List of maritime disasters#Peacetime disasters

The list of maritime disasters is a link page for maritime disasters by century.

For a unified list of peacetime disasters by death toll, see {{section link|List of accidents and disasters by death toll|Peacetime Maritime}}.

Pre-18th century

=Peacetime disasters=

All ships are vulnerable to problems from weather conditions, faulty design or human error. Some of the disasters below occurred during periods of conflict, although their losses were unrelated to any military action. The table listings are in decreasing order of the magnitude of casualties.

class="wikitable sortable" style="display: inline-table;width: 100%;"
data-sort-type="number" \|Year !width=115px\|Country !Description !data-sort-type="number" \|Deaths !class="unsortable" \|Image
1495 \|{{flagcountry\|Kingdom of Denmark}} \|Gribshunden – Flagship of John, King of Denmark caught fire and burned down while in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Ronneby in southeastern Sweden, becoming one of the best-preserved shipwrecks from the late medieval period. Exact number of deaths unknown, reported only as many of the crew of 150. \|many of the crew of 150 \|
1694 \|{{flagicon image\|English Red Ensign 1620.svg\|size=23px}} England \|{{HMS\|Sussex\|1693\|6}} – the third-rate ship was lost in a fierce storm on 1 March off Gibraltar. There were two survivors from a crew of 500. \|498 \|File:HMS_Sussex_(80)_model_starboard_broadside.jpg
1120 \|{{flagcountry\|Kingdom of England}} \|White Ship – Ship carrying William Adelin, heir to the English Throne and the Duchy of Normandy, and more than 300 others. Drunk crew ran it aground in the English Channel. There was one survivor, a butcher from Rouen, and the loss was followed by 20 years of civil war over the English crown. \|300 \|File:WhiteShipSinking.jpg
1647 \|{{Flagicon image\|Statenvlag.svg\|size=23px}} Dutch Republic \|{{ship	Princess Amelia\|1634 ship\|2}} – On 27 September, Captain Bol mistook the Bristol Channel for the English Channel and ran it aground off the Mumbles, Wales where it broke apart. Of 107 passengers aboard, 21 survived. \|86 \|
1682 \|{{flagicon image\|English Red Ensign 1620.svg\|size=23px}} England \|HMS Gloucester (1660) - wrecked off the port of Yarmouth while carrying James, Duke of York (who survived.) \|150 \|File:Johan_Danckerts_(c.1615-1687)_-_The_Wreck_of_the_'Gloucester'_off_Yarmouth,_6_May_1682_-_BHC3369_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg
1468 \|Finland \|Hanneke Vrome - a hulk transporting passengers and valuable cargo sank off Raseborg, Finland in a storm on November 20, 1468. \|180 \|

class="wikitable sortable" style="display: inline-table;width: 100%;"

data-sort-type="number" |Year

!width=115px|Country

!Description

!data-sort-type="number" |Deaths

!class="unsortable" |Image

1495

|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Denmark}}

|Gribshunden – Flagship of John, King of Denmark caught fire and burned down while in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Ronneby in southeastern Sweden, becoming one of the best-preserved shipwrecks from the late medieval period. Exact number of deaths unknown, reported only as many of the crew of 150.

|many of the crew of 150

1694

|{{flagicon image|English Red Ensign 1620.svg|size=23px}} England

|{{HMS|Sussex|1693|6}} – the third-rate ship was lost in a fierce storm on 1 March off Gibraltar. There were two survivors from a crew of 500.

|498

|File:HMS_Sussex_(80)_model_starboard_broadside.jpg

1120

|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of England}}

|White Ship – Ship carrying William Adelin, heir to the English Throne and the Duchy of Normandy, and more than 300 others. Drunk crew ran it aground in the English Channel. There was one survivor, a butcher from Rouen, and the loss was followed by 20 years of civil war over the English crown.

|300

|File:WhiteShipSinking.jpg

1647

|{{Flagicon image|Statenvlag.svg|size=23px}} Dutch Republic

|{{ship

Princess Amelia|1634 ship|2}} – On 27 September, Captain Bol mistook the Bristol Channel for the English Channel and ran it aground off the Mumbles, Wales where it broke apart. Of 107 passengers aboard, 21 survived.

|86

1682

|{{flagicon image|English Red Ensign 1620.svg|size=23px}} England

|HMS Gloucester (1660) - wrecked off the port of Yarmouth while carrying James, Duke of York (who survived.)

|150

|File:Johan_Danckerts_(c.1615-1687)_-_The_Wreck_of_the_'Gloucester'_off_Yarmouth,_6_May_1682_-_BHC3369_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg

1468

|Finland

|Hanneke Vrome - a hulk transporting passengers and valuable cargo sank off Raseborg, Finland in a storm on November 20, 1468.

|180

=Wartime disasters=

Disasters with great loss of life can occur in times of armed conflict. Shown below are some of the known events with major losses.

class="wikitable sortable" style="display: inline-table;width: 100%;"
data-sort-type="number" \|Year !width=115px\|Country !Description !data-sort-type="number" \|Lives lost !class="unsortable" \|Image
{{sort
253\|256 BC 253 BC}} \|Roman Republic \|Sinking of the Roman fleet in the First Punic War – In the First Punic War, between the Roman Republic and Carthage, a Roman fleet that had just rescued a Roman army from Africa was caught in a Mediterranean storm. \|90,000+ \|
1274 1281 \|Mongol Empire \|Kamikaze – The Mongol fleet destroyed by a typhoon. \|100,000+ \|File:MokoShurai.jpg
1588 \|{{flagcountry\|Spain\|1506}} \|Spanish Armada – On 8 August, Philip II of Spain sent the Armada to invade England. Spain lost 15,000–20,000 soldiers and sailors, mainly in storms rather than battle.{{cite web \|url= http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/elizabeth/section8.rhtml \|work=SparkNotes \|title=Queen Elizabeth I – Against the Spanish Armada }} \|15,000–20,000 \|File:English Ships and the Spanish Armada, August 1588 RMG BHC0262.jpg
1589 \|{{flagcountry\|Kingdom of England\|naval}} \|English Armada – Also known as the Counter Armada or the Drake-Norris Expedition, was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian Coast by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1589, during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War. It was commanded by Sir Francis Drake as admiral and Sir John Norreys as general. The campaign resulted in the defeat of the English fleet and eventually to a withdrawal with great losses both in lives and ships. \|11,000–15,000 \|
1588 \|{{flagcountry\|Spain\|1506}} \|{{ship	Girona\|ship\|2}} – On 28 October, as part of the Spanish Armada, the Spanish galleass was sunk in a gale off Ireland. Of the estimated 1,300 people aboard, nine survived; 260 bodies were washed ashore. \|1,291 \|File:Girona_shipwreck_(display_painting).jpg
1564 \|{{flagcountry\|Sweden\|1562}} \|Mars – A Swedish warship that was sunk 18 kilometres north of Öland during the Northern Seven Years' War. The crown ship of King Eric XIV of Sweden's fleet. The gunpowder store exploded and as many as 1,000 people, including Swedes and the invading Lübeckians, died.Mars (Swedish ship), {{cite web \|url= http://www.oceandiscovery.org/?q=history \|work=Ocean Discovery \|title=On 19 August 2011, it was announced that the shipwreck of Mars was discovered by the Ocean Discovery team! }} \|900–1100 \|File:Jacob Hägg, Makalös eller Mars (1909).jpg
1692 \|{{flagcountry\|Kingdom of France}} \|{{ship\|French ship\|Soleil Royal\|1669\|2}} – On 3 June, in the Battle of La Hougue, the French flagship was attacked by 17 ships at Pointe du Hommet. The ship managed to repel them with artillery fire, but a fire ship set its stern afire and the fire soon reached its powder rooms. The people of Cherbourg came to the rescue, but there was only one survivor out of 883 to 950 crew. \|882–949 \|File:La Marine-Pacini-45.png
1676 \|{{flagcountry\|Sweden\|1562}} \|{{ship	Kronan\|ship\|2}} – In the Battle of Öland, the warship capsized while turning. Gunpowder aboard ignited and exploded. Of the estimated 800 aboard, 42 survived. \|758 \|File:Stora Kronan.jpeg
1545 \|{{flagcountry\|Kingdom of England\|naval}} \|{{ship	Mary Rose	2}} – The warship sank in the Battle of the Solent on 19 July. The cause is unknown, but believed to have been due to water entering its open gunports. About 500 people were lost. \|480–520 \|File:AnthonyRoll-2 Mary Rose.jpg
1591 \|{{flagcountry\|England}} \| {{ship\|English ship\|Revenge\|1577\|2}} – After being captured in battle, the English galleon was lost in a storm near the Azores. An estimated 200 Spanish sailors who captured it were lost. \|200 \|File:Revenge surrendered.jpg
1678 \|{{flagcountry\|Kingdom of France}} \|Las Aves disaster – on 11 May a French fleet commanded by Admiral Jean II d'Estrées was wrecked on the Las Aves archipelago in the Caribbean Sea due to an error in navigation. Nine of the fleets 30 ships were lost. Estimates of the lives lost vary wildly, from 24 to more than 1,500. \|24–1,500 \|

class="wikitable sortable" style="display: inline-table;width: 100%;"

data-sort-type="number" |Year

!width=115px|Country

!Description

!data-sort-type="number" |Lives lost

!class="unsortable" |Image

{{sort

253|256 BC
253 BC}}

|Roman Republic

|Sinking of the Roman fleet in the First Punic War – In the First Punic War, between the Roman Republic and Carthage, a Roman fleet that had just rescued a Roman army from Africa was caught in a Mediterranean storm.

|90,000+

1274
1281

|Mongol Empire

|Kamikaze – The Mongol fleet destroyed by a typhoon.

|100,000+

|File:MokoShurai.jpg

1588

|{{flagcountry|Spain|1506}}

|Spanish Armada – On 8 August, Philip II of Spain sent the Armada to invade England. Spain lost 15,000–20,000 soldiers and sailors, mainly in storms rather than battle.{{cite web |url= http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/elizabeth/section8.rhtml |work=SparkNotes |title=Queen Elizabeth I – Against the Spanish Armada }}

|15,000–20,000

|File:English Ships and the Spanish Armada, August 1588 RMG BHC0262.jpg

1589

|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of England|naval}}

|English Armada – Also known as the Counter Armada or the Drake-Norris Expedition, was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian Coast by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1589, during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Eighty Years' War. It was commanded by Sir Francis Drake as admiral and Sir John Norreys as general. The campaign resulted in the defeat of the English fleet and eventually to a withdrawal with great losses both in lives and ships.

|11,000–15,000

1588

|{{flagcountry|Spain|1506}}

|{{ship

Girona|ship|2}} – On 28 October, as part of the Spanish Armada, the Spanish galleass was sunk in a gale off Ireland. Of the estimated 1,300 people aboard, nine survived; 260 bodies were washed ashore.

|1,291

|File:Girona_shipwreck_(display_painting).jpg

1564

|{{flagcountry|Sweden|1562}}

|Mars – A Swedish warship that was sunk 18 kilometres north of Öland during the Northern Seven Years' War. The crown ship of King Eric XIV of Sweden's fleet. The gunpowder store exploded and as many as 1,000 people, including Swedes and the invading Lübeckians, died.Mars (Swedish ship), {{cite web |url= http://www.oceandiscovery.org/?q=history |work=Ocean Discovery |title=On 19 August 2011, it was announced that the shipwreck of Mars was discovered by the Ocean Discovery team! }}

|900–1100

|File:Jacob Hägg, Makalös eller Mars (1909).jpg

1692

|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}

|{{ship|French ship|Soleil Royal|1669|2}} – On 3 June, in the Battle of La Hougue, the French flagship was attacked by 17 ships at Pointe du Hommet. The ship managed to repel them with artillery fire, but a fire ship set its stern afire and the fire soon reached its powder rooms. The people of Cherbourg came to the rescue, but there was only one survivor out of 883 to 950 crew.

|882–949

|File:La Marine-Pacini-45.png

1676

|{{flagcountry|Sweden|1562}}

|{{ship

Kronan|ship|2}} – In the Battle of Öland, the warship capsized while turning. Gunpowder aboard ignited and exploded. Of the estimated 800 aboard, 42 survived.

|758

|File:Stora Kronan.jpeg

1545

|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of England|naval}}

|{{ship

Mary Rose

2}} – The warship sank in the Battle of the Solent on 19 July. The cause is unknown, but believed to have been due to water entering its open gunports. About 500 people were lost.

|480–520

|File:AnthonyRoll-2 Mary Rose.jpg

1591

|{{flagcountry|England}}

| {{ship|English ship|Revenge|1577|2}} – After being captured in battle, the English galleon was lost in a storm near the Azores. An estimated 200 Spanish sailors who captured it were lost.

|200

|File:Revenge surrendered.jpg

1678

|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}

|Las Aves disaster – on 11 May a French fleet commanded by Admiral Jean II d'Estrées was wrecked on the Las Aves archipelago in the Caribbean Sea due to an error in navigation. Nine of the fleets 30 ships were lost. Estimates of the lives lost vary wildly, from 24 to more than 1,500.

List of maritime disasters#Peacetime disasters

Pre-18th century

=Peacetime disasters=

=Wartime disasters=

18th century

19th century

20th century

=World War I =

= World War II =

21st century

See also

References