Login
Login

Lists of metalloids

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

This is a list of 194 sources that list elements classified as metalloids. The sources are listed in chronological order. Lists of metalloids differ since there is no rigorous widely accepted definition of metalloid (or its occasional alias, 'semi-metal'). Individual lists share common ground, with variations occurring at the margins. The elements most often regarded as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.{{#tag:ref|Lack of a rigorous definition:

  • Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–527, {{doi|10.1021/ed059p526}}
  • Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, {{doi|10.1021/ed078p1686}}|group=n}} Other sources may subtract from this list, add a varying number of other elements, or both.

Overview

{{periodic table (metalloid)}}

class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"
colspan=2 | Element

! Citations

! Frequency

colspan=2 |  

! style="font-size:85%;" | in n = 194
publications

! style="font-size:85%;" | 194 = 100%

 

!

!

!

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|Arsenic

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}; text-align:left"| As

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|191.5

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|99%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|Tellurium

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}; text-align:left"| Te

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|190.5

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|98%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|Germanium

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}; text-align:left"| Ge

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|184.5

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}" data-sort-value="95.1" |95%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|Silicon

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}; text-align:left"| Si

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|183.5

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}" data-sort-value="94.6" |95%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|Antimony

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}; text-align:left"| Sb

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|169.5

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|87%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|Boron

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}; text-align:left"| B

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|166

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1 of 4}}"|86%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2 of 4}}"|Polonium

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2 of 4}}; text-align:left"| Po

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2 of 4}}"|94.5

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2 of 4}}"|49%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2 of 4}}"|Astatine

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2 of 4}}; text-align:left"| At

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2 of 4}}"|77

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2 of 4}}"|40%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3 of 4}}"|Selenium

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3 of 4}}; text-align:left"| Se

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3 of 4}}"|46

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3 of 4}}"|24%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4 of 4}}"|Aluminium

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4 of 4}}; text-align:left"| Al

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4 of 4}}"|18

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4 of 4}}"|9.3%

style="text-align:left; background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4 of 4}}"|Carbon

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4 of 4}}; text-align:left"| C

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4 of 4}}"|16.5

|style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4 of 4}}"|8.5%

style="text-align:left;" | Bismuth

|style="text-align:left;" | Bi

|11.5

|5.9%

style="text-align:left;" | Phosphorus

|style="text-align:left;" | P

|10

|5.2%

style="text-align:left;" | Beryllium

|style="text-align:left;" | Be

|7.5

|3.9%

style="text-align:left;" | Tin

|style="text-align:left;" | Sn

|5.5

|2.8%

style="text-align:left;" | Sulfur

|style="text-align:left;" | S

|3

|1.5%

style="text-align:left;" | Livermorium

|style="text-align:left;" | Lv

|3

|1.5%

style="text-align:left;" | Iodine

|style="text-align:left;" | I

|2.5

|1.3%

style="text-align:left;" | Flerovium

|style="text-align:left;" | Fl

|1

|0.5%

style="text-align:left;" | Gallium

|style="text-align:left;" | Ga

|1

|0.5%

style="text-align:left;" | Hydrogen

|style="text-align:left;" | H

|1

|0.5%

style="text-align:left;" | Lead

|style="text-align:left;" | Pb

|1

|0.5%

style="text-align:left;" | Moscovium

|style="text-align:left;" | Mc

|1

|0.5%

style="text-align:left;" | Tennessine

|style="text-align:left;" | Ts

|1

|0.5%

Chronological list

This table shows which elements are included in each of 194 different lists of metalloids. A parenthesized symbol indicates an element whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). The 'citations' rows show how many and what percentage of the authorities consider each element to be a metalloid, with qualified citations counted as one-half.

class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:0; width:100%;"
colspan=22 | Citations as metalloid by element
style="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; line-height:115%;"

! colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="font-size:120%; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | Element

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Arsenic

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Tellu{{shy}}rium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Germa{{shy}}nium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Silicon

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Anti{{shy}}mony

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Boron

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|Polo{{shy}}nium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|Asta{{shy}}tine

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3of4}}"|Sele{{shy}}nium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|Alu{{shy}}minium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|Carbon

!Bis{{shy}}muth

!Phos{{shy}}phorus

!Beryl{{shy}}lium

!Tin

!Sulfur

!Liver{{shy}}morium

!Iodine

! Other

! style="background:{{element color|table header}};" | Count

style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|As

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Te

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Ge

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Si

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Sb

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|B

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|Po

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|At

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3of4}}"|Se

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|Al

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|C

!Bi

!P

!Be

!Sn

!S

!Lv

!I

!

! style="background:{{element color|table header}};" | {{abbr|avg|Average number of metalloids cited in one list}}

colspan=2 style="text-align:right;" |Citations
{{nobold|(with qualification)}}*

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|191.5
{{nobold|(1)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|190.5
{{nobold|(1)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|184.5
{{nobold|(3)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|183.5
{{nobold|(1)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|169.5
{{nobold|(3)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|166
{{nobold|(2)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|94.5
{{nobold|(5)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|77
{{nobold|(6)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3of4}}"|46
{{nobold|(4)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|18
{{nobold|(2)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|16.5
{{nobold|(3)}}

!11.5
{{nobold|(1)}}

!10
{{nobold|(2)}}

!7.5
{{nobold|(1)}}

!5.5
{{nobold|(1)}}

!3
{{nobold|(0)}}

!3
{{nobold|(0)}}

!2.5
{{nobold|(1)}}

!6
{{nobold|(0)}}

! style="background:{{element color|table header}}; font-style:normal" | 7.15
 

colspan=2 style="text-align:right;" |{{nobold|1=(% out of 194)}}

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|99%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|98%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|95%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|95%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|87%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|86%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|49%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|40%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3of4}}"|24%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|9.3%

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|8.5%

!5.9%

!5.2%

!3.9%

!2.8%

!1.5%

!1.5%

!1.3%

!3.1%

! style="background:{{element color|table header}};" |

style="line-height:110%;"

! Source

! Yr

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|

!style="background-color:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!style="background-color:{{element color|table header}};" |

style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SimmonsSimmons LM 1947, 'A modification of the periodic table', Journal of Chemical Education, December, pp. 588–591 (589) {{doi|10.1021/ed024p588}}

1947AsTeSbSe 4
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Pauling{{cite book|last1=Pauling |first1=L |author-link=Linus Pauling |year=1949 |title=General chemistry |publisher=WH Freeman, San Francisco |page=65}}

1949AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Szabó & LakatosSzabó ZG & Lakatos B 1954, 'The new form of the periodic table and new periodic functions', Acta Chimica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, IV 2–4, pp. 129–149 (133)

1954AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAlBe 10
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Dull, Metcalfe & WilliamsDull CE, Metcalfe HC & Williams JE 1958, Modern chemistry, Henry Holt and Company, New York, pp. 59–60, 62

1958AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAl 9
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | FreyFrey PR 1958, College chemistry, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 118

1958AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Johnstone & MillerJohnstone RT & Miller SE 1960, Occupational diseases and industrial medicine, Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 262

1960AsTeGeSiSbBSeCP 9
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Edwards et al.Edwards JO, Ellison HR, Luaro CG & Lorand JP 1961, 'Factors which influence the stability of anionic complexes', in S Kirschner, Advances in the chemistry of the coordination compounds: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on coordination chemistry, Macmillan, New York, pp. 230–237 (230)

1961AsTeGeSiSbBSeI 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | BondBond GC 1962, Catalysis by metals, Academic Press, London, p. 8

1962AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Swift & SchaeferSwift EH & Schaefer WP 1962, Qualitative elemental analysis, WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 100

1962AsGeSiSbBBi 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HoffmanHoffman KB 1963, Chemistry for the applied sciences, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 34

1963AsTeGeSiSbBBe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | NathansNathans MW 1963, Elementary chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 122

1963AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Bailar, Moeller & KleinbergBailar JC, Moeller T & Kleinberg J 1965, University chemistry, DC Heath, Boston, p. 332

1965AsTeGeSe 4
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SelwoodSelwood PW 1965, General chemistry, 4th ed., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, inside back cover

1965AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAlBiSnGa12
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Bassett et al.Bassett LG, Bunce SC, Carter AE, Clark HM & Hollinger HB 1966, Principles of chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 127, 602

1966TeGeSiSbBPoAlBe 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HultgrenHultgren HH 1966, 'Metalloids, in GL Clark & GG Hawley (eds), The encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Reinhold Publishing, New York, pp. 648–649 (648)

1966AsTeGeSiSbSeC 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Metcalfe, Williams & CastkaMetcalfe HC, Williams JE & Castka JF 1966, Modern chemistry, Hollt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 466–67

1966AsTeGeSiSbBPo(Al) 7.5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | RochowRochow EG 1966, The metalloids, DC Heath, Boston, pp. 3, 7–8

1966AsTeGeSiSbB(Po)(At)(Se)(C)(Bi)(P) 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | MahanMahan BH 1967, University chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, p. 448

1967AsTeGeSiB 5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Paul, King & FarinholtPaul MA, King EJ & Farinholt LH 1967, General chemistry, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, p. 135

1967AsTeGeSiSbSe 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SiebringSiebring BR 1967, Chemistry, Macmillan, New York, p. 70

1967AsTeGeSiSbBPoAl 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Cotton & LynchCotton FA & Lynch LD 1968, Chemistry: An investigative approach, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 226

1968AsTeGeSiSbBAtSeC 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | DunstanDunstan S 1968, Principles of chemistry, D Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, pp. 310, 409

1968AsTe(Ge)SbPoAlBiBeSnPb7.5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Tyrell & WarrenTyrell LWM & Warren RK 1968, Principles of chemical science: A student's text, Edward Arnold (Publishers), n.p., p. 111

1968AsTe(Ge)Si(Sb)B(Po)At(Se)(Al)(C)(P)(I) 9.5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Williams, Embree & DeBeyWilliams AL, Embree HD & DeBey HJ 1968, Introduction to chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, inside back cover

1968AsTeGeSiSbBPoAl 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | CheddChedd G 1969, Half-way elements, Aldus Books, London, p. 24

1969AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HäggHägg G 1969, General and inorganic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 92

1969AsTeGeSbAtSn 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HolumHolum JR 1969, Introduction to principles of chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 59

1969AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAl 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HunterHunter D 1969, The diseases of occupations, Little, Brown, & Co., Boston, p. 232

1969AsTeSiSbSe 5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | MoodyMoody BJ 1969, Comparative inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Edward Arnold, London, pp. 67–68

1969AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAlBe 10
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Dickerson, Gray & HaightDickerson RE, Gray HB & Haight GP 1970, Chemical principles, WA Benjamin, New York, p. 160

1970AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Hardwick & KnoblerHardwick ER & Knobler CM 1979, Chemistry: Man and matter, Xerox College, Waltham, MA, inside back cover

1970AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Williams, Embree & DeBayWilliams AL, Embree HD & DeBay HJ 1970, General chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, p. 55

1970AsTeGeSiSbBPoAlBe 9
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | DicksonDickson TR 1971, Introduction to chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 160

1971AsTeGeSiSbPo 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | EmsleyEmsley J 1971, The inorganic chemistry of the non-metals, Methuen Educational, London, p. 1

1971AsTeGeSb 4
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Nitz & DhonauNitz OW & Dhonau CA 1971, Chemistry: A brief introduction, Willard Grant, Boston, p. 64

1971AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Pimentel & SpratleyPimentel GC & Spratley RD 1971, Understanding chemistry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, p. 664

1971AsTeGeSiSbB(Po)(At)SeC 9
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | BarrowBarrow GM 1972, General chemistry, Wadsworth, Belmont CA, p. 162

1972AsTeGeSiB 5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Choppin & JohnsenChoppin GR & Johnsen RH 1972, Introductory chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, p. 346

1972AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HorvathHorvath AL 1973, 'Critical temperature of elements and the periodic system' Journal of Chemical Education, vol 50, no. 5, pp. 335–336 (336)

1973AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | PascoePascoe KJ 1973, Properties of materials for electrical engineers, John Wiley & Sons, p. 7

1973TeGeSiBAtSeCP 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Seager & StokerSeager SL & Stoker HS 1973, Chemistry: A science for today, Scott, Foresman and Company, Glenview, Illinois, p. 58

1973AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAlBe 10
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Allen & KeeferAllen TL & Keefer RM 1974, Chemistry: Experiment and theory, Harper & Row, New York, p. 235

1974AsTeGeSiSbBAtSe 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | AndrewsAndrews DH 1974, Chemistry: A humanistic view, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 217

1974AsTeSiBAt 5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Day & JohnsonDay RA & Johnson RC 1974, General chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 145

1974AsTeGeSiSbPoAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | DicksonDickson TR 1974, Understanding chemistry: From atoms to attitude, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 32

1974AsTeGeSiSbPoAt 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | DuffyDuffy JA 1974, General inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Longman, London, p. 53

1974AsTeGeSbSe 5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | FullerFuller EC 1974, Chemistry and man's environment, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 186

1974AsTeGeSiBSeC 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | NordmannNordmann J 1974, What is chemistry: a chemical view of nature, Harper & Row, New York, p. 152

1974AsTeGeSiBPoAtSe 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | O'ConnorO'Connor RF 1974, Chemical principles and their biological implications, Hamilton Publishing, Santa Barbara, CA, p. 84

1974AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Rock & GerholdRock PA & Gerhold GA 1974, Chemistry: Principles and applications, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 535

1974AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Pauling & PaulingPauling L & Pauling P 1975, Chemistry, WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 114

1975AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Hearst & IfftHearst JE & Ifft JB 1976, Contemporary chemistry, WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 104

1976AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Tyler MillerTyler Miller G 1976, Chemistry: A contemporary approach, Wadsworth, Belmont CA, p. 44

1976AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAlH10
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Waser, Trueblood & KnoblerWaser J, Trueblood KN & Knobler CM 1976, Chem one, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 245

1976AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | BloomfieldBloomfield MM 1977, Chemistry and the living organism, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 126

1977AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAl 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | UckoUcko DA 1977, Living chemistry, Academic Press, New York, p. 32

1977AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAl 9
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Hill & HolmanHill GC & Holman JS 1978, Chemistry in context, Thomas Nelson & Sons, Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, p. 27

1978AsTeGeSiB(C) 5.5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Coxon, Fergusson & PhillipsCoxon JM, Fergusson JE & Phillips LF 1980, First year chemistry, Edward Arnold, London, p. 21

1980AsTeGeSi(Sb)BAt(Be) 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Warrena & GeballeWarrena JL & Geballe TH 1981, 'Research opportunities in new energy-related materials', Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 50, no.2, Oct, pp. 149–198, p. 161?

1981AsTeSiBAtSeCPS 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | WaltersWalters D 1982, Chemistry, Franklin Watts Science World series, Franklin Watts, London, p. 33

1982AsTeGeSiB 5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Edwards & SienkoEdwards PP & Sienko MJ, 'On the occurrence of metallic character in the periodic table of the elements', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 691–696 (692)

1983AsTeGeSbPo(At) 5.5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Holtzclaw, Robinson & NebergallHoltzclaw HF, Robinson WR & Nebergall WH 1984, General chemistry, 7th ed., DC Heath, Lexington, p. 193

1984AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Boikess & EdelsonBoikess RS & Edelson E 1985, Chemical principles, 3rd ed., Harper & Row, New York, p. 35

1985AsTeGeSiB 5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | PetersPeters EI 1986, Introduction to chemical principles, 4th ed., Saunders College, Philadelphia, p. 105

1986AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Hibbert & JamesHibbert DB & James AM 1987, Macmillan dictionary of chemistry, Macmillan, London, p. 300

1987AsTeGeSiSbPoBi 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Jones et al.Jones MM, Johnston DO, Netterville JT, Wood JL & Joeston MD 1987, Chemistry & society, 5th ed., Saunders College, Philadelphia, p. 84

1987AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | McQuarrie & RockMcQuarrie DA & Rock PA 1987, General chemistry, 3rd ed., WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 84

1987AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | WulfsbergWulfsberg G 1987, Principles of descriptive inorganic chemistry, Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA, p. 201

1987AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | ThayerThayer JS 1988, Organometallic chemistry: An overview, VCH, New York, p. 3

1988AsTeGeSiBP 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Whitten, Gailey & DavisWhitten KW, Gailey KD & Davis RE 1988, General chemistry with qualitative analysis, Saunders College, Philadelphia, p. 139

1988AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAl 9
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Bailar et al.Bailar JC, Moeller T, Kleinberg J, Guss CO, Catellion ME & Metz C 1989 Chemistry, 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, p. 742

1989AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | GillGill R 1989, Chemical fundamentals of geology, Unwin Hyman, London, p. 292

1989AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | MaloneMalone LJ 1989, Basic concepts of chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 135

1989AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | PetrucciPetrucci RK 1989, General chemistry: Principles and modern applications, 5th ed., Macmillan, New York, p. 284

1989AsTeGeSiSbPoAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Puddephatt & MonaghanPuddephatt RJ & Monaghan PK 1989, The periodic table of the elements, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p.40

1989AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | ScottScott A 1989, Molecular machinery: The principles and powers of chemistry, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, p. 18

1989AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SegalSegal BG 1989, Chemistry: experiment and theory, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, p. 965

1989AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Oxtoby, Nachtrieb & FreemanOxtoby DW, Nachtrieb NH & Freeman WA 1990, Chemistry: Science of change, Saunders College, Philadelphia, inside front cover

1990AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Atkins & BeranAtkins PW & Beran JA 1990, General chemistry, 2nd ed., Scientific American Books, New York, p. 44

1990AsTeGeSiSbPo 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Ebbing & WrightonEbbing DD & Wrighton MS 1993, General chemistry, 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 58

1993AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | ZumdahlZumdahl SS 1993, Chemistry, 3rd ed., Lexington MA, p. 327

1993AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | BirkBirk JP 1994, Chemistry, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, inside cover

1994AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SmithSmith R 1994, Conquering chemistry, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 25

1994AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | AAEAcademic American Encyclopedia 1996, vol. 13, 'metalloids', Grolier, Danbury, CT, p. 328

1996AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Brady & HolumBrady JE & Holum JR 1996, Chemistry: The study of matter and its changes, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 59

1996AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Harrison & de MoraHarrison RM & de Mora SJ 1996, Introductory chemistry for the environmental sciences, 2nd ed., Cambridge University, Cambridge, p. 150

1996AsTeGeSiB 5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Hook & PostHook CC & Post R 1996, Chemistry: Concepts and problems, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 297

1996AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Atkins & JonesAtkins P & Jones L 1997, Chemistry: Molecules, matter and change, 3rd ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 15

1997AsTeGeSiSbPo 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | DayahDayah M 1997, [http://www.ptable.com Dynamic Periodic Table], viewed 14 July 2011

1997AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | MingosMingos DMP 1998, Essential trends in inorganic chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, p. 202

1998AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Joesten & WoodJoesten MD & Wood JL 1999, World of chemistry: Essentials, 2nd ed., Saunders College/Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth, p. 57

1999AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | KremerKremer P 1999, [http://www.chemglobe.org/ptoe ChemGlobe – Periodic table of the elements], viewed 14 July 2011

1999AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | ThompsonThompson R, 1999, 'Re: What is the metalloid line and where is it located on the Periodic Table?', MadSci Network

1999AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Umland & BellamaUmland JB & Bellama JM 1999, General chemistry, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, inside front cover

1999AsTeGeSiBAtSe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | CallisterCallister WD 2000, Materials science and engineering: An introduction, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 17

2000AsTeGeSiBSeC 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | EnloeEnloe CL 2000, Physical science: What the technology professional needs to know, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 93

2000AsTeSiBAt 5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Mann, Meek & AllenMann JB, Meek TL and Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration energies of the main group elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, pp. 2780–2783

2000AsTeGeSiSbBPoBi 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Phillips, Stozak & WistromPhillips JS, Stozak VS & Wistrom C 2000, Chemistry: Concepts and applications, Glencoe/McGraw Hill, Columbus OH, p. 93

2000AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | RyanRyan L 2000, Advanced chemistry for you, Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, p. 92

2000AsTeGeSiB 5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HawkesHawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–1686

2001AsTeGeSbSeBi 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Lewis & EvansLewis R & Evans W 2001, Chemistry, 2nd ed., Palgrave, Basingstoke, Hampshire, p. 212

2001AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Masterton & HurleyMasterton WL & Hurley N 2001, Chemistry: Principles and reactions, 4th ed., Harcourt College, Fort Worth, inside front cover

2001AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | BarrettBarrett J 2002, Atomic structure and periodicity, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, p. 105

2002(As)(Te)(Ge)(Si)(Sb)(B)(Se) 3.5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | ChangChang R 2002, Chemistry, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 46

2002AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtLvTs10
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Harding, Johnson & JanesHarding C, Johnson DA & Janes R 2002, Elements of the p block, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p. 210

2002AsTeGeSiSb 5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | JohnsonJohnson DA 2002, Metals and chemical change, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p. 22

2002AsTeGeSiSbAt 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | RodgersRodgers GE 2002, Descriptive inorganic, coordination, and solid-state chemistry, 2nd ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Australia, p. 235

2002AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SzeferSzefer P 2002, Metals, metalloids and radionuclides in the Baltic Sea ecosystem, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 14

2002AsTeGeSiSbSe 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | WoodgateWoodgate S 2002, [http://bestchoice.net.nz/html/sa1/main/s71/p2542.htm GEN periodic table: Metals, metalloids, nonmetals], The University of Auckland

2002AsTeGeSbAl 5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Wright & WelbournWright DA & Welbourn P 2002, Environmental toxicology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, p. 254

2002AsTeGeSiB 5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | e-encyclopediae-encyclopedia 2003, Dorling Kindersley, London, p. 161

2003AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | GuptaGupta CK 2003, Chemical metallurgy: principles and practice, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 4

2003AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HuntHunt A 2003, Schaum's A-Z: Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 231

2003AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | MyersMyers R 2003, The basics of chemistry, Greenwood, Westport CT, p. 68

2003AsTeGeSiSbBAtSe 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | WilliamsWilliams LD 2003, Chemistry demystified, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 151

2003AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | AtkinsAtkins P 2004, Galileo's finger: the ten great ideas of science, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 159

2004AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | CoxCox PA 2004, Inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Bios Scientific, London, p. 27

2004AsTeGeSiSbSe 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Gilbert, Kirss & DaviesGilbert TR, Kirss RV & Davies G 2004, Chemistry: The science in context, WW Norton, New York, inside front cover

2004AsTeGeSiSbBAtSe 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | ReillyReilly C 2004, The nutritional trace metals, Blackwell, Oxford, p. 5

2004AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtSe 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Ebbing & GammonEbbing DD & Gammon 2005, General chemistry, 8th ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 58

2005AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Fry & PageFry M & Page E 2005, Catchup chemistry: For the life and medical sciences, Scion, Bloxham, Oxfordshire, p. 14

2005AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Halliday, Resnick & WalkerHalliday D, Resnick R & Walker J 2005, Fundamentals of physics, 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. A-15

2005AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Holler & SelegueHoller FJ & Selegue JP 2005, [http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/index.html The periodic table of comic books], viewed 14 Jul 2011

2005AsTeGeSiSbBPo(At) 7.5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Kotz, Treichel & WeaverKotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2005, Chemistry & chemical reactivity, 6th ed., Brooks Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 80

2005AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | MeyerMeyer JS (ed.) 2005, Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms, Allen Press/ACG, place p. 282

2005AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | OrchinOrchin M 2005, The vocabulary and concepts of organic chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 20

2005AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SwensonSwenson J 2005, 'Classification of noble gases' in [http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03687.htm Ask a scientist, Chemistry archive]

2005AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtSeCBi 11
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | BairdBaird C 2006, Chemistry in your life, 2nd ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 81

2006AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Blei & OdianBlei I & Odian G 2006, General, organic and biochemistry: Connecting chemistry to your life, WH Freeman, New York, inside cover

2006AsTeGeSiSbPoAtLv 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Brown & HolmeBrown L & Holme T 2006, Chemistry for engineering students, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 58

2006AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Dashek & HarrisonDashek WV & Harrison M 2006, Plant cell biology, Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, p. 20

2006AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Finch et al.Finch J, Sinha R, Singh D & Saika A (eds) 2006, Encyclopedia of science, 3rd ed., Dorling Kindersley, London, p. 32

2006AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Goldfrank & FlomenbaumGoldfrank LR & Flomenbaum N 2006, Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 187

2006AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HattHatt C 2006, Scientists and their discoveries, Evans Brothers, London, p. 21

2006AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HéroldHérold A 2006, 'An arrangement of the chemical elements in several classes inside the periodic table according to their common properties', Comptes Rendus Chimie, vol. 9, pp. 148–153

2006AsGeSiBPo(At)SeCBiP 9.5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | McMonagleMcMonagle D 2006, Chemistry: an illustrated guide to science, Infobase Publishing, New York, p. 26

2006AsTeGeSiBLvFl
Mc		8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Rayner-Canham & OvertonRayner-Canham G & Overton T 2006, Descriptive inorganic chemistry, 4th ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 29

2006AsTeGeSiB 5
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SilberbergSilberberg MS 2006, Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 55

2006AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SladeSlade S 2006, Elements and the periodic table, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 16

2006AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Wertheim, Oxlade & StockleyWertheim J, Oxlade C & Stockley C 2006, The Usborne illustrated dictionary of chemistry, Usborne, London, p. 51

2006AsTeGeSiSbBAtSe 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | WhitleyWhitley K 2006, [http://www.chemprofessor.com/outline4b.htm Periodic table: Metals, non-metals, and semi-metals], Chem Professor: Course outline, General chemistry, viewed 14 July 2011

2006AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | American Chemical SocietyAmerican Chemical Society, [http://acswebcontent.acs.org/games/pt.html Interactive periodic table], viewed 14 July 2011

2007AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | AstrucAstruc D 2007, Organometallic chemistry and catalysis, Springer, Berlin. p. 312

2007AsSiBSePS 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | CasperCasper JK 2007, Minerals: Gifts from the earth, Infobase, New York, p. 9

2007AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | CrystalCrystal D (ed.) 2007, 'metalloid', in The Penguin Concise Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, p. 599

2007AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | DeGraffDeGraff J 2007, Understanding and responding to hazardous substances at mine sites in the western United States, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colordado, p. 26

2007AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Joesten, Hogg & CastellionJoesten MD, Hogg JL & Castellion ME 2007, The world of chemistry: essentials, Thommson Higher Education, Belmont, CA, p. 58

2007AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | LewisLewis RJ 2007, Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 15th ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York p. 905

2007AsTeGeSiSbBPoSeCPS 11
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | PettyPetty MC 2007, Molecular electronics: From principles to practice, vol. 22 of Wiley series in materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 25

2007AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtSeCBiPSn 13
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Rösler, Harders & BäkerRösler J, Harders H & Bäker M 2007, Mechanical behaviour of engineering materials: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites, Springer, Berlin, p. 6

2007AsTeGeSiSbB(Sn) 6.5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SaundersSaunders N 2007, Exploring atoms and molecules, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 9

2007AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SaundersSaunders N 2007, Exploring chemical reactions, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 9

2007AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Shipman, Wilson & ToodShipman J, Wilson JD & Tood A 2007, An introduction to physical science, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 297

2007AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Bauer, Birk & SawyerBauer RC, Birk JP & Sawyer DJ 2008, Laboratory inquiry in chemistry, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, inside back cover

2008AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Clugston & FlemmingClugston M & Flemming R 2008, Advanced chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 19

2008AsTeGeSiSbSe 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Encyclopedia ColumbiaEncyclopedia Columbia 2008, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-nonmetal.html 'nonmetal'], 6th ed., viewed 14 July 2011

2008AsTeSbSe 4
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HamHam B 2008, The periodic table, Infobase, New York, p. 66

2008AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Kelter, Mosher & ScottKelter P, Mosher M & Scott A 2008, Chemistry: The practical science, Media enhanced edition, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 261

2008AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Masterton & HurleyMasterton Wl & Hurley CN 2008, Chemistry: Principles and reactions, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA, p. 31

2008AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | MerckMerck 2008, [http://pse.merck.de/merck.php?lang=EN Periodic table of the elements], viewed 14 July 2011

2008AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Nicolaou & MontagnonNicolaou KC & Montagnon T 2008, Molecules that changed the world: a brief history of the art and science of synthesis and its impact on society, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 4

2008AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtC 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Řezanka & SiglerŘezanka T & Sigler K 2008, 'Biologically active compounds of semi-metals', in Atta-ur-Rahman (ed.), Studies in natural products chemistry, vol. 35, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 835–922 (836)

2008AsTeSiBAtSe 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Tro & NeuTro NJ & Neu D 2008, Chemistry in focus: A molecular view of our world, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 75

2008AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | ValleroVallero DA 2008, Fundamentals of air pollution, Academic Press/Elsevier, Burlington MA, p. 200

2008AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Brown et al.Brown TL, Le May, HE, Bursten BE, Murphy & Woodward 2009, Chemistry: The central science, 11th ed., Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p. 49

2009AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Burrows et al.Burrows A, Holman J, Parsons A, Pilling G & Price G 2009, Chemistry3: Introducing inorganic, organic and physical chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, p. 1192

2009AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Castor-PerryCastor-Perry S 2009, 'This week in science history – Mendeleev's periodic table', in [http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/content/interviews/interview/1074/ Science Interviews], The Naked Scientists: Science Radio & Science Podcasts, viewed 14 July 2011

2009AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtI 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Cracolice & PetersCracolice MS & Peters EI 2009, Introductory chemistry: An active learning approach, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 336

2009AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | EconomouEconomou EN 2009, The physics of solids: Essentials and beyond, Springer, Heidelberg, p. 59

2009AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtAl 9
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HabashiHabashi F 2009, 'Metals: Typical and less typical, transition and inner transition,' Foundations of Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 31–39

2009AsTeGeSiSbBPoSeBi 9
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Hein & ArenaHein M & Arena S 2009, Foundations of college chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, alternate 13th ed., New York, p. 49

2009AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | LeachLeach M 2009, 'Periodic table chemical of substances under standard conditions', [http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/35_pt/pt3.html The chemogenesis webook], viewed 14 July 2011

2009AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | ManningManning P 2009, Chemical bonds, Infobase, New York, p. 105

2009AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | McMurray & FayMcMurray J & Fay RC 2009, General chemistry: Atoms first, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p. 767

2009AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Reger, Goode & BallReger DL, Goode SR & Ball DW 2009, Chemistry: Principles & practice, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 56

2009AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SchneppSchnepp R 2009, Hazardous materials: Awareness and operations, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA, p. 30

2009AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Shubert & LeybaShubert D & Leyba J 2009, Chemistry and physics for nurse anesthesia: A student centred approach, Springer, NY, p. 41

2009AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Whitten et al.Whitten KW, Davis RE, Peck ML, Stanley GG 2009, Chemistry, 9th ed. Revised, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 134

2009AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Aldinger & WeberrussAldinger F & Weberruss VA 2010, Advanced ceramics and future materials: An introduction to structures, properties, technologies, methods, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 49

2010AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Banks et al.Banks AJ, Bollom MS, Holmes JL, Jacobsen JJ, Kotz JC & Moore JW 2010, [http://www.chemeddl.org/resources/ptl/ Periodic table live!], Division of Chemical Education, viewed 14 July 2011

2010AsTeGeSiSbB 6
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | FayerFayer MD 2010, Absolutely small: How quantum theory explains our everyday world, American Management Association, New York, p. 161

2010AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | GrayGray T 2010, [http://theodoregray.com/periodictable/Elements/Metalloids/index.s7.html Metalloids (7)], viewed 2 June 2021

2010AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | GroysmanGroysman A 2009, Corrosion for everybody, Springer, Dordrecht, p. 4

2010AsTeGeSiSbPo 6
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Halka & NordstromHalka M & Nordstrom B 2010, Nonmetals, Infobase, New York, p. xiv

2010AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Lombi E & Holm PELombi E & Holm PE 2010, 'Metalloids, soil chemistry and the environment', in TP Jahn (ed.), MIPS and their role in the exchange of metalloids, Landes Bioscience, Austin< TX, 33–46(33)

2010AsTeGeSiSbBPoAt 8
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | NEST AssociationNational Earth Science Teachers Association 2010, 'Metals, nonmetals, & metalloids', [http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/geology/metals.html Windows to the universe], viewed 14 July 2011

2010AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | RCCSResearch Centre for Computational Science 2010, [http://ccinfo.ims.ac.jp/periodic/ The periodic table of the elements], Okazaki Research Facilities, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan, viewed 14 July 2011

2010AsTeGeSiSbBPoAtSeCBiPSn 13
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | SeneseSenese FA 2010, [http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld013.htm Metals, nonmetals and metalloids], viewed 14 July 2011

2010AsTeGeSiSb(B)PoAt(Se)C 9
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | WeinerWeiner ER 2010, Applications of environmental aquatic chemistry: A practical guide, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, p. 109

2010AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | BarbalaceBarbalace KL 2011, [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/ Periodic table of elements], viewed 14 July 2011

2011AsTeGeSiSbBPo 7
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | Encyclopædia Britannica Online{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |year=2011 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377645/metalloid |title=Metalloid |access-date=14 July 2011}}

2011AsTeGeSiSbB(Po)(At) 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | HelmenstineHelmenstine AM 2011, [http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/metalloids.htm Metalloids or semimetals: Properties of element groups], viewed 14 July 2011

2011AsTeGeSiSbB(Po) 6.5
style="background:#fdfdfd;"

| style="text-align:left;" | MooreMoore JT 2011, [http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/the-periodic-table-metals-nonmetals-and-metalloids.html The periodic table: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids], dummies.com, viewed 14 July 2011

2011AsTeGeSiSbBAt 7
style="background:#f7f7f7;"

| style="text-align:left;" | QA InternationalQA International 2011, [http://visual.merriam-webster.com/science/chemistry/chemical-elements/semi-metals-(metalloids).php Merriam-Webster Visual dictionary online], viewed 14 July 2011

2011AsTeGeSiSbBSe 7
class="sortbottom" style="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; line-height:115%;"

! colspan=2 style="font-size:120%; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | Element

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Arsenic

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Tellu{{shy}}rium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Germa{{shy}}nium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Silicon

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Anti{{shy}}mony

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 1of4}}"|Boron

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|Polo{{shy}}nium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 2of4}}"|Asta{{shy}}tine

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 3of4}}"|Sele{{shy}}nium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|Alu{{shy}}minium

!style="background:{{element color|metalloid citeclass 4of4}}"|Carbon

!Bis{{shy}}muth

!Phos{{shy}}phorus

!Beryl{{shy}}lium

!Tin

!Sulfur

!Liver{{shy}}morium

!Iodine

!Other

!style="background:{{element color|table header}};" |

  • () Parenthesized symbols indicate elements whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). It is counted as 0.5 citation.

There is an average of 7.15 elements per metalloid list.

Appearance frequency clusters

File:Metalloid cluster frequencies.png

Elements cited in the listed sources (as of August 2011; n = 194) have appearance frequencies that occur in clusters of comparable values. The diamonds in the graph mark the mean appearance frequency of each cluster.

  • Cluster 1 (93%): B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
  • Cluster 2 (44%): Po, At
  • Cluster 3 (24%): Se
  • Cluster 4 (9%): C, Al
  • Cluster 5 (5%): Be, P, Bi
  • Cluster 6 (3%): Sn
  • Cluster 7 (1%): H, Ga, S, I, Pb, Fl, Mc, Lv, Ts

The resulting geometric trend line has the formula y = 199.47e−0.7423x and an R2 value of 0.9962.{{#tag:ref|The R2 value is a measure of how close a formula fits a set of data points. Values fall between 0.0 and 1.0, with those near 1.0 indicating a good fit.|group=n}}{{clear}}

Elements regarded as metalloids

The elements commonly classified as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.{{#tag:ref|Elements commonly classified as metalloids:

  • Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–7 (526), {{doi|10.1021/ed059p526}}
  • Mann JB, Meek TL & Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration energies of the main group elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 2780–3 (2783), {{doi|10.1021/ja992866e}}: Mann et al. refer to these elements as 'the recognized metalloids'.
  • Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, {{ISBN|1439041318}}|group=n}}

The status of polonium and astatine is not settled. Most authors recognise one or the other, or both, as metalloids; Herman, Hoffmann and Ashcroft, on the basis of relativistic modelling, predict astatine will be a monatomic metal.{{#tag:ref|Polonium and astatine:

  • Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, {{doi|10.1021/ed078p1686}}
  • Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 [http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/periodic/Po_At_Metalloids.pdf 'Why polonium and astatine are not metalloids in HRW texts'], viewed 8 February 2013
  • Hawkes SJ 2010, 'Polonium and astatine are not semimetals', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 87, no. 8, p. 783, {{doi|10.1021/ed100308w}}
  • Hermann A, Hoffmann R & Ashcroft NW 2013, 'Condensed Astatine: Monatomic and Metallic', Physical Review Letters, vol. 111, pp. 11604–1−11604-5, {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.116404}}
  • Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements Are Metalloids?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1703–1707, {{doi|10.1021/ed3008457}}|group=n}} One or more of carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin or bismuth, these being periodic table neighbours of the elements commonly classified as metalloids, are sometimes recognised as metalloids.{{#tag:ref|Carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin, bismuth:
  • Rochow EG 1966, The metalloids, DC Heath and Company, Boston, pp. 7–8
  • Cobb HM 2012, Dictionary of Metals, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p. 145, {{ISBN|9781615039784}}
  • Walker CH 2012, Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 163, {{ISBN|9781420062588}}
  • Whiten K, Davis R, Peck L & Stanley G 2014, Chemistry, 10th ed., Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA, p. 134, {{ISBN|9781133610663}}|group=n}}

Selenium, in particular, is commonly designated as a metalloid in environmental chemistry{{#tag:ref|Selenium as a metalloid in environmental chemistry:

  • Meyer JS, Adams WJ, Brix KV, Luoma SM, Mount DR, Stubblefield WA & Wood CM (eds) 2005, Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms, Proceedings from the Pellston Workshop on Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms, 27 July – 1 August 2002, Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, p. 284, {{ISBN|1880611708}}
  • Weiner ER 2013, Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 181, {{ISBN|9781439853320}}|group=n}} on account of similarities in its aquatic chemistry with that of arsenic and antimony.{{#tag:ref|Similarities in the aquatic chemistry of selenium, arsenic, and antimony:
  • US Environmental Protection Agency 1988, Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria for antimony (III), draft, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratories, Washington, p. 1
  • De Zuane J 1997, Handbook of drinking water quality, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 93, {{ISBN|047128789X}}
  • Uden PC 2005, 'Speciation of selenium,' in R Cornelis, J Caruso, H Crews & K Heumann (eds), Handbook of elemental speciation II: Species in the environment, food, medicine and occupational health, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 346–65 (347–8), {{ISBN|0470855983}}
  • Dev N 2008, 'Modelling selenium fate and transport in Great Salt Lake Wetlands' PhD dissertation, University of Utah, ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 2–3, {{ISBN|054986542X}}|group=n}} There are fewer references to beryllium, in spite of its periodic table position adjoining the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. Isolated references in the literature can also be found to the categorisation of other elements as metalloids. These elements include: hydrogen, nitrogen,{{#tag:ref|Nitrogen:

Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl compounds of metals and metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, {{doi|10.1021/ed037p568}}|group=n}} sulfur,{{#tag:ref|Sulfur:

  • Chalmers B 1959, Physical metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 72
  • US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, Shipfitter 3 & 2, US Government Printing Office, Washington, p. 26|group=n}} zinc,{{#tag:ref|Zinc:

Siebring BR 1967, Chemistry, MacMillan, New York, p. 613|group=n}} gallium,{{#tag:ref|Gallium:

Wiberg N 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC Inorganic chemistry], Academic Press, San Diego, p. 282, {{ISBN|0123526515}}|group=n}} iodine,{{#tag:ref|Iodine:

  • Friend JN 1953, Man and the chemical elements, 1st ed., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, p. 68
  • Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl compounds of metals and metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, {{doi|10.1021/ed037p568}}|group=n}} lead,{{#tag:ref|Lead:

Murray JF 1928, 'Cable-sheath corrosion', Electrical World, vol. 92, Dec 29, pp. 1295–7 (1295)|group=n}} and radon{{#tag:ref|Radon:

  • Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1966, The encyclopedia of chemistry, 3rd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,p. 950
  • Stein L 1985, 'New evidence that radon is a metalloid element: ion-exchange reactions of cationic radon', Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, vol. 22, pp. 1631–2, {{doi|10.1039/C39850001631}}
  • Stein L 1987, 'Chemical properties of radon' in PK Hopke (ed.) 1987, Radon and its decay products: Occurrence, properties, and health effects, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 240–51 (240, 247–8), {{ISBN|0841210152}}|group=n}} (citations are for references other than those listed above).

Notes

{{Reflist|group=n}}

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Navbox periodic table}}

{{list of lists |science |listcat=Metalloids}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Metalloids}}

Category:Lists of chemical elements