vietnam

| Lam Dong Project

|

| 0

| Pechiney, CAV

Vietnam

| Tan Rai Alumina Project

|

| 0

|

Specialty alumina plants

class="wikitable"
Country

! Location

! Total Annual Capacity (kt)

! Ownership

Canada

| Brockville, Ontario

| 20

| 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)

Canada

| Saguenay, Quebec

| 180

| 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)

China

| Zhengzhou Institute

| 20

| 100% Chinalco

France

| Beyrede

| 28

| 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)

France

| Gardanne

| 650

| 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006), specialty alumina only since 2007

France

| La Bathie

| 31

| 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)

Germany

| Martinswerk Alumina

|

| 100% Albemarle Corporation

Germany

| Teutschenthal

| 28

| 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)

Germany

|Schwandorf

|265

|Nabaltec AG since 1994{{Cite web |title=Investor Relations |url=https://nabaltec.de/investor-relations |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=nabaltec.de}}

Hungary

| Ajka

|

| 100% Silkem Hungary, specialty alumina only since 2013

Hungary

| MOTIM-Magyarovar Alumina

| 75

| GPS Kft.,{{cite web|url=https://www.magyarhirlap.hu/belfold/20210208-felfaltak-mara-a-baloldal-vezetojet-a-motim-kishalai |title=Felfalták mára a baloldal vezetőjét a Motim kishalai }} specialty alumina only since 2002

India

| Hindalco, Belgaum Alumina Refinery

| 138

| 100% Hindalco

Russia

| Boksitogorsk Alumina Refinery

|

| 100% United Company of Rusal

USA

| Baton Rouge, Louisiana

| specialty alumina only{{cite web|url=https://www.bicmagazine.com/stallworth-honeywell-uop-baton-rouge-plan-for-major-investment/| title=Stallworth, Honeywell UOP Baton Rouge plan for major investment - BIC Magazine | date=4 November 2013 }}

| 100% Honeywell{{cite web|url=http://www.honeywell-uopbatonrouge.com/message-from-the-plant-manager/|title=Honeywell - Baton Rouge UOP - Plant Manager Message - UOP BatonRouge}}

USA

| Gregory, Texas (closed 2016)

| 300

| Sherwin Alumina Company[http://archive.caller.com/news/energy-effects/sherwin-alumina-co-plans-to-close-gregory-plant-390491d0-d67e-74c2-e053-0100007f000f-388841571.html Sherwin Alumina closes Gregory plant]

Korea

|Mopko

| 180

|South Korea General Chemical Corporation

See also

References

{{Reflist|2}}

Sources

  • Alcan, (2006). An Evolving Alcan: Alcan Facts 2006, Canada: Alcan.
  • Platt's Metal Week, 27 October 1997, p. 6
  • Plunkert, P (1997). Bauxite and Alumina, United States Geological Survey
  • Hydro Aluminium, (2004). Shaping Solutions for the Future, Oslo: Hydro Media.
  • United Nations, (2000). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: Recent and Planned Changes in Production Capacity for Bauxite, Alumina and Aluminium

{{GeoGroup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Alumina Refineries}}

Alumina refineries

Refineries, alumina

ι