List of family name affixes
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{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}}
Family name affixes are a clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a person. This is a partial list of affixes.
Prefixes
= Arabic =
- Abu – (Arabic) "father of";{{Cite news |last=Engber |first=Daniel |date=2006-07-03 |title=Abu, Ibn, and Bin, Oh My! |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/07/abu_ibn_and_bin_oh_my.html |access-date=2018-04-28 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}
- Al – (Arabic) "Family of" or "House of" (in conjunction with name of ancestor){{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/ |title=A Brief History of Saudi Arabia |author2=Gerges, Fawaz A. |year=2010 |isbn=978-0816078769 |page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofsa0000wynb/page/ xvii]|publisher=Infobase }}
- Bet – (Arabic from "Beyt") "house of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Bint – (Arabic) "daughter of"; Binti, Binte (Malaysian version)
- El – (Arabic see Al)
- Ibn – (Arabic) "son of"
= Armenian =
- Ter – (Eastern Armenian) "son/daughter of a Priest"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Der – (Western Armenian) "son/daughter of a priest"; (German) "the" (masculine nominative), "of the" (feminine genitive){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
= Berber =
= Dutch =
- de – (Dutch) "the"
- 's – (Dutch) "of the"; contraction of des, genitive case of the definite article de. Example: 's Gravesande.
- 't – (Dutch) "the"; contraction of the neuter definite article het.
- ter – (Dutch) "at the"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- van – (Dutch) "of", "from"
- van de, van den, van der, van 't – (Dutch) "of the", "from the"
= French =
"of", "of the", "from"; often a sign of nobility or old bourgeois family, but also just a geographical term of the name originated of a location :
- d'
- de
- de La
- des
- du
= German =
= Hebrew =
= Irish =
- Mac, Mc – (Irish) "son of".{{Cite web|title=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): mac|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/mac|access-date=2024-07-10|website=www.teanglann.ie|language=en}} Both Mac and Mc are sometimes written Mac and Mc (with superscript ac or c). Mc is pronounced Mac in some names.
- Ni, Nic – (Irish) "daughter of", from Irish "iníon" meaning "daughter"{{Cite web|title=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ní|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/n%C3%AD|access-date=2024-07-10|website=www.teanglann.ie|language=en}}
- O', Ó, Ua – (Irish) "son of", "grandson of", "descendant of"{{Cite web|title=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ó|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/%C3%B3|access-date=2024-07-10|website=www.teanglann.ie|language=en}}
- Uí – genetive case of Ua (Irish) "daughter of", "granddaughter of", "(female) descendant of"{{Cite web|title=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): uí|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/u%C3%AD|access-date=2024-07-10|website=www.teanglann.ie|language=en}}
= Italian =
- Del – (Italian, Spanish) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Degli – (Italian) "of the", preceding a masculine plural noun starting with either sp, sc, ps, z, gn, or st.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Della – (Italian) "of the", preceding a feminine singular noun{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Di – (Italian) "of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
= Romanian =
- A – (Romanian) "son of"
= Welsh =
- Ab – (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) "son of"{{Cite web |title=BBC Wales - History - Themes - Welsh naming |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/family_03_welshnaming.shtml |access-date=2018-04-28 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}
- Ap – (Welsh) "son of"
- Ferch, Verch – (Welsh) "daughter of"{{Cite web |title=Wales Personal Names - FamilySearch |url=https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Wales_Personal_Names |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.familysearch.org |language=en-GB}}
- Verch, Erch – (Welsh) "daughter of"{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.theindexer.org/files/17-1/17-1_012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803014113/https://www.theindexer.org/files/17-1/17-1_012.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2019-07-25}}
= Other =
- Af – (Danish, Swedish), Av (Norwegian) "of"
- Ālam/Olam – Persian — "world"
- Bar – (Aramaic) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Chaudhary - (Punjabi) A title of honour from the Punjab used by several Punjabi tribes, often represented by the prefix "Ch".{{Cite journal |last=Dogra |first=R. C. |date=4 Aug 2014 |title=Notes on hindi names |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/0020-7837%2876%2990040-6 |journal=International Library Review |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=327–347 |doi=10.1016/0020-7837(76)90040-6 |issn=0020-7837}}
- Da – (Italian) "from", "of"; (Portuguese) "from the" (before a feminine singular noun){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Das – (Portuguese) "from the", "of the", preceding a feminine plural noun{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- De – (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Filipino) "of"; indicates region of origin, often a sign of nobility; in Spanish-speaking countries a married woman will sometimes append her name with "de XXXX" {{citation needed|date=September 2015}} where "XXXX" is her husband's last name; (Dutch) "the"
- Dele – Southern French, Filipino, and Occitan, equivalent of Du{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Dos – (Portuguese) "from the, of the", preceding a masculine plural noun{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Du – (French) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- E – (Portuguese) "and", between surnames (Maria Eduarda de Canto e Mello){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Fitz – (Irish, from Norman French) "son of", from Latin "{{lang|la|filius}}" meaning "son" (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son, because of its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- i – (Catalan) "and", always in lowercase, used to identify both surnames (e.g. Antoni Gaudí i Cornet){{cite web | url = http://slg.uib.cat/gabinets/go/arxiu_consultes/Normativa.cid202242 | title = Normativa | publisher = Universitat Illes Balears}}
- ka – (Zulu) "(son/daughter) of", always in lower case and preceding the name of the father.
- Kil, Gil, Mal, Mul – (English, Irish, Scottish) "son of", "servant of", "devotee of", originating from the Irish "Mac Giolla", typically followed by a Saint's name (e.g. Mac Giolla Bhríde).{{cite web|url= https://www.libraryireland.com/articles/Muls/Muls.php |title= The 'Muls' and Gils': Some Irish Surnames |last=O'Growney |first=Eugene |date=1898 |website=Library Ireland |access-date=18 May 2021}}{{cite web|url= https://www.libraryireland.com/articles/CelticSurnames/CelticSurnames4.php |title= Mac, Kil-, Gil-, Mal- prefixes to Celtic Surnames |last=O Flannghaile|first=Thomas |date=1896 |website=Library Ireland |access-date=1 June 2023}}
- La – (Italian, French, Spanish) "the", feminine singular{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Le – (Northern French) "the", masculine singular{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- M'/Mac/Mc/Mck/Mhic/Mic – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) "son". Both Mac and Mc are sometimes written Mac and Mc (with superscript ac or c). In some names, Mc is pronounced Mac.
- Mala – (Kurdish) "House of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Na – ณ (Thai) "at"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Ngā – (Te Reo Māori) "the (plural)"
- Nic, Ní – (Irish, Scottish) "daughter of", from Irish "iníon" meaning "daughter"{{Cite web|title=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ní|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/n%C3%AD|access-date=2020-12-22|website=www.teanglann.ie|language=en}}{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Nin – (Serbian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- O/Ó/Ua/Uí – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) "son of", "grandson of", "descendant of"{{Cite web|title=Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ó|url=https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/%C3%B3|access-date=2020-12-22|website=www.teanglann.ie|language=en}} {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Öz – (Turkish) "pure"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Pour – (Persian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- Te – (Te Reo Māori) "the (singular)"
- Tre – (Cornish) "settlement/ homestead farm of"{{cite web | url=http://www.cornishdialect.oldcornwall.org/west_penwith.htm | title=CornishStuff - Local Cornish News }}
- war - Marathi Last Name. People from Arya Vyshya community residing mostly in central India.
Suffixes
- -a, -ya Kurdish means "of" (female) (by two surnames){{clarify|date=June 2015}}{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -à (Catalan) feminine -ana "of or from [a locality or place]" (Català -Catalan); and also the name of a job (Manyà -irosmith), from Latin -ānus, -āna{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ac (Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian, Southern French){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ach (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ač/){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -acz (Polish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -aei (Persian) (See -i) for words that end in the long vowel A{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -aitis (Lithuanian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -aitė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -aty Americanized form{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -aj (Albanian) (pronounced AY; meaning “of the" ) It denotes the name of the family, which mostly comes from the male founder of the family, but also from a place, as in, Lash-aj (from the village Lashaj of Kastrat, MM, Shkodër). It is likely that its ancient form, still found in MM, was an [i] in front of the last name, as in ‘Déda i Lékajve’ (Déd of Lekës). For ease of use, the [i] in front of the last name, and the ending _ve, were dropped. If the last name ends in [a], then removing the [j] would give the name of the patriarch or the place, as in, Grudaj - j = Gruda (place in MM). Otherwise, removing the whole ending [aj] yields the name of founder or place of origin, as in Lekaj - aj = Lek(ë). Since the names are found most commonly in Malsi e Madhe (North) and Labëri (South), it is likely that this linguistic feature is very old. It must have been lost as a result of foreign influences brought into Albania by the invaders. {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ak (Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovak, Montenegrin, Sorbian) See -ák for its Slovak meaning.{{cite web | url = http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/slovaklastnamesfromfirstnames.html | title = Last Names in -ák | last = Votruba | first = Martin | work = Slovak Studies Program | publisher = University of Pittsburgh}}
- -ák (Czech, Slovak) In Slovak, -ák means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun, and its two other versions are -iak and -ak.
- -al (Nepali) denotes for village of origin (for e.g.; Khanal, Dhakal, Dahal, Rijal, etc.)
- -an (Ukrainian, Belarusian) (e.g. Ruban){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -an (Romanian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -án (Spanish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -and (French){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ange (French) from Germanic -ing{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ani (Sindhi) "descended from"{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tarun-sakhrani/the-sindhis-of-sindh_b_8894284.html|title=The Sindhis of Sindh And Beyond|work=Huffington Post|date=4 January 2016|access-date=9 August 2016|first=Tarun|last=Sakhrani}}
- -ano (Italian) feminine -ana "of or from [a locality]"; from Latin -ānus, -āna{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ant (English; Norman){{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
- -ant (French; Old French){{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
- -ant (Hindi; Sanskrit){{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
- -anu (Romanian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -appa (Kodava) patronymic, meaning "father"
- -ár (Slovak){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ář (Czech){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -arz (Polish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -as (French) Duras, Porras, Dumas
- -au (-aw) (Belarusian) / -aŭ (Belarusian Latin).{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ava (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -au
- -au (German) in a toponymic surname, "of or from a lower place near water"{{cite web | url = https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/3960/german-place-names-ending-in-au | title = German Place Names ending in -AU}}
- -auskas/-iauskas (Lithuanian) equivalent to Polish -owski, -ewski, Belarusian -ouski, -euski / Belarusian Latin -oŭski, -eŭski{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -awan (Urdu){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ba (Abkhazian) "male"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -chi, -çı, -çi, cı, -ci (Azeri, Persian, چی-, Turkish) attributed to a geographic location or performing a certain job{{Cite journal|last=Megerdoomian|first=Karine|date=February 2008|title=The Structure of Persian Names|journal=Mitre Technical Report|citeseerx=10.1.1.717.1899}}
- -chian (Persian, چیان-) attributed to or performing a certain job{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -chek, -chik, -chyk, -chuk (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ček, -čyk, -čuk/) diminutive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -czek, -czyk, -czuk, -czak (Polish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ček, -čík (Czech, Slovak, Slovenian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ćek, -cek (Croatian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ckas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -cki (Polish, Belarusian, Croatian, Serbian, Sorbian) variant of -ski{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -cka (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Sorbian) Feminine equivalent of -cki{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ckis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -cký (Czech, Slovak){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -cká (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -cký{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -čki (Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -cock, -cox (English) "little"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -dan, -den, -don, -dön (Kyrghyz) "from (whom)", when the ancestor 's name ends in a soft consonant also vowel (e.g. Asanbaydan, Marlenden, Ormondon, Bayköldön)
- -datter (Danish, Norwegian) "daughter (of)"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -din (Swedish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -dokht (Persian) "daughter (of)"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -dotter (Norwegian, Swedish) "daughter (of)"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -dóttir (Icelandic) "daughter (of)" (patronymic suffix (sometimes matronymic) (by law) of not a family name but part of the Icelandic last name where (usually) the father's name is always slightly modified and then dóttir added){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -dze (Georgian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -dzki (Polish) variant of -ski, -cki{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -é (Catalan){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ê, -yê (Kurdish) means "of" (male) (by two surnames){{clarify|date=June 2015}}
- -eanu (Romanian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -eau, -eault (French) diminutive suffix (Latin -ellu-){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ec (Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian, Polish, Sorbian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), (French spelling for Breton -e.g.){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -avec (Belarusian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ee (See -i){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -eff (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ev{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -eiro (Portuguese, Galician){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -eix (French), diminutive
- -ek (Czech, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian) diminutive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ell (English spelling for French -el, diminutive){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -el (Northern French and Occitan, French -eau){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ema (Suffix of Frisian origin, given by Napoleon Bonaparte who used suffixes like these to keep a record of people's origins within the Netherlands){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ems (Dutch){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ėnas (Lithuanian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -enko (Ukrainian), -enka/-anka (Belarusian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -chenko (Ukrainian), -chenka/-chanka (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -čenka, -čanka/)
- -ens (Dutch){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ent (French){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -enya (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -enia/) (e.g. Gerasimenya){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -er (Dutch, English, French, German, Turkish "male"){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ero (Spanish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ers (Dutch){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -es (Greek, Portuguese) "son of" in Portuguese{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ese (Italian) plural -esi "of or from [a locality]"; from Latin -ēnsis{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -escu (Romanian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ești (Romanian) possessive plural, also used in place names{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -et (French) (diminutive suffix Latin -ettu- or former -el){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ets (Ukrainian, Belarusian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -eu (-ew) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -eŭ/) equivalent to Russian -ev{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ev (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -eva (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) Feminine equivalent of -ev{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -evski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -evska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -evski{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ez (Spanish, North Picard) including Spanish-speaking countries "son of"; in Picard, old spelling for -et{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ëz (Albanian) for feminine; a word refer to something smaller, either literally or figuratively as in a form of endearment{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -fia, -fi, -fy, -ffy (Hungarian) "descendant of" (literally "son of"){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -fleth, -felth, -fleet (Northern German) current, body of water
- -gil, (Turkish, "family") (e.g. Korkmazgil){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -i (Hungarian) "of", "from" indicates region of origin, sign of nobility (e.g. "Szentiványi", "Rákóczi"). Like German Von.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -i (Arabic, Persian,Hebrew) "descendant of", "attributed to" (e.g. "Baghdadi", "Abbasi") or, (Iranian) "from" (e.g. "Barzani" from Barzan, or Tabrizi from Tabriz.)
- -ia (Abkhaz, Mingrelian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ian(ts), -yan(ts), -jian, -gian, -ents, -ants, -unts, -uni (Armenian, Persian) "son/daughter of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -iak (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish) "descendant of". In Slovak, -iak is a version of -ák/-ak and means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun.
- -ic(k) (French), misspelling for Breton -ig, diminutive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ich (-ovich/-evich) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ič, {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}–ovič, -evič/), -ych (-ovych/-evych) (Ukrainian) "son of"
- -icz (-owicz/-ewicz) (Polish) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ic (Polish, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian, Belarusian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -owic/-ewic (Polish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ovic (Slovak, Czech [rarely]){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ojc/-ejc, -ojic/-ejic (Sorbian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -yc (Belarusian, Sorbian, Polish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ić (-ović/-ević) (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin) diminutive possessive, little son of{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -begović (Bosniak) diminutive possessive of a beg, i.e. chieftain's or chief's little son{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ici (-ovici/-evici) Romanian of Slavic origin (Romanian adaptation of -ić or -ich/-ych){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ič (-ovič) (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]) diminutive, "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ich (Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -avičius/-evičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ich (Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ovičs/-evičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ides, -idis, -idas (Greek), "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ier (French){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ik (Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian) It merely creates a noun in Slovak where -ik is a version of -ík, can be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings.{{cite web | url = http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/slovaklastnamesdiminutives.html#diminutives | title = Last Names in -ík | last = Votruba | first = Martin | work = Slovak Studies Program | publisher = University of Pittsburgh}}
- -ík (Slovak) It merely creates a noun and can also be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings; its other Slovak version is -ik.
- -ik (Estonian) if it follows a tree name, has a meaning "grove"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ikh, -ykh (Russian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -in (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian) possessive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ina (female equivalent of -in; especially rare for male names, but the suffix alone is an actual female name){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -yn (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian) possessive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -in (French) diminutive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -in (Dutch, German) suffix attached to old Germanic female surnames (e.g. female surname "Mayerin", the wife of "Mayer"){{cite web | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pG5dAAAAcAAJ | title = Handwörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache | last = Rixner | first = T.A. | work = Vol. 1 A-K, Page 290 | publisher = 1830 Sulzbach / Germany| year = 1830 }}
- -ing, ink (Anglo-Saxon, Dutch, German) "descendant"{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
- -ino (a common suffix for male Latino and Italian names){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ipa (Abkhazian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ipha (Abkhazian) "girl of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -is (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ienė (Lithuanian) female version{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ytė (Lithuanian) unmarried female version{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ishin, -yshyn (Ukrainian) possessive (e.g. Romanishin = son of wife of Roman){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ishina, -yshyna (female equivalent of -ishin, -yshyn){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -iu (Romanian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ius (Lithuanian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -iv (Ukrainian) possessive.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -j (Adygean)"old"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ja (Sindhi) "meaning of"
- -jerhin/-jerin (Kyrghyz) "place (of origin)" Usually, this form of the surname is assigned to kairylmans who do not have a surname. This form is added to the place of residence, origin. Those who do not know their origin can also be used. It is possible at will. (e.g. Pamirjerhin/Pamirjerin, Tongjerhin/Tongjerin). In The Kyrghyz latine alphabet will be -zerin
- -ka (Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak) diminutive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -kan, -ken (Turkish) (e.g. Vuruşkan){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -kar (Marathi) (e.g. Tendulkar){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}"originating from",
- -ke (German) "small"
- -ke (Italian, Russian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}} In surnames of Slavic origin. Like Ukrainian -ko
- -kin, -kins, -ken (English) "little"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -kin (Dutch) "little"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ko (Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Czech)diminutive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ko (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian)- diminutive, “child,” “descendant of.” It is used in affectionate forms of first names, and is also a common suffix in many surnames.
- -ko (Adygean) "son" ĸъо{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -kus (Lithuanian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -kvist, -qvist (Swedish) "twig"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -kyzy (Kazakh) "daughter of"{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
- -kyzy (Kyrghyz) "daughter of" (but usually used for patronymic) {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -la, -lä (Finnish)
- -le, -lein (German) "small"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -li, -lı, -lu, -lü (Turkish, Azeri) "from" (e.g. İzmirli, Ankaralı, İstanbullu, Bakülü){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -li (Italian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -lin (French, Irish, Swedish) in Germanic names "small"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -litz (German){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -loo, -lou (Persian) "from" (e.g. Ghassemlou, Aghdashloo)
- -man(n) (Dutch, German, English){{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
- -mand (Persian, مند-) owning or showing
- -maz (Turkish) "does not" (e.g. "Yılmaz = Yields not", "Korkmaz = Fears not"){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -men, -man (Turkish) flipping suffix (e.g. ak=white, akman=purely white), "person", "male person", have other meanings{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ment (French) from Germanic “man”{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -mere (Old English) meaning “lake” {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
- -moar {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
- -mohr (German){{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
- -moor {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
- -moore {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
- -more {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
- -mor {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
- -nė, -te /female/ (Lithuanian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -nen (Finnish) diminutive, "from"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -nik (Estonian) attributed to occupation (talu being "farm" – talunik being "farmer"){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -nova, -novas (Italian, Galician, Catalan) "new"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -novo (Galician) "new"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ný (Czech, Slovak) adjective{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ny (Polish) adjective{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -nezhad, -nejad, -nejhad (Persian, نژاد) "descendant of"
- -nyi (Hungarian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -off (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from French transliteration of -ov, based on Muscovite{{dubious|date=May 2022}} pronunciation{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -oğlu (Azeri, Turkish) "son of" (e.g. Türkoğlu){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ok (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ois, -oy, -ais, -ay (French) from Germanic -isk and Vulgar Latin -ese{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -on (French), former subject case in masculine names{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -onak (-onok) (Belarusian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -onis (Lithuanian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -os (Greek) like Latin -us (Gasconic, Spanish, Portuguese) from Latin -us{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -opoulos, -opulos (Greek){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -osz, -oš (Polish, Czech, Slovak){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ot (French) "little"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ou(t) (French), various origins{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ou (Greek) "daughter of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ou (-ow) (Belarusian) / -oŭ (Belarusian Latin) equivalent to Russian -ov{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ova (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -ou
- -ouf (French), French spelling of Arabic names ending with -ūf{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ouf, Norman-French spelling of surnames of Anglo-Scandinavian origin or West Germanic origin ending with -ulf or -wulf
- -oui (French), French spelling of Arabic names, English spelling -wi{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ous{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ov (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ova (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) feminine equivalent of -ov, -ou, -ow{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ová (Czech, Slovak) feminine derivative of a noun male surname
- -ovo (Russian) (e.g. Durnovo){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ovski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ovska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -ovski{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ow (Russian, though found in predominantly German names, it is pronounced like English "ow" not like the German "ov"){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -pour, -poor (Persian) "son of"
- -putra (Indonesian) "son"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -putri (Indonesian) "daughter"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -quin, (French) from Dutch -kin "little"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -s (English, Dutch, Irish, Welsh) "(son/daughter) of". Sometimes less recognizable, like in "Hendrickx" (son/daughter of Hendrik){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -sen or -zen (Danish, Norwegian, Dutch or Low German) "son (of)"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ssen (Dutch or Low German) "son (of)"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ssens or -sens (Dutch) "grandson/granddaughter of". Literally "(son/daughter) of the son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -shvili (Georgian) "child"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -skas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ski (Polish, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian. Also Russian but more often transliterated as -sky), "originating from", "estate of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ska (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian) Feminine equivalent of -ski{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -skiy/-tskiy, -skyi/-tskyi (Ukrainian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ivskiy, -ivskyi (Ukrainian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -skoy/-tskoy (Russian) (e.g. Shakhovskoy){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -sky/-tsky (Russian, Ukrainian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -skaya/-tskaya (Russian) Feminine equivalent of -sky/-tsky{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ivsky (Ukrainian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ský (Czech, Slovak) "originating from", "lord of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ská (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -ský{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -skis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -sma (Frisian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -son (English, Swedish, German, Norwegian, Scottish, Icelandic) "son (of)" (sometimes less recognizable, e.g. "Dixon"; in Iceland not part of a family name but the patronymic (sometimes matronymic) last name (by law), where (usually) the fathers's name is always slightly modified and then son added){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -sson (Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Scottish) "son (of)" (in Iceland technically the first s is a separate "suffix" of the father's name according to Icelandic language rules, one of the most common modifications){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -(s)son (French), diminutive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -stad (Norwegian) "town" {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
- -stein (German) "stone"{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
- -strom, -strøm, -ström (Danish, Swedish) from 'current', probably an arbitrarily adopted ornamental name but possibly a topographic name for someone who lived by a river. {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -tæ (Ossetian) "belong to"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -tabar (Persian) "descendant of"
- -tan, -ten, -ton, -tön (Kyrghyz) "from (whom)", when the ancestor 's name ends in a hard consonant (e.g. Syrghaktan, Barsbekten, Bolotton, Küchlüktön)
- -teghin (Kyrghyz) "family tree, descent from the ancestor of the same name", is added at the end to the name of one ancestor. (e.g. Esenteghin, Alymbekteghin, Üsönaalyteghin) Marriage form for the surname -teghinghe — "Belonging to this family tree" (e.g. Esenteghinghe, Alymbekteghinghe, Üsönaalyteghinghe)
- -tō, -dō (Japanese) "from Fujiwara clan"
- -tzki, -tzky (Polish) – phonetic Germanized spelling of original Polish -cki{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -uulu (Kyrghyz) - "son of" (but usually used for patronymic)
- -uk (Ukrainian, Belarusian) diminutive{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ulea (Romanian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ulis (Lithuanian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -uly (Kazakh form of -uulu) "son of"{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
- -ūnas (Lithuanian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vich (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -vič/, occasionally a respelling of original Serbian, Croatian -vić) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vych (Ukrainian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -wicz (Polish), -wic (Polish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vić (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vič (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]), -vic (Slovak, Czech [rarely]){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vici (Romanianized respellings){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vics, -vits (Hungarianized respellings){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vitz, -witz, -witch, -witsch (Germanized or Anglicized respellings){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish -wicz{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vičiutė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -vičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}–wicz
- -vedi (Sanskrit, Hindi) "learned in _ Vedas" (e.g. Trivedi = "learned in 3 Vedas")
- -wala, -wallah, wali, vala, vali (Hindustani, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi) denotes the occupation or place of origin (Occupation example: Batliwala – one who deals with bottles. Place example: Suratwala – one from Surat){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -wan (Indonesian) denotes a male name{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -wati (Indonesian) denotes a female name{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -wi (Arabic) "from"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -y (Arabic/Persian) Means descendant of.
- -y (See -i){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -yal
- -ycz (Polish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -yk (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ynas (Lithuanian) "son of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -ys (English) representing i. the archaic plural form, or ii. a diminutive form. Variant forms not limited to -yss, -is, -es. Pronunciation is as modern plural suffix -s; i.e. Sandys = sands; Foulis = fowls.{{cite book |last=Weekley |first=Ernest |date=1914 |title=The Romance of Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ys4oDwAAQBAJ&q=pepys+sandys+knollys&pg=PT26 |publisher=E.P. Dutton }}{{cite journal |author=An Old Phonographer |date=October 9, 1886 |title=Aristocratic Surnames |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SV1DAQAAMAAJ&q=pepys+sandys+knollys+surnames&pg=PA178 |journal=The Critic |volume=9 |issue=145 |pages=178 |access-date=July 12, 2019 }}
- -ysz (Polish){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -za (Kurdish) "born of"{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -zada (Dari (Eastern Persian) and Pashto){{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
- -zadeh (Turkish, Azeri, Persian زاده)
- -zai (Pashto) "son of", "descendant of"
See also
- Celtic onomastics
- Language identification
- Lists of most common surnames, for the various continents
- Matriname
- Nobiliary particle
- Patronymic surname
- Scandinavian family name etymology
- Slavic name suffix
- Tussenvoegsel (Dutch prefixes)
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [https://everything2.com/title/Surname+Prefixes Surname Prefixes]
- [https://everything2.com/title/Surname+Suffixes Surname Suffixes]
{{Personal names}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Family Name Affixes}}