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Lithobates

{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{fossil range|20.4|0|Early Miocene–present}}

| image = Lithobates catesbeianus PP.jpg

| image_caption = A close up of a male American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)

| taxon = Lithobates

| authority = Fitzinger, 1843

| type_species = Rana palmipes

| type_species_authority = Spix, 1824

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = 7 to 50, depending on the definition

| synonyms = * {{extinct}}Anchylorana Taylor, 1942

}}

Lithobates, commonly known as the bullfrogs, is a genus of true frogs, of the family Ranidae. The name is derived from litho- (stone) and the Greek {{transliteration|grc|bates}} ({{lang|grc|βάτης}}, one that treads), meaning one that treads on rock, or rock climber.{{cite book|last=Dodd|first=C. Kenneth|title=Frogs of the United States and Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Hwfz9P9gS0C&pg=PR20|volume=1|date=2013|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0633-6|page=20}}{{LSJ|ba%2Fths|βάτης|ref}} one that treads or covers As presently defined, it includes many of eastern North America's most familiar aquatic frog species, including the American bullfrog, green frog, and the leopard frogs.

Systematics

The name was defined by Hillis and Wilcox (2005) for a subgenus of four Central and South American frogs within the genus Rana.{{cite journal|last1=Hillis |first1=David M. |last2=Wilcox |first2=Thomas P. |year=2005 |title=Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana) |url=http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/215.pdf |journal=Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. |volume=34 |issue= 2|pages=299–314 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007 |pmid=15619443 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528131608/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/215.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-28 }}{{cite journal | last1 = Hillis | first1 = David M | year = 2007 | title = Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life | journal = Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. | volume = 42 | issue = 2| pages = 331–338 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001 | pmid=16997582}} The subgenus was subsequently expanded to seven species in Central and South America in a systematic revision of the genus Rana.{{cite journal|last1=Yuan|first1=Zhi-Yong|last2=Zhou|first2=Wei-Wei|last3=Chen|first3=Xin|last4=Poyarkov|first4=Nikolay A.|last5=Chen|first5=Hong-Man|last6=Jang-Liaw|first6=Nian-Hong|last7=Chou|first7=Wen-Hao|last8=Matzke|first8=Nicholas J.|last9=Iizuka|first9=Koji|last10=Min|first10=Mi-Sook|last11=Kuzmin|first11=Sergius L.|last12=Zhang|first12=Ya-Ping|last13=Cannatella|first13=David C.|last14=Hillis|first14=David M.|last15=Che|first15=Jing |year=2016 |title=Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus Rana): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms |journal=Systematic Biology |pages=824–842 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/syw055 |pmid=27288482 |volume=65|issue=5|doi-access=free|hdl=2292/43460|hdl-access=free}} The name was previously used by Frost et al. as a separate genus of ranid frogs that included most of the North American frogs traditionally included in the genus Rana,Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 - [http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=15026 Petropedetidae Noble, 1931]. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 2006-AUG-05., Frost, Darrel R. et al. (2006): The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York. including the American bullfrog and northern leopard frog. Frost used the name in this sense in the frog section of a North American common names list edited by Crother (2008).Crother, B.I. (ed.) (2008): Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North American north of Mexico - {{cite web |url=http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Lithobates_main.php |title=Standard and Common Names |access-date=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416032441/http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Lithobates_main.php |archive-date=2013-04-16 }}. SSAR Herptological Circular 37:1-84. This proposed change has since been rejected by others, such as Stuart (2008),Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(1): 49-60 {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016}} (HTMl abstract) Pauly et al. (2009),{{cite journal | last1 = Pauly | first1 = Greg B. | last2 = Hillis | first2 = David M. | last3 = Cannatella | first3 = David C. | year = 2009 | title = Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names | url = http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1255.pdf | journal = Herpetologica | volume = 65 | issue = 2| pages = 115–128 | doi = 10.1655/08-031r1.1 | s2cid = 283839 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725183043/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1255.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-25 }} AmphibiaWeb,AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2012. Berkeley, California: [http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&table=amphib&where-genus=rana Rana] and Yuan et al. (2016). AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/, an online compendium of amphibian names, follows Yuan et al. (2016) in recognizing Lithobates as a subgenus. On the other hand, Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an online reference, uses Lithobates as a genus. This definition is also followed by, e.g., the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.

The earliest known members of this genus are known from the Early Miocene of Florida, and appear to belong to the leopard frog species complex.

Species

= Recent species =

These species are recognised in the genus Lithobates:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|

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Alternatively, if Lithobates is treated as a subgenus (neotropical true frogs), then this narrower definition would contain the following species:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|

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= Fossil species =

The following fossil species are known, all assignable to the L. pipiens (leopard frog) complex:{{Cite journal |last=Sanchiz |first=B. |date=2012-01-01 |title=Nomenclatural notes on living and fossil amphibians |url=https://www.academia.edu/30177911/Nomenclatural_notes_on_living_and_fossil_amphibians |journal=Graellsia}}

The species described in 1942 were previously placed in their own genus, Anchylorana.

References

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite book | editor = Crother, Brian I. | title = Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Seventh edition. SSAR Herpetological circular No. 39 |date=August 2012 | publisher = Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR) | url = http://ssarherps.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/HC_39_7thEd.pdf | location = Shoreview, MN | isbn = 978-0-916984-85-4 |pages=1–92}}

{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia123/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Lithobates |title=Lithobates Fitzinger, 1843 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2016 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=7 August 2016}}

{{cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=7 August 2016}}

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2047738}}

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Category:True frogs

Category:Amphibian genera

Category:Amphibians of North America

Category:Amphibians of Central America

Category:Amphibians of South America

Category:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger

Category:Extant Burdigalian first appearances