List of penguins#Fossil genera

File:2019-03-03 Chinstrap penguin on Barrientos Island, Antarctica.jpg]]

Penguins are birds in the family Spheniscidae in the monotypic order Sphenisciformes. They inhabit high-productivity marine habitats, almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere; the only species to occur north of the Equator is the Galapagos penguin. The only group of birds other than the ratites to be entirely flightless, penguins are extremely adapted to their aquatic lifestyle, with a streamlined shape that minimizes drag, countershaded dark-and-white plumage, dense bones, powerful flippers, and insulating feathers that allow them to withstand very low temperatures on land and in water.

There are currently 18 extant species of penguins recognised by the International Ornithologists' Union, distributed among six genera. Many species of fossil penguins are known from the Paleocene onwards; however, their exact number and taxonomy are unsettled due to ongoing discoveries.

Conventions

{{IUCN statuses|ex=0|ew=0|cr=1|en=4|vu=4|nt=2|lc=7|dd=0|ne=0|suppress-others=y}}

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the penguin's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IOC World Bird List for that species unless otherwise noted. Population estimates are of the number of mature individuals and are taken from the IUCN Red List.

This list follows the taxonomic treatment (designation and order of species) and nomenclature (scientific and common names) of version 13.2 of the IOC World Bird List. Where the taxonomy proposed by the IOC World Bird List conflicts with the taxonomy followed by the IUCN{{efn|The IUCN follows the taxonomy proposed by the HBW and BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist.}} or the 2023 edition of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, the disagreement is noted next to the species's common name (for nomenclatural disagreements) or scientific name (for taxonomic disagreements).

Classification

The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 18 species of penguins in six genera. This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU.

Family Spheniscidae

Genus Aptenodytes: two species
Genus Pygoscelis: three species
Genus Eudyptula: two species
Genus Spheniscus: four species
Genus Megadyptes: one species
Genus Eudyptes: seven species

Penguins

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Aptenodytes |authority-name=Miller, J. F. |authority-year=1778 |species-count=2 |no-ecology=yes}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=King penguin |binomial=A. patagonicus

|image=File:SGI-2016-South Georgia (Fortuna Bay)–King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) 04.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Miller, J. F. |authority-year=1778

|range=Subantarctic islands |range-image=File:Manchot royal carte reparition.png |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=LC |population=1,084,320–1,228,320 breeding pairs

|direction={{increase|Population increasing}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Emperor penguin |binomial=A. forsteri

|image=File:Aptenodytes forsteri -Snow Hill Island, Antarctica -adults and juvenile-8.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gray, G. R. |authority-year=1884

|range=Antarctic sea ice |range-image=File:Manchot empereur carte reparition.png |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=NT |population=256,500 breeding pairs

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Pygoscelis |authority-name=Wagler |authority-year=1832 |species-count=3 |no-ecology=yes}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Adélie penguin |binomial=P. adeliae

|image=File:Hope Bay-2016-Trinity Peninsula–Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) 04.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Hombron and Jacquinot |authority-year=1841 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=Antarctica and surrounding islands |range-image=File:Pygoscelis adeliae Distribuzione.jpg |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=LC |population=1,084,320–1,228,320 breeding pairs

|direction={{increase|Population increasing}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Chinstrap penguin |binomial=P. antarcticus

|image=File:South Shetland-2016-Deception Island–Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 04.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Forster, J. R. |authority-year=1781 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=Antarctic Peninsula and Balleny Islands |range-image=File:Pygoscelis antarcticus map.svg |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=LC |population=8,000,000

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Gentoo penguin |binomial=P. papua

|image=File:SouthShetland-2016-Livingston Island (Hannah Point)–Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) 05.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Forster, J. R. |authority-year=1781 |authority-not-original=yes

|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Four subspecies |bullets=on

| P. p. taeniata

| P. p. papua

| P. p. ellsworthi

| P. p. poncetii

}}

|range=Subantarctic islands and locally in Antarctica |range-image=File:Gentoo penguin distribution.svg |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=LC |population=774,000

|direction={{steady|Population stable}}

}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Eudyptula |authority-name=Bonaparte |authority-year=1856 |species-count=1 |no-ecology=yes}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Little penguin |binomial=E. minor

|image=File:Eudyptula minor Bruny 1.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Forster, J. R. |authority-year=1781 |authority-not-original=yes

|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Six subspecies |bullets=on

| E. m. novaehollandiae

| E. m. iredalei

| E. m. variabilis

| E. m. minor

| E. m. albosignata

| E. m. chathamensis

}}

|range=Australia and New Zealand |range-image=File:Map-of-distribution-of-Eudyptula-penguins-Blue-and-red-colours-indicate.png |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=LC |population=469,760

|direction={{steady|Population stable}}

}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Spheniscus |authority-name=Brisson |authority-year=1760 |species-count=4 |no-ecology=yes}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Galapagos penguin |binomial=S. mendiculus

|image=File:Galápagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) -standing on rock.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Sundevall |authority-year=1871

|range=Galápagos Islands |range-image=File:Galapagos Penguin.png |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=EN |population=1,200

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Humboldt penguin |binomial=S. humboldti

|image=File:Humboldt penguin 5072.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Meyen |authority-year=1834

|range=South America |range-image=File:Spheniscus humboldti map.svg |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=VU |population=23,800

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Magellanic penguin |binomial=S. magellanicus

|image=File:Magellanic penguin at SF Zoo.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Forster, J. R. |authority-year=1781 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=South America |range-image=File:Spheniscus magellanicus map.svg |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=LC |population=2,200,000–3,200,000

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=African penguin |binomial=S. demersus

|image=File:Pingüino de El Cabo (Spheniscus demersus), Playa de Boulders, Simon's Town, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-23, DD 11.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=Coasts of Southern Africa |range-image=File:African penguin distribution en.jpg |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=CR |population=19,800

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Megadyptes |authority-name=Milne-Edwards |authority-year=1880 |species-count=1 |no-ecology=yes}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Yellow-eyed penguin |binomial=M. antipodes

|image=File:Yellow-eyed Penguin MC.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Hombron and Jacquinot |authority-year=1841 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=New Zealand |range-image=File:Yellow-eyed Penguin distribution map.png |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=EN |population=2,600–3,000

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table |no-note=y |genus=Eudyptes |authority-name=Vieillot |authority-year=1816 |species-count=7 |no-ecology=yes}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Macaroni penguin |binomial=E. chrysolophus

|image=File:SGI-2016-South Georgia (Cooper Bay)–Macaroni penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus) 01.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Brandt, J. F. |authority-year=1837 |authority-not-original=yes

|range=Antarctic Peninsula, South America, and subantarctic islands in South Atlantic and Indian Oceans |range-image=File:Macaroni penguin rangemap.svg |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=VU |population=6,300,000 breeding pairs

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Royal penguin |binomial=E. schlegeli

|image=File:Eudyptes schlegeli 28418673.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Finsch |authority-year=1876

|range=Macquarie Island and nearby islands |range-image= |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=LC |population=1,340,000–1,660,000

|direction={{Population change unknown}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Northern rockhopper penguin |binomial=E. moseleyi

|image=File:Eudyptes moseleyi -Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Germany-8a.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Mathews & Iredale |authority-year=1921

|range=Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island, and St. Paul Island |range-image= |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=EN |population=413,700

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Southern rockhopper penguin |binomial=E. chrysocome

|image=File:Rockhopper Penguin (5566888870).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Forster, J. R. |authority-year=1781 |authority-not-original=yes

|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on

| E. c. filholi

| E. c. chrysocome

}}

|range=South America and subantarctic islands in the Indian Ocean and New Zealand |range-image= |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=VU |population=2,500,000

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Fiordland penguin |binomial=E. pachyrhynchus

|image=File:Eudyptes pachyrhynchus 1200189.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gray, G. R. |authority-year=1845

|range=New Zealand |range-image=File:Fiordland Penguin distribution map.png |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=NT |population=12,500–50,000

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Snares penguin |binomial=E. robustus

|image=File:SnaresPenguin (Mattern) large.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Oliver |authority-year=1953

|range=Snares Islands |range-image=File:Manchot carte repartition gorfou snares.png |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=VU |population=63,000

|direction={{steady|Population stable}}

}}

{{Species table/row |no-ecology=yes

|name=Erect-crested penguin |binomial=E. sclateri

|image=File:Erect-crested penguin (Eudyptes sclateri).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Buller |authority-year=1888

|range=Bounty and Antipodes Islands |range-image=File:Eudyptes sclateri distribution (breeding).png |range-image-size=144px

|iucn-status=EN |population=150,000

|direction={{decrease|Population declining}}

}}

Fossil species

= Basal sphenisciformes =

class="wikitable"

!Species

!Notes

!Source

Waimanu manneringi

|[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/23/6/1144/1055321 Slack et al. 2006]

Muriwaimanu tuatahi

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2017.1398169?journalCode=ujvp20 Mayr et al. 2017]

Sequiwaimanu roseae

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2017.1398169?journalCode=ujvp20 Mayr et al. 2017]

Crossvallia unienwillia

|[https://bioone.org/journals/ameghiniana/volume-50/issue-6/AMGH.09.10.2013.1058/Redescription-of-Crossvallia-unienwillia-The-only-Paleocene-Antarctic-Penguin/10.5710/AMGH.09.10.2013.1058.short Jadwiszczak et al. 2013]

Crossvallia waiparensis

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2019.1641619 Mayr et al. 2019]

Petradyptes stonehousei

|[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/largestknown-fossil-penguin-provides-insight-into-the-early-evolution-of-sphenisciform-body-size-and-flipper-anatomy/8D4A78B2CA0A716134F8E60169A633FD Ksepka et al. 2023]

Kaiika maxwelli

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00288306.2011.536521 Fordyce & Thoman 2011]

Kumimanu biceae

|[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01959-6 Mayr et al. 2017]

Kumimanu fordecyi

Kupoupou stilwelli

|[https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2773-chatham-island-penguins Blokland et al. 2019]

= Advanced sphenisciformes =

class="wikitable"

!Species

!Notes

!Source

Anthropornis nordenskjoldii

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

Anthropornis grandis

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

UCMP 321021 (Anthropornis sp.)

|[https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-2010/issue-337/653.1/The-Basal-Penguin-Aves--Sphenisciformes-Perudyptes-devriesi-and-a/10.1206/653.1.full Ksepka & Clarke, 2010]

Palaeeudyptes antarcticus

Palaeeudyptes marplesi

Palaeeudyptes klekowskii

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

Palaeeudyptes gunnari

|May represent the opposite sex of P. klekowskii [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258077070_Distinguishing_between_two_Antarctic_species_of_Eocene_Palaeeudyptes_penguins_A_statistical_approach_using_tarsometatarsi]

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

Chilean Palaeeudyptes

Burnside "Palaeeudyptes"

Duntroon "Palaeeudyptes"

Archaeospheniscus lowei

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Archaeospheniscus lopdelli

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Notodyptes wimani

|Formerly Archaeospheniscus

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Delphinornis larseni

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

Delphinornis gracilis

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

Delphinornis arctowskii

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

Mesetaornis polaris

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

Marambiornis exilis

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228703781_Taxonomic_revision_of_Eocene_Antarctic_penguins_based_on_tarsometatarsal_morphology Jadwiszczak et al. 2002]

Aprosdokitos mikrotero

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313257388_Aprosdokitos_mikrotero_gen_et_sp_nov_the_tiniest_Sphenisciformes_that_lived_in_Antarctica_during_the_Paleogene Hospitaleche et al. 2017]

Perudyptes devriesi

Eretiscus tonni

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Palaeospheniscus patagonicus

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Palaeospheniscus bilocular

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Palaeospheniscus bergi

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Paraptenodytes antarcticus

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Arthrodytes andrewsi

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Madrynornis mirandus{{Cite journal|title=A new Miocene penguin from Patagonia and its phylogenetic relationships| date=2007| author1=Acosta Hospitaleche| author2=Tambussi| author3=M. Donato| author4=M. Cozzuol| journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica| volume=52| issue=2 | pages= 299–314| url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-299.pdf }}

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Pachydyptes simpsoni

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260225547_A_review_of_Australian_fossil_penguins_Aves_Sphenisciformes Park & Fitzgerald, 2012]

Pachydyptes ponderosus

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Anthropodyptes gilli

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260225547_A_review_of_Australian_fossil_penguins_Aves_Sphenisciformes Park & Fitzgerald, 2012]

Pseudaptenodytes macraei

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260225547_A_review_of_Australian_fossil_penguins_Aves_Sphenisciformes Park & Fitzgerald, 2012]

Marambiornopsis sobrali

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11035897.2021.1900385 Jadwiszczak et al. 2021]

Icadyptes salasi

|[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913862/ Clarke et al. 2007]

Kairuku waewaeroa

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Kairuku grebneffi

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Kairuku waitaki

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Glen Murray Kairuku sp.

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Platydyptes novaezealandiae

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Platydyptes marplesi

|[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2021.1953047?journalCode=ujvp20 Giovanardi et al. 2021]

Inkayacu paracasensis

|[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1193604 Clarke et al. 2010]

Pakudyptes hakataramea

|[https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.2024.2362283 Ando et al. 2024]

= Extinct species of extant genera =

class="wikitable"

!Species

!Notes

!Source

Spheniscus megaramphus

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Spheniscus urbinai

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Spheniscus chilensis

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Spheniscus muizoni

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Pygoscelis grandis

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Pygoscelis tyreei

Pygoscelis calderensis

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009373_South_American_fossil_penguins_a_systematic_update Hospitaleche & Tambussi, 2008]

Eudyptes atatu

|[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.1497 Thomas et al. 2020]

Eudyptes warhami

|[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/4/784/5303836 Cole et al. 2019]

Eudyptes calauina

|[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951197/ Hoffmeister et al. 2014]

Eudyptula wilsonae

|[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/pliocene-fossils-support-a-new-zealand-origin-for-the-smallest-extant-penguins/A722D072F8EE3B5FC194A33EF7DBC47F Thomas et al. 2023]

Megadyptes antipodes richdalei

|[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/4/784/5303836 Cole et al. 2019]

Megadyptes antipodes waitaha

|[https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/36/4/784/5303836 Cole et al. 2019]

Aptenodytes ridgeni

= Poorly understood taxa =

class="wikitable"

!Species

!Notes

!Source

Dege hendeyi

Inguza predemersus

Duntroonornis parvus

Nucleornis insolitus

Marplesornis novaezealandiae

Korora oliveri

Paraptenodytes robustus

Platydyptes amiesi

"Pakudyptes hakataramea"

|Also called the "Hakataramea Penguin"

|Ando, 2007 (unpublished)

== Invalid taxa ==

class="wikitable"

!Species

!Notes

!Source

Tonniornis mesetaensis

|Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality.

Tonniornis minimum

|Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality. Similar size to a specimen referred to Delphinornis larseni.

Tereingaornis moisleyi

| Genus is a nomen dubium due to lack of identifiable traits, but the specimen may belong to a new species (the Te Ringa Falls Penguin)

| [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337863496_Re-evaluating_New_Zealand%27s_endemic_Pliocene_penguin_genus Thomas et al. 2019]

Wimanornis seymourensis

| Synonymous with Palaeeudypytes gunnari

Orthopteryx gigas

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233170116_Taxonomic_status_of_the_Eocene_penguins_Orthopteryx_gigas_Wiman_1905_and_Ichtyopteryx_gracilis_Wiman_1905_from_Antarctica#:~:text=Orthopteryx%20gigas%20is%20based%20on%20an%20isolated%20synsacrum,and%20Ichtyopteryx%20gracilis%20should%20be%20considered%20nomen%20dubia. Hospitaleche and Reguero, 2010]

Ichtyopteryx gracilis

Palaeoapterodytes ictus

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233519570_Taxonomic_status_of_Apterodytes_ictus_AMEGHINO_1901_Aves_Sphenisciformes_from_the_Early_Miocene_of_Patagonia_Argentina Hospitaleche, 2010]

Psuedaptenodytes minor

|Lack of diagnostic characteristics on the holotype

|[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260225547_A_review_of_Australian_fossil_penguins_Aves_Sphenisciformes Park & Fitzgerald, 2012]

The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae; however, re-examination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae.{{cite journal |last= Simpson, G.G. |year= 1946 |title= Fossil penguins |journal= Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume= 81 |url= http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/392/1/B087a01.pdf |access-date= September 25, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070811030524/http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/392/1/B087a01.pdf |archive-date= August 11, 2007 |url-status= live }} Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis.{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2408747 |pmid=28561505 |last1=Olson |first1=S.L. |year=1985 |title=Faunal Turnover in South American Fossil Avifaunas: The Insufficiencies of the Fossil Record |journal=Evolution |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1174–1177 |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6499/1/VZ_169_S_Amer_fossil_avifaunas.pdf |jstor=2408747 |access-date=September 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717162821/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/6499/1/VZ_169_S_Amer_fossil_avifaunas.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2009 |url-status=live }}

Notes

References

{{reflist|refs=

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{{Cite web |last1=Clements |first1=James F. |author-link=James Clements (ornithologist) |last2=Schulenberg |first2=T. S. |last3=Iliff |first3=M. J. |last4=Fredericks |first4=T. A. |last5=Gerbracht |first5=J. A. |last6=Lepage |first6=Denis |last7=Billerman |first7=S. M. |last8=Sullivan |first8=B. L. |last9=Wood |first9=C. L. |date=2022 |title=The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2022 |url=https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Clements Checklist}}

{{cite web |date=July 2023 |title=Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/loons/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=IOC World Bird List |version=v 13.2 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1=F. |editor-last2=Donsker |editor-first2=D. |editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P.}}

{{Citation |last1=Winkler |first1=David W. |title=Penguins (Spheniscidae) |date=2020-03-04 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/spheni1/1.0/introduction |work=Birds of the World |editor-last=Billerman |editor-first=Shawn M. |access-date=2023-09-27 |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.spheni1.01 |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |editor2-last=Keeney |editor2-first=Brooke K. |editor3-last=Rodewald |editor3-first=Paul G. |editor4-last=Schulenberg |editor4-first=Thomas S. |url-access=subscription}}

{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Lloyd S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBjSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=The Penguins |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9781408133309 |series=Poyser Monographs |pages=15–17 |language=en}}

{{cite web |title=Fossilworks: Spheniscidae |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39710 |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=Paleobiology Database |publisher=University of Wisconsin–Madison }}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Aptenodytes patagonicus |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697748A184637776 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697748A184637776.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Aptenodytes forsteri |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697752A157658053 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697752A157658053.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Pygoscelis adeliae |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697758A157660553 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697758A157660553.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Pygoscelis antarcticus |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697761A184807209 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Pygoscelis papua |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697755A157664581 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697755A157664581.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Eudyptula minor |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697805A202126091 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697805A202126091.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=Bird life International|date=2020 |title=Spheniscus mendiculus |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697825A182729677 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697825A182729677.en |access-date=25 September 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Spheniscus humboldti |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697817A182714418 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697817A182714418.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Spheniscus magellanicus |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697822A157428850 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697822A157428850.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Spheniscus demersus |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697810A157423361 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697810A157423361.en |access-date=11 September 2023}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Megadyptes antipodes |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697800A182703046 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697800A182703046.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Eudyptes chrysolophus |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697793A184720991 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697793A184720991.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2022 |title=Eudyptes schlegeli |volume=2022 |page=e.T22697797A210894343 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697797/210894343 |access-date=23 July 2022}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Eudyptes moseleyi |volume=2020 |page=e.T22734408A184698049 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22734408A184698049.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Eudyptes chrysocome |page=e.T22735250A182762377 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22735250A182762377.en |access-date=20 February 2022}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Eudyptes pachyrhynchus |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697776A182279725 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697776A182279725.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=Eudyptes robustus |volume=2018 |page=e.T22697782A132602343 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697782A132602343.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}

{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=Eudyptes sclateri |volume=2020 |page=e.T22697789A131879000 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697789A131879000.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}

}}

Penguins