Little spotted kiwi

The little spotted kiwi is a ratite and belongs to the Apterygiformes order, and the Apterygidae family. The genus name Apteryx means 'without wings' and the species is named owenii after Sir Richard Owen.Gotch, A. F. (1995) Only the nominate subspecies A. o. owenii survives. The subspecies A. o. iredalei from the North Island became extinct in the late 19th century;{{cite book| last1 = Hume| first1 = J. P.| first2 = M.| last2 = Walters|year= 2012 |title= Extinct Birds |publisher= A & C Black |location= London|pages= 23–24 |isbn=978-1-4081-5725-1}} its status as a subspecies is not universally accepted as valid though.{{cite journal |last1=Folch|first1=A. |last2=Jutglar|first2=F.|last3=Garcia|first3=E.F.J.|editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |year=2018 |title=Little Spotted Kiwi (Apteryx owenii) |journal=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=https://www.hbw.com/species/little-spotted-kiwi-apteryx-owenii |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona, Spain |doi=10.2173/bow.liskiw1.01 |s2cid=243646391 |access-date=18 August 2018 |url-access=subscription }}

The little spotted kiwi was first described in 1847 by John Gould from a specimen obtained by Frederick Strange and sent to England.{{cite journal |last1=Whittell |first1=H. M. |title=Frederick Strange |journal=The Australian Zoologist |date=1947 |volume=11 |pages=96–114 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39059740#page/132/mode/1up}} The locality is not recorded but it probably came from Nelson or Marlborough. In 1873, Henry Potts published an account of its habitats, and about this time specimens were collected in South Westland and sent to England.

A specimen described as Apteryx occidentalis in 1893 is often considered a junior synonym of this species, but a study in 2002 indicated this may be a hybrid between Apteryx australis and Apteryx owenii.{{cite journal |last1=Herbert |first1=John |last2=Daugherty |first2=Charles H. |title=Genetic variation, systematics and management of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) |journal=Some Early 1990s Studies in Kiwi |date=2002 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8749d134b92b7063791b57637ef54203456cdfce |access-date=2 December 2024}}

The little spotted kiwi has a length of {{convert|35|to(-)|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the weight of the male is {{convert|0.88|to(-)|1.36|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} and the female weighs {{convert|1|to(-)|1.95|kg|lb|frac=4|abbr=on}}, making it the smallest species of kiwi. Their feathers are pale-mottled grey, with fine white mottling, and are shaggy looking.BirdLife International (2008a){{full citation needed|date=August 2019}} They lack aftershafts and barbules. They have large vibrissae feathers around the gape. They lack a tail, but have a small pygostyle. Their bill is ivory and long and their legs are pale.

File: Apteryx owenii 0.jpg|Illustration by J. G. Keulemans from a work by G. D. Rowley, 1870s

File:Kiwi burrow entrance.jpg|Burrow entrance, Zealandia

The little spotted kiwi had an obligate louse that parasitized on it, Rallicola pilgrimi. In an example of conservation-induced extinction, all lice were killed while ensuring captive kiwis for survival.{{cite journal |last1=Rózsa |first1=Lajos |last2=Vas |first2=Zoltán |date=2014-08-22 |title=Co-extinct and critically co-endangered species of parasitic lice, and conservation-induced extinction: should lice be reintroduced to their hosts? |url=http://real.mtak.hu/17477/1/oryx.pdf |journal=Oryx |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=107–110 |doi=10.1017/s0030605313000628 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |title=Rallicola (Aptericola) pilgrimi. NZTCS |url=https://nztcs.org.nz/assessments/20631 |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=nztcs.org.nz}}

Studies on Kapiti Island show that they prefer flax, seral, and older forest habitats. Lower numbers are found in rough grassland and scrub, indicating that either they prefer other habitats or they simply need a larger territory to support themselves in these areas.

Little spotted kiwis eat grubs and other small insects that are found underground, and occasionally eat berries. Earthworms, cockchafer beetle larvae, caterpillars, cranefly larvae, and spiders are their most common foods.{{cite web | url= https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Apteryx_owenii/ | title=Apteryx owenii (Little spotted kiwi) | website=Animal Diversity Web }} Fruit of the hinau tree is also commonly consumed. Annelids make up the largest percentage of the bird's diet. Using its sharp talons and long beak, it digs into the ground and then shoves its long beak down the softened ground. As they cannot fly to get to insects or food on trees and their eyesight is very poor, they depend on a keen sense of smell, long beak and talons. They are nocturnal. Little spotted kiwi call occasionally each night to advertise territory and to maintain contact with partners. Often pairs will duet. They are very territorial, and fight conspecifics with their sharp claws, resulting in many feathers on the ground.

File:Little-spotted kiwi egg.jpg

They nest in an excavated burrow, dug by both birds and sometimes lined with plant material. Eggs are laid from July to January. The clutch size is one to two eggs (15% have 2), which are incubated by the male for 63–76 days. Chicks stay in the nest for 2–3 weeks after hatching and require feeding for 4 weeks. Little spotted kiwi eggs weigh about 23% the weight of the parent bird; the largest ratio among kiwis and birds in general; but exceeded by some sea-living birds; such as the Guadalupe murrelet and storm petrel.

At the time it was described, the species was common on the western side of the South Island and in Marlborough. Then a regular trade in skins sprang up and large numbers were collected for European museums. Further, with the advance of European settlement, birds were killed by prospectors and others for food and their attendant dogs and cats took their toll. The species was extinct on the North Island by 1938 when the last four South Island birds were moved from d'Urville Island to the population that had been established on Kapiti Island. After they were released on Kapiti Island, they were also moved to Red Mercury Island, Hen Island, Tiritiri Matangi Island, Chalky Island, and Long Island in the Queen Charlotte Sound. In 2000, about 20 little spotted kiwis were released into Karori Wildlife Sanctuary. This was the first time since the 19th century that little spotted kiwis could be found on the mainland of the North Island. In 2015, 20 kiwis were translocated from Kapiti Island to Anchor Island.

As the smallest species of kiwi, the little spotted kiwi would be very vulnerable to the main kiwi predators like cats, dogs, and stoats, however it is now restricted to several off-shore island reserves (mainly Kapiti Island) which are mostly free of introduced predators. The little spotted kiwi's conservation status is listed as "range restricted" (by 'Save the Kiwi'), with a growing population. Formerly classified as "vulnerable" by the IUCN,BirdLife International (2008b) it was suspected to be more numerous than generally assumed. Following the evaluation of its population size, this was found to be correct, and it was consequently downlisted to "near threatened" status in 2008 as, although not rare, its small range puts it at risk. The lack of predators, apart from weka (Gallirallus australis), is important to its increasing numbers. It has an occurrence range of {{convert|31|km2|sqmi|frac=4|abbr=on}}, and a population of 1600 was estimated in the year 2012.

• {{Cite web |author=BirdLife International |title=Little Spotted Kiwi – BirdLife Species Factsheet |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=9&m=0 | access-date=6 Feb 2009 | year=2008a| work=Data Zone}}
• {{Cite web |author=BirdLife International |title=What's New (2008) |url=http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/whats_new.html |access-date=4 Feb 2009 |date=2008b |work=IUCN RedList |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828022837/http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/whats_new.html |archive-date=2007-08-28 }}
• {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Davies |first=S.J.J.F. |year=2003 |editor=Hutchins, Michael |title=Kiwis |encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |volume=8 Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |edition=2nd |publisher=Gale Group |location=Farmington Hills, MI|isbn=0-7876-5784-0 |pages=89–90, 92–93}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Gotch |first1=A.F. |year= 1995 |orig-year=1979 |title=Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |location=London|isbn=0-8160-3377-3|page=181|chapter=Kiwis}}
• {{Cite web |title=Little spotted kiwi |url= https://savethekiwi.nz/about-kiwi/kiwi-species/little-spotted-kiwi/ |publisher=Save the Kiwi |access-date=20 May 2023}}

{{Commons category|Apteryx owenii}}

• {{Cite web |author=BirdLife International |title=Species factsheet: Apteryx owenii |url= http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/little-spotted-kiwi-apteryx-owenii | access-date=27 Nov 2023 | year=2023| work=Data Zone}}

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little spotted kiwi

little spotted kiwi

Category:Endemic birds of New Zealand

little spotted kiwi