This is a list of famous historical figures diagnosed with or strongly suspected as having had syphilis at some time. Many people who acquired syphilis were treated and recovered; some died from it.
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Cesare Borgia (1475–1507), Italian Cardinal
|Strongly suspected of having syphilis |
Gerard de Lairesse (1641–1711), Dutch painter and art theorist
|Congenital syphilis |
Edward Teach (1680–1718), West Indian pirate
|Better known as Blackbeard. Died in battle against Robert Maynard[{{cite journal |last1=Sands |first1=K. |last2=Dennis |first2=M. |last3= Venkatesh |first3=R. |title=Fr02-06 Down the Chute |journal=The Journal of Urology |date=2020 |volume=203 |issue=203 |pages=293–294 |doi=10.1097/JU.0000000000000851.06 |s2cid=218949508 |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000000851.06 |url-access=subscription }}] |
Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz (1721–1773), Prussian cavalry lieutenant general
|Died from syphilis[Lawley, Robert Neville (1852). General Seydlitz, a Military Biography. W. Clowes & Sons, pp 178–179.] |
Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848), Italian opera composer
|Neurosyphilis[{{cite journal |last1=Peschel |first1=E. |last2=Peschel |first2=R. |title=Donizetti and the music of mental derangement: Anna Bolena, Lucia di Lammermoor, and the composer's neurobiological illness. |journal=The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |date=1992 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=189–200 |pmid=1285447 |pmc=2589608 }}] |
Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867), French poet[C. Pichois and J. Ziegler, Charles Baudelaire, new edition, Paris: Fayard, 2005, p. 224–229; M. Monnier, "La maladie de Baudelaire", in C. Pichois ed., Baudelaire: études et témoignages, Neuchâtel, 1976, p. 219–238.]
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Lola Montez (1821–1861), Irish dancer, courtesan, mistress of Ludwig I
|Died from syphilis[Cannon, M. (1974). "Montez, Lola (1821–1861)". Montez, Lola (1818–1861). Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 5. Australian National University. https://web.archive.org/web/20121126203945/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/montez-lola-4226] |
Leland Stanford (1824–1893), American politician & robber baron
|Retrospectively diagnosed or suspected to have died of syphilis.[{{cite web |last1=Kinyon |first1=Jon |title=Leland Stanford: The Robber Baron's Troubling History |url=https://powerlesspress.substack.com/p/leland-stanford-the-robber-barons |website=Powerless Press |date=January 1, 2022 |quote=Leland’s sudden demise, considered to be the result of untreated syphilis}}] |
Camilo Castelo Branco (1825–1890), Portuguese writer
|Died by suicide on account of blindness caused by neurosyphilis. |
Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910), Russian writer
|Suspected to have had syphilis[{{cite book|title=Tolstoy: A Biography|author=Wilson, A. G.|publisher=Norton|year=2001|isbn=0-393-32122-3|location=New York}}] |
Alphonse Daudet (1840–1897), French novelist
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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), German philosopher
|Cause of death disputed, but syphilis or mercury poisoning from syphilis treatment are leading theories. |
Franz Schubert (1797–1828), German composer
|Cause of death disputed, but symptoms match to mercury poisoning from syphilis treatment. [{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/096777209500300409 | doi=10.1177/096777209500300409 | title=Schubert and Syphilis | date=1995 | last1=Rold | first1=Robert L. | journal=Journal of Medical Biography | volume=3 | issue=4 | pages=232–235 | pmid=11616366 | url-access=subscription }}] |
Robert Schumann (1810–1856), German composer
|Acquired syphilis from a prostitute in the age of 21. [https://robertgreenbergmusic.com/music-history-monday-a-very-bad-ending/] |
Bram Stoker (1847–1912), Irish author
|Cause of death listed as "Locomotor ataxia 6 months", presumed to be a reference to syphilis.[{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIAsN6I0xUQC&q=Bram+Stoker%5D%5D's+%5B%5Bdeath+certificate+syphilis&pg=PA415|title=Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking Through the Century, 1897–1997|first=Carol Margaret|last=Davison|date=1 November 1997|publisher=Dundurn|via=Google Books|isbn=9781554881055}}][{{Cite web|url=https://blog.oup.com/2012/04/bram-stoker-death-centenary-dracula/|title=100 years ago today: the death of Bram Stoker|date=20 April 2012|website=OUPblog}}] |
Guy de Maupassant (1850–1893), French writer[Maupassant died at age 43 of syphilis he had acquired 16 years previously. (Bruno Halioua, [http://www.larevuedupraticien.fr/histoire-de-la-medecine/comment-la-syphilis-emporta-maupassant "Comment la syphilis emporta Maupassant"], La revue du praticien, 30 June 2003.) When he first learned he had caught the disease Maupassant actually rejoiced, writing to a friend: "I have the pox! Finally! The big one! [J'ai la vérole! enfin! la vraie!] ... I have the pox [...] and I am proud of that by God! And I have the greatest contempt for the bourgeois." (Guy de Maupassant, [http://maupassant.free.fr/corresp/cadre.php?ord=c&num=62 Letter to Robert Pinchon aka LaToque, 2 March 1877].)]
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Tongzhi Emperor (1856–1875), Emperor of Qing Dynasty
|Suspected to have had syphilis{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} |
Mikhail Vrubel (1856–1910), Russian painter[{{cite book|title=Vrubel|author=V.M Domiteeva|publisher=Molodaia Gvardiia|year=2014|isbn=978-5-235-03676-5|series=Zhizn' zamechatel'nykh liudei|location=Moscow|page=413|language=ru|issue=1458}}]
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Frederick Delius (1862–1934), English music composer
|Died from syphilis[{{Cite web|url=http://www.favorite-classical-composers.com/frederick-delius.html|title=Frederick Delius Biography Sublime Music, Tragic Life|work=Favorite Classical Composers|accessdate=2011-05-30}}] |
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901), French painter[{{cite web|url=http://www.toulouse-lautrec-foundation.org/biography.html|title=Henri De Toulouse-Lautrec Biography|publisher=toulouse-lautrec-foundation.org|accessdate=18 September 2016}}]
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Eugen Sandow (1867–1925), German bodybuilder
|Suspected to have had syphilis[{{cite news|url=http://thehumanmarvels.com/blog/?p=138|title=Eugen Sandow—Father of Bodybuilding|last=Tithonus|first=Pednuad, J.|accessdate=2008-09-17|publisher=The Human Marvels|quote=At the time of his death in 1925, a cover story was released stating Sandow died prematurely at age 58 of a stroke shortly after pushing his car out of the mud. The actual cause of death was more likely due to complications from syphilis.}}][{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KlYYAAAAIAAJ|title=St. James encyclopedia of popular culture|author=Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast|publisher=St. James Press|year=2000|isbn=978-1-55862-404-7|quote=... speculates that the strongman's death may have been the result of an aortic aneurysm brought about by syphilis.}}] |
Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), Soviet politician
|Retrospectively diagnosed or suspected to have died of syphilis.[{{cite news |last1=Chivers |first1=C. J. |title=A Retrospective Diagnosis Says Lenin Had Syphilis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/22/science/a-retrospective-diagnosis-says-lenin-had-syphilis.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 22, 2004}}] |
Karen Blixen (1885–1962), Danish writer[Donelson, Linda (1998). Out of Isak Dinesen in Africa. Coulsong. {{ISBN|0-9643893-9-8}}.]
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Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), German dictator
|Suspected to have had syphilis[{{cite news|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74776.php|title=Did Hitler Have Syphilis?|work=Medical News Today|accessdate=2010-10-02|quote=An encounter with a Jewish prostitute in Vienna in 1908 may have given Hitler neuro-syphilis and provided the 'deadly logic and blueprint for the Holocaust' as well as giving him a reason to attempt to eliminate the mentally retarded, according to evidence presented at the Royal College of Psychiatrists.}}][{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8wM1Y4opdQC|title=Pox: Genius, Madness, And The Mysteries Of Syphilis|author=Hayden, Deborah|date=4 August 2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0786724130|oclc=50725392}}][{{cite journal |last1=Retief |first1=Francois |last2=Wessels |first2=A. |title=Did Adolf Hitler have syphilis? |journal=South African Medical Journal |date=22 December 2005 |volume=95 |issue=10 |pages=750–753 |pmid=16341329 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/samj/article/view/13733 }}] |
Al Capone (1899–1947), American gangster
|Died from syphilis[{{cite book|title=Capone: The Man and the Era|url=https://archive.org/details/caponemanera00berg|url-access=registration|last=Bergreen|first=Laurence|publisher=Simon and Schuster Paperbacks|year=1994|isbn=978-0-684-82447-5|location=New York}}] |
Lavrentiy Beria (1899–1953), Soviet politician & serial rapist
|Admitted before his execution he had been treated for syphilis. |
Alger "Texas" Alexander (1900–1954), American blues singer
|Died from syphilis[{{cite web|url=http://www.thebluestrail.com/artists/mus_ata.htm|title=Texas Alexander|publisher=Thebluestrail.com|accessdate=2015-08-30}}] |
Howard Hughes (1905–1976), American aerospace engineer, business magnate, film producer, investor, philanthropist and pilot.
|Diagnosed with neurosyphilis in 1932.[Brown and Broeske 1996, p. 183–185] |
Idi Amin (1928–2003), Ugandan dictator[[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/18/guardianobituaries Idi Amin] The Guardian, Obituaries, 18 August 2003: "It's no secret that Amin is suffering from the advanced stages of syphilis, which has caused brain damage".]
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