List of cardinal-nephews
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
File:Tizian 065.jpg, a cardinal-nephew of Pope Clement VII and illegitimate son of Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici|alt=portrait of Ippolito de' Medici]]
A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a pope who was his uncle, or more generally, his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages, and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries.Bunson, Matthew. 1995. "[http://media.isnet.org/kristen/Ensiklopedia/CardinalNephew.html Cardinal Nephew]." The Pope Encyclopedia. Crown Trade Paperbacks. {{ISBN|0-517-88256-6}}. From the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) until Pope Innocent XII's anti-nepotism bull, Romanum decet pontificem (1692), nearly every pope who appointed cardinals appointed at least one relative to the College of Cardinals,Until Pope Innocent XII, the only exceptions were popes who did not appoint the cardinals at all (Pope Pius III, Pope Marcellus II, Pope Urban VII, Pope Leo XI) and Pope Adrian VI (who appointed only one cardinal). including every Renaissance-era pope.
Although nephews were the most common relation to be elevated to the College, other family members included sons and grandsons (whether legitimate, illegitimate, or adopted), brothers, grandnephews, cousins and even uncles.Vidmar, John. 2005. The Catholic Church Through The Ages: A History. Paulist Press. {{ISBN|0-8091-4234-1}}. At least 15, and possibly as many as 19 cardinal-nephews were later elected pope (Gregory IX, Alexander IV, Adrian V, Gregory XI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, Eugene IV, Paul II, Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X, Clement VII, Benedict XIII, and Pius VII, perhaps also John XIX, Benedict IX, if they were really promoted cardinals, as well as Innocent III and Benedict XII, if in fact they were related to their elevators). One became antipope (John XXIII), and two or three were canonized (Charles Borromeo, Guarinus of Palestrina, and perhaps Anselm of Lucca, if in fact he was really elected cardinal).{{#tag:ref|Miranda, citing older authors such as Alphonsus Ciacconius, says that Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado della Suburra) was probably a nephew of his elevator Honorius II;Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1127.htm#Suburra Consistory of 1127]". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. however, modern scholars are in agreement that Corrado was created by Paschalis II, and deny or do not mention his relationship with Honorius II.(Brixius, p. 36 and 78; Klewitz, p. 128; Hüls, p. 128 and 201; Zenker, p. 46–48)|group="n"}}
Similarly created cardinals include cardinal-nephews of antipopes and papal relatives made cardinals by other popes.
Notes on symbols
Because statements concerning the familial ties of popes and cardinals prior to 14th century are often of much later origin, some sources regard their factual accuracy as dubious. Thus, individuals are marked with:
- File:Question mark.svg, when the existence of the familial relationship is disputed, or
- File:Berretta cardinalizia.png, when their promotion to the cardinalate is disputed.
Occupants of the curial office of the Cardinal Nephew are denoted with †.
11th century
File:B Benedikt VIII.jpg elevated his cousin, brother, and nephew to the cardinalate.|alt=Portrait of Pope Benedict VIII]]
| class=wikitable
!width="200"|Elevating pope !width="200"|Cardinal-nephew !width="200"|Date of elevation !width="200"|Relationship !width="200"|Notes |
| rowspan=3|Benedict VIII (1012–1024) |Lotario (or Loctarius), seniore |File:Berretta cardinalizia.pngcirca 1015 |Cousin Authors which affirm his cardinalate do not mention any documentary proof to attest his existence and promotion (cf. [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1015.htm#Segni The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: consistory of 1015]; retrieved 15 September 2009; and Cardella, vol. I pt 1, p. 93). His name does not appear in the papal registers of that time (cf. [http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 911–1024) and Abhandlung II. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102325/http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ |date=17 July 2009 }} ; retrieved 15 September 2009; Ph. Jaffè: Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. I, Leipzig 1885, p. 506-529; P. F. Kehr: Italia Pontificia, vol. I, Berlin 1906; J. P. Migne: Patrologia Latina, vol. 139 col. 1577–1638, vol. 141 col. 1115–1156 and 1343–1370) and is not mentioned in the genealogies of the family of Pope Benedict VIII; {{cite journal | last=Brook | first=Lindsay Leonard | date=January 2003 | title=Popes and pornocrats: Rome in the early middle ages | journal=Foundations | volume=1 | number=1 | pages=5-21, at pp. 5-17 | publication-place=Hereford, UK | publisher=Foundation for Medieval Genealogy | issn=1479-5078 | url=http://fmg.ac/phocadownload/userupload/foundations1/issue1/05Popes.pdf}}; F. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. 4 pt. 1, London 1905, p. 6 and 19. Therefore, the existence of this cardinal remains uncertain. |
| Giovanni
|File:Berretta cardinalizia.png,Unknown |Brother |Future Pope John XIXAccording to his biography in {{BBKL|j/Johannes_XIX|band=3|autor= Udo Tavares|artikel=Johannes XIX., Papst|spalten=220–224}}; and {{Cite CE1913 |wstitle=Pope John XIX (XX) |title=Pope John XIX |last=Kirsch |first=J. P. }} he was a layman at the time of his election to the papacy |
| Teofilatto
|File:Berretta cardinalizia.png,Unknown |NephewNephew to both Benedict VIII and John XIX |Future Pope Benedict IXMiranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xi.htm 11th Century (999–1099)]." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.According to [http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/mittelalter/paepste/benedikt_9_papst_+_1055.html Genealogie-Mittelalter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624093207/http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/mittelalter/paepste/benedikt_9_papst_+_1055.html |date=24 June 2010 }}; retrieved 1 September 2009; he was a layman when elected pope. Biographical entries by {{Cite CE1913 |wstitle=Pope Benedict IX |title=Pope Benedict IX |last=Mann |first=Horace }} and {{BBKL|b/benedikt_ix_p|band=1|autor= Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz|artikel=Benedikt IX., Papst|spalten=484–485}}; do not mention his cardinalate |
| John XIX (1024–1032) |Pietro For the date of promotion see [http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ Regesta Imperii Online. Abhandlung III. Band 5 (Papstregesten 1024–1058) nr 71] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102325/http://regesten.regesta-imperii.de/ |date=17 July 2009 }} ; retrieved 15 September 2009 |Cousin |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040416023825/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/crescentier_tuskulaner/petrus_bischof_von_silva_candida_%2B_1049.html Genealogie-Mittelalter: Petrus von Silva Candida]; retrieved 15 September 2009 |
| Benedict IX (1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048) |Giovanni |before April 1044 |Nephew |
| Alexander II (1061–1073) |File:Berretta cardinalizia.pngCirca 1062 |Brother or nephew |{{#tag:ref|Several modern sources do not mention his cardinalate.Hüls, Ganzer, Klewitz, Robinson.|group="n"}} |
| Urban II (1088–1099) |Circa 1095 |Nephew |{{#tag:ref|The source for the statement that Odon was nephew of Urban II is Ferdinando Ughelli (1594–1670), considered reliable by Klewitz because he was able to verify Ughelli's other statements concerning that cardinal.Klewitz, p. 115 no. 4 and pp. 159–160. Date of his promotion is given according to Hüls, who does not mention this relationship.Hüls, pp. 103–104.|group="n"}} |
12th century
File:B Johannes XIX.jpg, the first cardinal-nephew elected pope|alt=Portrait of Pope John XIX]]
File:Innozenz3.jpg created an unprecedented four cardinal-nephews.|alt=Portrait of Pope Innocent III]]
| class=wikitable
!width="200"|Elevating pope !width="200"|Cardinal-nephew !width="200"|Date of elevation !width="200"|Relationship !width="200"|Notes |
| Callixtus II (1119–1124) |File:Berretta cardinalizia.png1120 |Nephew |Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm 12th Century (1099–1198)]." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.{{#tag:ref|Etienne de Bar, who was nephew of Callixtus II and bishop of Metz 1120–1163, is commonly identified with cardinal Stephanus of S. Maria Cosmedin, who appears in the papal bulls between 1120–1128, but Ganzer considers it erroneous that de Bar was a cardinal.Ganzer, pp. 79–80. Hüls also reject this identification and adds that cardinal Stephanus of S. Maria in Cosmedin was probably brother of cardinal Giovanni of Crema.Hüls, pp. 232–233.|group="n"}} |
| rowspan=2|Innocent II (1130–1143) |1134/1137 |File:Question mark.svgNephew |{{#tag:ref|Brixius and Zenker say nothing of his origins, including any relationship to Innocent IIBrixius, p. 42, and Zenker, p. 49.|group="n"}} |
| Pietro Papareschi
|17 September 1143 |File:Question mark.svgBrother |{{#tag:ref|His relationship with Innocent II is not attested in the contemporary sources and nothing is known about his life except his first name (Petrus) and cardinalatial title (bishop of Albano).Brixius, pp. 45 and 93, and Zenker, p. 49.|group="n"}} |
| rowspan=2|Lucius II (1144–1145) |19 May 1144 |File:Question mark.svgCousin or nephew |{{#tag:ref|Others deny his relationship with Lucius II.Brixius, p. 103, and Maleczek, p. 248 note 283.|group="n"}} |
| St. Guarinus of Palestrina
|22 December 1144 |Relative |Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1144-iv.htm Consistory of December 1144]". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.{{#tag:ref|There is a consensus that he was related to Lucius II,Brixius, p. 51; Zenker, pp. 41 and 218; and Robinson, p. 51. with the exception of Maleczek, who says that this is not attested in the contemporary sources.Maleczek, p. 248 note 283.|group="n"}} |
| Adrian IV (1154–1159) |21 December 1156 |File:Question mark.svgNephew |{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Boso (Breakspear)}}Zenker, pp. 149–150; Robinson, pp. 254–255; c.f. Brixius, pp. 113–114 |
| rowspan=2|Lucius III (1181–1185) |File:Berretta cardinalizia.pngCirca 1182 |Nephew |{{#tag:ref|Several sources doubt his promotion to the cardinalate indicating that he is confused with Cardinal Uberto Crivelli, future Pope Urban III, since they both are listed as cardinals of the title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso at the same time (1182–1185).Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/titles-3.htm#Damaso Title of S. Lorenzo in Damaso (note 6)]". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. Kartusch, p. 198 note 4, concluded that he should be removed from the list of the cardinals promoted by Lucius III. See also Ganzer, p. 174 CardellaL. Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, Rome 1792, I, pt. 2, pp. 142–143. affirms his cardinalate, but raises the possibility of confusion with Uberto Crivelli.|group="n"}} |
| Gerardo
|18 December 1182 |File:Question mark.svgNephew |{{#tag:ref|Both MaleczekMaleczek, p. 78. and MirandaMiranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1182-ii.htm consistory of 1182]". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. say that although many sources consider him a kinsman of Lucius III, this relationship is not proven.|group="n"}} |
| rowspan=2|Clement III (1187–1191) |rowspan=2 |22 September 1190 |File:Question mark.svgUnknown |Future Pope Innocent III{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Pope Innocent III}}{{#tag:ref|The tradition of identifying Innocent III as nephew of Clement III may result from an onomastic confusion.Michele Maccarrone, "Innocenzo III prima del pontificato," Archivo della R. Deputatazione romana di Storia patria, 1943, p. 66.H. Tillmann, "Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardenalizio nel XII secolo", II/2. Identificazione dei cardinali del secolo XII di provenienza Romana", Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia, 1975, p. 371. Maleczek does not mention a relationship.Maleczek, pp. 101–104.|group="n"}} |
| Niccolò Scolari
|Nephew |Kartusch, pp. 284–28; Maleczek, pp. 97–98.{{#tag:ref|In older historiography, he is listed as Niccolò Boboni, nephew of Celestine III, created by this pope in 1191,Cardella, L. Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa, Rome 1792, I, pt. 2, p. 189.Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1191.htm#Bobone Consistory of 1191]". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. but Kartusch and Maleczek cite two contemporary documents in which pope Celestine III explicitly calls him nephew of his predecessor Clement III.|group="n"}} |
| rowspan=2|Celestine III (1191–1198) |Bobo |rowspan=2 |20 February 1193 |Relative |Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1193.htm Consistory of 1193]". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009.Maleczek, p. 111 |
| Giovanni di San Paolo
|File:Question mark.svgNephew |{{#tag:ref|Maleczek says that the theory that Giovanni di San Paolo was nephew of Celestine III is based on the very uncertain identification of the future cardinal with a papal subdeacon who served as legate in France ca. 1191 and is attested as nephew of Celestine III; therefore, the status of Giovanni di San Paolo as cardinal-nephew remains uncertain.Maleczek, p. 114.|group="n"}} |
| rowspan=4|Innocent III (1198–1216) |19 December 1198 |Cousin |Future Pope Gregory IXMiranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/consistories-xiii.htm 13th Century (1198–1303)]." Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. |
| Giovanni dei Conti di Segni
|Cousin |
| Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni
|27 May 1206Maleczek, pp. 289–290 |Cousin |
| Stefano Conti
|Unknown |
13th century
File:B Alexander IV.jpg, a cardinal-nephew of Gregory IX, himself a cardinal-nephew of Innocent III, who was a cardinal-nephew of Clement III|alt=Portrait of Pope Alexander IV]]
14th century
File:Façade du Palais des Papes.jpg (1309–1377) produced an unprecedented number of cardinal-nephews.|alt=The façade of the Palais des Papes]]
File:Clemente V cappellone degli Spagnoli.JPG, the first Avignon Pope, created an unprecedented four or five cardinal-nephews on the same day.|alt=Portrait of Pope Clement V]]
File:01 Clément VI (Fresque de la chapelle Saint-Martial du palais des papes).jpg created more cardinal-nephews than any other pontiff.|alt=Portrait of Pope Clement VI]]
15th century
File:pietrobarbo.jpg, cardinal-nephew of Eugene IV, who was cardinal-nephew of Gregory XII|alt=Portrait of Pope Paul II]]
File:PiusIIcardinalnephew.jpg names his nephew Francesco Piccolomini (future Pope Pius III) cardinal.]]
| class=wikitable
!width="200"|Elevating pope !width="200"|Cardinal-nephew !width="200"|Date of elevation !width="200"|Relationship !width="200"|Notes |
| Innocent VII (1404–1406) |12 June 1405 |Nephew |
| rowspan=3|Gregory XII (1406–1415) |rowspan=2|9 May 1408 |Nephew, son of Filippo Correr |
| Gabriele Condulmer
|Nephew, son of Beriola Correr |
| Angelo Barbarigo
|19 September 1408 |Nephew, son of Caterina Correr |
| Martin V (1417–1431) |24 May 1426 |Nephew, son of Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna |
| rowspan=2|Eugene IV (1431–1447) |19 September 1431 |Nephew |
| Pietro Barbo
|1 July 1440 |Nephew, son of Polissena Condulmer |
| Nicholas V (1447–1455) |20 December 1448 |Half-brother |
| rowspan=2|Callixtus III (1455–1458) |rowspan=2|20 February 1456 |Nephew |
| Rodrigo Borja
|Nephew |
| rowspan=3|Pius II (1458–1464) |rowspan=2|5 March 1460 |Nephew |
| Niccolò Fortiguerra
|Relative on mother's side |
| Giacomo Ammannati-Piccolomini
|18 December 1461 |Adopted |
| rowspan=3|Paul II (1464–1471) |18 September 1467 |Unknown |
| Giovanni Battista Zeno
|rowspan=2|21 November 1468 |Unknown |
| Giovanni Michiel
|Unknown |
| rowspan=6|Sixtus IV (1471–1484) |rowspan=2|16 December 1471 |Unknown |
| Giuliano della Rovere
|Unknown |
| Girolamo Basso della Rovere
|rowspan=3|10 December 1477 |Unknown |
| Raffaele Riario
|Unknown |
| Cristoforo della Rovere
|Unknown |
| Domenico della Rovere
|10 February 1478 |Unknown |
| rowspan=4|Innocent VIII (1484–1492) |rowspan=2|9 March 1489 |Unknown |
| Giovanni de' Medici
|Relative |Future Pope Leo XWilliams, 2004, p. 71. |
| Pantaleone Cybo
|rowspan=2|9 March 1489 |Nephew |
| Niccolò Cybo
|Nephew |
| rowspan=10|Alexander VI (1492–1503) |Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor |31 August 1492 |Son of cousin |
| Cesare Borgia
|rowspan=2|20 September 1493 |Son |Resigned 18 August 1498Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. 2005. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-84154-2}}. p. 102. |
| Giuliano Cesarini, iuniore
|Brother-in-law of daughter, Gerolama Borgia |
| Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el menor
|19 February 1496 |Grandnephew |
| Amanieu d'Albret
|rowspan=2|20 March 1500 |Brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia |
| Pedro Luis de Borja Lanzol de Romaní
|Grandnephew |
| Francisco de Borja
|rowspan=2|28 September 1500 |Disputed relationship |
| Juan de Vera
|Relative |
| Juan Castellar y de Borja
|rowspan=2 |31 May 1503 |Cousin of Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor |
| Francisco Lloris y de Borja
|Grandnephew |
16th century
File:Portrait of Pope Leo X and his cousins, cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi (by Raphael).jpg with his cousins Giulio de' Medici (left, future Pope Clement VII) and Luigi de' Rossi (right), whom he appointed as cardinals|alt=Portrait of Pope Leo X with future Pope Clement VII and Cardinal Luigi de' Rossi]]
File:Giovanni Salviati.jpg|alt=Portrait of Giovanni Salviati]]
File:Tizian 068.jpg with his cardinal-nephew Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (left) and his other grandson (right), Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma|alt=Portrait of Pope Paul III with Alessandro Farnese and Ottavio Farnese]]
File:Titian - Ranuccio Farnese - Google Art Project.jpg was made cardinal by Paul III at the age of 15.|alt=Portrait of RAnuccio Farnese]]
File:Carlo Borromeo.jpg, one of the few canonized cardinal-nephews|alt=Portrait of Charles Borromeo]]
| class=wikitable
!width="200"|Elevating pope !width="200"|Cardinal-nephew !width="200"|Date of elevation !width="200"|Relationship !width="200"|Notes |
| rowspan=5|Julius II (1503–1513) |rowspan=2|29 November 1503 |Unknown |
| Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere
|Unknown |
| Marco Vigerio della Rovere
|rowspan=2|1 December 1505 |Distant relative |
| Leonardo Grosso della Rovere
|Cousin |
| Sisto Gara della Rovere
|11 September 1507 |Unknown |
| rowspan=7|Leo X (1513–1521) |rowspan=2|23 September 1513 |Cousin |
| Innocenzo Cybo
|Unknown |
| Luigi de' Rossi
|rowspan=5|1 July 1517 |Cousin |
| Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici
|Adopted as son |
| Franciotto Orsini
|Son of Orso Orsini di Monteredondo |
| Giovanni Salviati
|Son of Lucrezia de' Medici |
| Niccolò Ridolfi
|Son of Contessina de' Medici |
| rowspan=2|Clement VII (1523–1534) |3 May 1527 |Related through Catherine de' Medici |
| Ippolito de' Medici
|10 January 1529 |Illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici |
| rowspan=6|Paul III (1534–1549) |rowspan=2|18 December 1534 |Grandson |
| Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora
|Grandson |
| Niccolò Caetani
|22 December 1536 |Son of cousin |
| Tiberio Crispo
|19 December 1544 |Brother, on his mother's side, of pope's daughter Costanza Farnese, possibly natural son of Paul III |
| Ranuccio Farnese
|16 December 1545 |Grandson |
| Giulio Feltre della Rovere
|27 July 1547 |Relative |
| rowspan=5|Julius III (1550–1555) |30 May 1550 |Adopted |
| Cristoforo Guidalotti Ciocchi del Monte
|rowspan=2|20 November 1551 |Cousin |
| Fulvio della Corgna
|Nephew on his mother's side |
| Roberto de Nobili
|rowspan=2|22 December 1553 |Grandnephew |
| Girolamo Simoncelli
|Grandnephew |
| rowspan=3|Paul IV (1555–1559) |7 June 1555 |Unknown |
| Diomede Carafa
|20 December 1555 |Relative |
| Alfonso Carafa
|15 March 1557 |Grandnephew |
| rowspan=8|Pius IV (1559–1565) |rowspan=2|31 January 1560 |Cousin of Charles Borromeo |
| St. Charles Borromeo
|Nephew |
| Mark Sittich von Hohenems (or Marco Sittico d'Altemps
|rowspan=3|26 February 1561 |Nephew |
| |Alfonso Gesualdo
|Brother-in-law of Charles Borromeo |
| Gianfrancesco Gàmbara
|Stepbrother of Charles Borromeo |
| Francesco Alciati
|rowspan=3|12 March 1565 |Relative |
| Guido Luca Ferrero
|Cousin of Charles Borromeo |
| Gianfrancesco Commendone
|Relative |
| rowspan=2|Pius V (1566–1572) |6 March 1566 |Grandnephew |
| Girolamo Rusticucci
|17 May 1570 |Relative |
| rowspan=3|Gregory XIII (1572–1585) |2 June 1572 |Unknown |Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 142. |
| Filippo Guastavillani
|5 July 1574 |Unknown |
| Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora
|12 December 1583 |Relative through his sister Costanza, wife of pope's son |
| Sixtus V (1585–1590) |Alessandro Peretti di Montalto† |13 May 1585 |Unknown |Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 92. |
| rowspan=2|Gregory XIV (1590–1591) |19 December 1590 |Unknown |
| Flaminio Piatti
|6 March 1591 |Relative |
| Innocent IX (1591) |Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti de Nuce† |18 December 1591 |Grandnephew |
| rowspan=5|Clement VIII (1592–1605) |rowspan=2|17 September 1593 |Nephew |
| Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini†
|Nephew |Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 81. |
| Silvestro Aldobrandini
|17 September 1603 |Grandnephew |
| Giovanni Battista Deti
|rowspan=2|3 March 1599 |Relative |
| Bonifazio Bevilacqua Aldobrandini
|Adopted while already a cardinal on 3 April 1601 |
17th century
File:Pierre legros, monumento a gregorio XV e al cardinale ludovico ludovisi, 1709-1717, 02.jpg and his cardinal-nephew Ludovico Ludovisi|alt=The tomb of Pope Gregory XV]]
File:Camillo Astalli by Diego Velázquez, 1650.jpg, painted by Velasquez|alt=Portrait of Camillo Pamphili]]
| class=wikitable
!width="200"|Elevating pope !width="200"|Cardinal-nephew !width="200"|Date of elevation !width="200"|Relationship !width="200"|Notes |
| rowspan=3|Paul V (1605–1621) |Scipione Borghese Caffarelli† |18 July 1605 |Nephew |
| Giambattista Leni
|24 November 1608 |Distant relative |
| Tiberio Muti
|2 December 1615 |Unknown |
| rowspan=2|Gregory XV (1621–1623) |15 February 1621 |Nephew |
| Marcantonio Gozzadini
|21 July 1621 |Cousin |
| rowspan=5|Urban VIII (1623–1644) |2 October 1623 |Nephew |
| Lorenzo Magalotti
|rowspan=2|7 October 1624 |Brother-in-law of Brother |
| Antonio Marcello Barberini
|Brother |
| Antonio Barberini
|30 August 1627 |Nephew |
| Francesco Maria Macchiavelli
|6 December 1641 |Relative |
| rowspan=3|Innocent X (1644–1655) |Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili† |14 November 1644 |Son of Innocent X's sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini |
| Francesco Maidalchini†
|7 October 1647 |Nephew of Olimpia Maidalchini |
| Camillo Astalli†
|19 September 1650 |Cousin of Olimpia Maidalchini |Deprived of the title of nipote in February 1654Miranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1650.htm#Astalli Consistory of 19 September 1650]". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. |
| rowspan=2|Alexander VII (1655–1667) |rowspan=2|9 April 1657 |Nephew |
| Antonio Bichi
|Unknown |
| Clement IX (1667–1669) |12 December 1667 |Nephew |
| rowspan=2|Clement X (1670–1676) |Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni† |24 January 1664 |Adopted while already a cardinal |Signorotto, Gianvittorio, and Visceglia, Maria Antonietta, 2002, p. 153.Williams, 2004, p. 119.Levillain, 2002, p. 468. |
| Vincenzo Maria Orsini
|22 February 1672 |Relative |Future Pope Benedict XIIIMiranda, S. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1672.htm#Orsini Consistory of 22 February 1672 (III)]". Florida International University. Retrieved 25 June 2009. |
| Innocent XI (1676–1689) |Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri |2 September 1686 |Distant relative |
| rowspan=2|Alexander VIII (1689–1691) |7 November 1689 |Grandnephew |
| Giovanni Battista Rubini
|13 February 1690 |Unknown |
18th century
File:branschi-onesti.jpg|alt=Portrait of Romualdo Braschi-Onesti]]
| class=wikitable
!width="200"|Elevating pope !width="200"|Cardinal-nephew !width="200"|Date of elevation !width="200"|Relationship !width="200"|Notes |
| rowspan=2|Clement XI (1700–1721) |23 December 1711 |Unknown |
| Fabio Olivieri
|6 May 1715 |Cousin |
| Innocent XIII (1721–1724) |16 June 1721 |Brother |
| rowspan=2|Clement XII (1730–1740) |14 August 1730 |Nephew |
| Giovanni Antonio Guadagni
|24 September 1731 |Nephew on mother's side, son of Maddalena Corsini |
| Clement XIII (1758–1769) |11 September 1758 |
| rowspan=3|Pius VI (1775–1799) |29 May 1775 |Uncle |
| Barnaba Chiaramonti
|14 February 1785 |Relative on his mother's side Kazimierz Dopierała, Księga papieży, Pallotinum, Poznań 1996, pp. 373–374; [http://www.damian-hungs.de/Papst%20Pius%20VII..html Damian Hungs: Papst Pius VII] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311131632/http://www.damian-hungs.de/Papst%20Pius%20VII..html |date=11 March 2007 }} |
| Romualdo Braschi-Onesti
|18 December 1786 |Nephew |
19th century
File:GiuseppePecciLeoXIII.jpg|alt=Portrait of Giuseppe Pecci]]
| class=wikitable
!width="200"|Elevating pope !width="200"|Cardinal-nephew !width="200"|Date of elevation !width="200"|Relationship !width="200"|Notes |
| Leo XIII (1878–1903) |12 May 1879 |Brother |
Footnotes
{{Reflist|group="n"}}
Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}
References
- {{in lang|de}} Brixius, Johannes M. 1912. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181. Berlin.
- {{in lang|la}} Eubel, Konrad 1913. Hierarchia Catholica, vol. I-IX. Münster.
- {{in lang|de}} Ganzer, Klaus 1963. Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelater. Tübingen.
- {{in lang|de}} Hüls, Rudolf 1977. Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130. Tübingen.
- {{in lang|de}} Kartusch, Elfriede 1984. Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Vienna.
- {{in lang|de}} Klewitz, Hans-Walter. 1957. Reformpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg. Darmstadt.
- {{in lang|de}} Maleczek, Werner 1984. Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216. Vienna.
- {{in lang|it}} Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino. 1972. Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, 2 vols. Padova.
- Robinson, I.S. 1990. The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge University Press.
- Thomson, John A. F. 1980. Popes and Princes, 1417–1517: Politics and Polity in the Late Medieval Church. Boston: George Allen & Unwin. {{ISBN|0-04-901027-1}}.
- Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The papal conclaves, as they were and as they are. Chapman and Hall.
- Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. {{ISBN|0-7864-2071-5}}.
- {{in lang|de}} Zenker, Barbara. 1964. Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159. Würzburg.
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