List of film producers of the Dutch East Indies
{{short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
Twenty-two people are recorded as having produced fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film,{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=61, 68}} and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct.{{efn|The Dutch had occupied the Indies for more than 300 years. Following a three-year Japanese occupation during World War II, Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945, an action which was not well-received by the Dutch {{harv|Kahin|1952|pp=29, 101, 136}}.}}{{sfn|Kahin|1952|p=445}} Altogether, they are credited for 93 of all known films produced in the Indies, and four of them remained active after independence. All were men; the first female film producer in Indonesia, Ratna Asmara, produced her first film in 1953.{{sfn|Swestin|2009|p=104}}
The colony's first producer, Heuveldorp, was of European descent.{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=55}} He was followed in 1928 by the ethnic Chinese businessmen Tjan Tjoen Lian and Liem Goan Lian, who began work on Lily van Java but soon pulled out, to be replaced by David Wong.{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=79–82}} By 1930 Chinese producers had dominated the industry. The most active of these, The Teng Chun, made his debut in 1931 with Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang; he would go on to produce another 27 films before independence.{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, The Teng Chun}} No native Indonesian film producers are recorded from this period, although several productions were credited only to companies.{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=379–386}}
Producers in the Indies would often handle multiple roles, such as director and cinematographer. When these positions were filled separately, the producer retained creative control.{{sfn|Said|1982|p=30}} The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that works produced during this time were emphatically commercial, not paying attention to nationalistic or aesthetic values.{{efn|{{Harvtxt|Biran|2009|p=45}} cites Usmar Ismail's Darah dan Doa as the first "national" Indonesian film.}}{{sfn|Biran|2009|p=45}} However, the film scholars Thomas Barker and Charlotte Setijadi-Dunn suggest that the Chinese-produced films from the Indies offered the possibility of a heterogeneous national identity.{{sfn|Setijadi-Dunn|Barker|2011|pp=36, 48}}
The following list is sorted alphabetically by default, with further sorting capability in certain fields; owing to differing naming conventions between cultures, not all entries are sorted by last name. The list only counts fictional films directed by the subjects and does not include films from other genres or films in which the person held other roles. The names of persons credited with an abbreviated name are written in full, where available.
__NOTOC__
Film producers
| class="wikitable"
|+ Key |
| style="background-color: #D8BFD8;" | {{dagger|alt=Continued activity}}
| Indicates continued activity after 1949 |
| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" |
| + Film producers of the Dutch East Indies
! scope="col" style="width:14em;" class="sortable"| Name ! scope="col" style="width:14em;" class="sortable" | Feature film debut ! scope="col" style="width:8em;" class="sortable" | Debut year ! scope="col" style="width:8em;" class="sortable" | Films produced before 1949 ! scope="col" style="width:8em;" class="sortable" | Total films produced ! scope="col" style="width:3em;" class="unsortable" | Ref(s). |
| scope="row" | Ang Hock Liem
| 1940 | 6 | 6 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Ang Hock Liem}} |
|---|
| scope="row" | {{sortname|Albert|Balink}}
| Pareh | 1935 | 1 | 1 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Albert Balink}} |
| scope="row" | {{sortname|Ph.|Carli|Flip Carli}}
| 1930 | 3 | 3 | {{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=124, 380–381}}{{sfn|De Indische Courant 1931, Indische filmkunst}} |
| scope="row" | {{sortname|L.|Heuveldorp|nolink=yes}}
| 1926 | 1 | 1 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, L. Heuveldorp}} |
| scope="row" |Jo Eng Sek
| 1929 | 6 | 6 | {{sfn|Biran|2009|p=234}} |
| scope="row" |Jo Kim Tjan
| Poei Sie Giok Pa Loei Tay | 1935 | 6 | 6 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Jo Kim Tjan}} |
| scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Krugers}}
| 1930 | 2 | 2 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, G. Krugers}} |
| scope="row" | Liem Goan Lian
| 1928 | 1 | 1 | {{efn|name=B}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Liem Goan Lian}} |
| scope="row" | SI Liem
| 1941 | 1 | 1 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, SI Liem}} |
| scope="row" | Tan Boen Soan
| 1928 | 1 | 1 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tan Boen Soan}} |
| scope="row" | Tan Khoen Yauw
| 1929 | 15 | 15 | {{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=379–386}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tan Koen Yauw}} |
| scope="row" style="background-color: #D8BFD8;"| The Teng Chun {{dagger|alt=Continued activity}}
| 1931 | 28 | 30 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, The Teng Chun}} |
| scope="row" | Tjan Hock Siong
| 1940 | 2 | 2 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjan Hock Siong}} |
| scope="row" | Tjan Tjoen Lian
| 1928 | 1 | 1 | {{efn|name=B}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjan Tjoen Lian}} |
| scope="row" | Tjho Seng Han
| 1940 | 2 | 2 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjho Seng Han}} |
| scope="row" style="background-color: #D8BFD8;"| Touw Ting Iem {{dagger|alt=Continued activity}}
| 1941 | 3 | 5 | {{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Touw Ting Iem}} |
| scope="row" |{{sortname|David|Wong|nolink=yes}}
| 1928 | 1 | 1 | {{efn|No relation to Nelson, Joshua, or Othniel.}}{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=79–82}} |
| scope="row" |{{sortname|Joshua|Wong|Wong brothers}}
| Lari ke Arab | 1930 | 4 | 4 | {{efn|name=A}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Wong Bersaudara}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Joshua Wong}} |
| scope="row" | {{sortname|Nelson|Wong|Wong brothers}}
| 1928 | 6 | 6 | {{efn|name=A}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Wong Bersaudara}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Nelson Wong}} |
| scope="row" style="background-color: #D8BFD8;"| {{sortname|Othniel|Wong|Wong brothers}} {{dagger|alt=Continued activity}}
| Lari ke Arab | 1930 | 4 | 5 | {{efn|name=A}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Wong Bersaudara}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Othniel Wong}} |
| scope="row" style="background-color: #D8BFD8;"| {{sortname|Fred|Young|Fred Young (director)}} {{dagger|alt=Continued activity}}
| 1941 | 4 | 21 | {{efn|Also credited as Utomo}}{{sfn|Biran|2009|pp=379–386}}{{sfn|Filmindonesia.or.id, Fred Young}} |
Explanatory notes
{{notes
| notes =
{{efn
| name = A
| Figures for Nelson, Joshua, and Othniel Wong include four films which they produced cooperatively as the Wong brothers.}}
{{efn
| name = B
| Film left incompleted}}
}}
Footnotes
{{reflist|30em}}
Works cited
{{refbegin|40em}}
- {{cite web
|title = Albert Balink {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Albert Balink {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bad3ad646e_albert-balink/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182337/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bad3ad646e_albert-balink/filmography
|archive-date = 16 April 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Albert Balink}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Ang Hock Liem {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Ang Hock Liem {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b99aa9487fbe_ang-hock-liem/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140423040243/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b99aa9487fbe_ang-hock-liem/filmography
|archive-date = 23 April 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Ang Hock Liem}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite book
| title = Sejarah Film 1900–1950: Bikin Film di Jawa
|trans-title=History of Film 1900–1950: Making Films in Java
| language = Indonesian
| last = Biran
| first = Misbach Yusa
| authorlink = Misbach Yusa Biran
| location = Jakarta
| publisher = Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council
| year = 2009
| isbn = 978-979-3731-58-2
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Fred Young {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Fred Young {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bad3b7af11_fred-young/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150220131732/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bad3b7af11_fred-young/filmography
|archive-date = 20 February 2015
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Fred Young}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = G. Krugers {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=G. Krugers {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b6fdb997a995_g-krugers/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181203/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b6fdb997a995_g-krugers/filmography
|archive-date = 16 April 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, G. Krugers}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite news
|title=Indische filmkunst
|trans-title=Indies Cinema
|language=Dutch
|newspaper=De Indische Courant
|location=Surabaya
|date=11 June 1931
|page=5
|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010279384%3Ampeg21%3Ap005%3Aa0102
|ref={{sfnRef|De Indische Courant 1931, Indische filmkunst}}
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Jo Kim Tjan {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Jo Kim Tjan {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce27ddf46_jo-kim-tjan/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306191956/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce27ddf46_jo-kim-tjan/filmography
|archive-date = 6 March 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Jo Kim Tjan }}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Joshua Wong {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Joshua Wong {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b8525046cbc6_joshua-wong/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140219215304/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b8525046cbc6_joshua-wong/filmography
|archive-date = 19 February 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Joshua Wong}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite book
| last = Kahin
| first = George McTurnan
| authorlink = George McTurnan Kahin
| year = 1952
| title = Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia
| publisher = Cornell University Press
| location = Ithaca, New York
| isbn = 978-0-8014-9108-5
}}
- {{cite web
|title = L. Heuveldorp {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=L. Heuveldorp {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b6fdbe4b425f_l-heuveldorp/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182037/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b6fdbe4b425f_l-heuveldorp/filmography
|archive-date = 16 April 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, L. Heuveldorp}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Liem Goan Lian {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Liem Goan Lian {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b85266815502_liem-goan-lian/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306191512/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b85266815502_liem-goan-lian/filmography
|archive-date = 6 March 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Liem Goan Lian}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Nelson Wong {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Nelson Wong {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b852621333d6_nelson-wong/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140219085641/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b852621333d6_nelson-wong/filmography
|archive-date = 19 February 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Nelson Wong}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Othniel Wong {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Othniel Wong {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b99bd523f3ef_othniel-wong/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140219202649/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b99bd523f3ef_othniel-wong/filmography
|archive-date = 19 February 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Othniel Wong}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite book
|title=Profil Dunia Film Indonesia
|trans-title=Profile of Indonesian Cinema
|language=Indonesian
|last=Said
|first=Salim
|publisher=Grafiti Pers
|location=Jakarta
|year=1982
|oclc=9507803
}}
- {{cite book
| last1 = Setijadi-Dunn
| first1 = Charlotte
| last2 = Barker
| first2 = Thomas
| editor1-last = Cheng
| editor1-first = Khoo Gaik
| editor2-last = Barker
| editor2-first = Thomas
| editor3-last = Imanjaya
| editor3-first = Ekky
| year = 2011
| title = Mau Dibawa ke Mana Sinema Kita?
|trans-title=Where Will Our Cinema Go?
| chapter = Membayangkan 'Indonesia': Produser Etnis Tionghoa dan Sinema Pra-Kemerdekaan
|trans-chapter=Imagining 'Indonesia': Ethnic Chinese Producers and Pre-Independence Cinema
| publisher = Salemba Humanika
| location = Jakarta
| isbn = 978-602-8555-38-8
}}
- {{cite web
|title = SI Liem {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=SI Liem {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce4383a9f_si-liem/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192825/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce4383a9f_si-liem/filmography
|archive-date = 4 March 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, SI Liem}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite journal
|title = In the Boys' Club: A Historical Perspective on the Roles of Women in the Indonesian Cinema 1926 – May 1998
|pages = 103–111
|date = July 2009
|url = http://puslit2.petra.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/iko/article/viewFile/18314/18162
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181308/http://puslit2.petra.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/iko/article/viewFile/18314/18162
|archive-date = 16 April 2014
|last = Swestin
|first = Grace
|journal = Scriptura
|issue = 2
|location = Surabaya
|publisher = Petra Christian University
|volume = 3
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Tan Boen Soan {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Tan Boen Soan {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b8535760708f_tan-boen-soan/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306191918/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b8535760708f_tan-boen-soan/filmography
|archive-date = 6 March 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tan Boen Soan}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Tan Koen Yauw {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Tan Koen Yauw {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b852a3d29c42_tan-koen-yauw/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307025746/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b852a3d29c42_tan-koen-yauw/filmography
|archive-date = 7 March 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tan Koen Yauw}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = The Teng Chun {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=The Teng Chun {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b8501c11b793_the-teng-chun/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182513/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b8501c11b793_the-teng-chun/filmography
|archive-date = 16 April 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, The Teng Chun}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Tjan Tjoen Lian {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Tjan Tjoen Lian {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b85267c9bbfd_tjan-tjoen-lian/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202932/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b85267c9bbfd_tjan-tjoen-lian/filmography
|archive-date = 4 March 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjan Tjoen Lian}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Tjan Hock Siong {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Tjan Hock Siong {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce29107d4_tjan-hock-siong/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161020175522/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce29107d4_tjan-hock-siong/filmography
|archive-date = 20 October 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjan Hock Siong}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Tjho Seng Han {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Tjho Seng Han {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce28861ff_tjho-seng-han/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195145/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce28861ff_tjho-seng-han/filmography
|archive-date = 4 March 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Tjho Seng Han}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Touw Ting Iem {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Touw Ting Iem {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce282ec65_touw-ting-iem/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 20 January 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305190601/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bce282ec65_touw-ting-iem/filmography
|archive-date = 5 March 2016
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Touw Ting Iem}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Wong Bersaudara {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Wong Brothers {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nma4b8514ee58838_wong-bersaudara/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175110/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nma4b8514ee58838_wong-bersaudara/filmography
|archive-date = 16 April 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Wong Bersaudara}}
|url-status = dead
}}
- {{cite web
|title = Wu Tsun {{!}} Filmografi
|trans-title=Wu Tsun {{!}} Filmography
|language = Indonesian
|url = http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bad385995a_wu-tsun/filmography
|work = filmindonesia.or.id
|publisher = Konfiden Foundation
|location = Jakarta
|access-date = 23 September 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174425/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/name/nmp4b9bad385995a_wu-tsun/filmography
|archive-date = 16 April 2014
|ref = {{sfnRef|Filmindonesia.or.id, Wu Tsun}}
|url-status = dead
}}
{{refend}}
{{Cinema of the Dutch East Indies}}
{{featured list}}