Longipedia
{{Short description|Genus of crustaceans}}{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Longipedia
| authority = Claus, 1862
| type_species = Longipedia coronata
| type_species_authority = Claus, 1863
}}
Longipedia is a genus of marine copepods of the family Longipediidae, order Canuelloida.{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/copepoda/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115403|title=The World of Copepods - Longipedia Claus, 1862|website=www.marinespecies.org|accessdate=24 September 2019}}
The genus Longipedia comprises 23 accepted species and is distributed worldwide.{{Cite journal|last=Wells|first=J. B. J.|date=1980-10-01|title=A revision of the genus Longipedia Claus (Crustacea: Copepoda: Harpacticoida)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=70|issue=2|pages=103–189|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1980.tb00850.x|issn=0024-4082}} The Longipediidae generally are long and missile shaped, with segmented bodies covered by hard chitin. Longipedia utilize thoracopods to move, pulling themselves through the water. Distinctive features of Longipedia species are an elongated P2 endopod; and a tooth on the P2 endopod third segment.{{Cite journal|last1=Schizas|first1=Nikolaos V.|last2=Dahms|first2=Hans-Uwe|last3=Kangtia|first3=Pawana|last4=Corgosinho|first4=Paulo H. C.|last5=Galindo Estronza|first5=Alexandra M.|date=2015-04-09|title=A new species ofLongipediaClaus, 1863 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Longipediidae) from Caribbean mesophotic reefs with remarks on the phylogenetic affinities of Polyarthra|journal=Marine Biology Research|volume=11|issue=8|pages=789–803|doi=10.1080/17451000.2015.1013556|s2cid=62833261|issn=1745-1000}} Identification and differentiation between Longipedia species can be difficult due to morphological similarities among species.
Phylogeny
Until recently the family Longipediidae was classified in the section Polyarthra of Harpacticoida. Recent genetic analysis has reclassified that section as a separate order, the Canuelloida.{{Cite journal|last1=Khodami|first1=Sahar|last2=McArthur|first2=J. Vaun|last3=Blanco-Bercial|first3=Leocadio|last4=Martinez Arbizu|first4=Pedro|date=2017-08-22|title=Molecular Phylogeny and Revision of Copepod Orders (Crustacea: Copepoda)|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=7|issue=1|pages=9164|doi=10.1038/s41598-017-06656-4|pmid=28831035|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2017NatSR...7.9164K|pmc=5567239}}{{Retracted|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-74404-2|pmid=33057148}} The morphological differences of the Polyarthra from the other Harpacticoids have also been identified as a reason for separation of Polyarthra from the other Harpacticoids.{{Cite journal|last=Dahms|first=H. U.|date=December 2004|title=Exclusion of the Polyarthra from Harpacticoida and its reallocation as an underived branch of the Copepoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea)|journal= Invertebrate Zoology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=29–51|doi=10.15298/invertzool.01.1.03|issn=1812-9250|doi-access=free}} The new order, Canuelloida, includes the families of Longipediidae and Canuellidae.
Distribution
The Longipediidae are located throughout the world in brackish and marine waters. Most frequently they have been identified in shallow marine habitats with sandy or muddy sediments. They have also been identified on macroalgae, in seagrass beds and in marine plankton.{{Cite journal|last1=De Troch|first1=M.|last2=Fiers|first2=F.|last3=Vincx|first3=M.|date=February 2003|title=Niche segregation and habitat specialisation of harpacticoid copepods in a tropical seagrass bed|journal=Marine Biology|volume=142|issue=2|pages=345–355|doi=10.1007/s00227-002-0958-7|s2cid=55839369|issn=0025-3162}} Recently a new species of Longipedia has been identified in samples from a Caribbean mesophotic coral reef. This species is unusual because the depth at which it was found is not typical of other Longipedia species, suggesting that the range of habitats supporting Longipediidae may be greater than previously understood.
Growth and development
Like other copepods, Longipedia larvae have a planktonic naupliar larval stage, and through molting go through six stages to become copepodites.{{Cite journal|last=Gurney|first=Robert|date=March 1930|title=The Larval Stages of the Copepod Longipedia|journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|volume=16|issue=2|pages=461–474|doi=10.1017/s0025315400072866|issn=0025-3154|url=http://plymsea.ac.uk/628/1/The_larval_stages_of_the_copepod_longipedia.pdf}} Once larva metamorphose to the copepodite form, they continue to molt in five stages, adding complexity and size over time.{{Cite journal|date=1992-02-29|title=Metamorphosis between naupliar and copepodid phases in the Harpacticoida|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|volume=335|issue=1274|pages=221–236|doi=10.1098/rstb.1992.0020|issn=0962-8436|bibcode=1992RSPTB.335..221D|last1=Dahms|first1=Hans-Uwe}} As nauplius, planktonic Longipedia have good swimming abilities. As copepodites, they remain close to a substratum.
Habitat and behavior
Longipedia species are benthic or hyperbenthic filter feeders.{{Cite journal|last1=Schückel|first1=Sabine|last2=Sell|first2=Anne F.|last3=Kihara|first3=Terue C.|last4=Koeppen|first4=Annemarie|last5=Kröncke|first5=Ingrid|last6=Reiss|first6=Henning|date=2012-07-20|title=Meiofauna as food source for small-sized demersal fish in the southern North Sea|journal=Helgoland Marine Research|volume=67|issue=2|pages=203–218|doi=10.1007/s10152-012-0316-1|issn=1438-387X|doi-access=free}} In the Mediterranean, various Longipedia species were identified as detrital feeders, while others were identified as phytophile.{{Cite book|title=A study of the Levantine and Pontic Harpacticoida
In seagrass beds they are more abundant in the intertidal zone, in the top few centimeters of substrate. In Costa Rica, Longipedia were found on the Caribbean coastline.{{Cite journal|last1=Morales-Ramírez|first1=Alvaro|last2=Suarez-Morales|first2=Eduardo|last3=Corrales|first3=Marco|last4=Garrote|first4=Octavio|date=2014-11-25|title=Diversity of the free-living marine and freshwater Copepoda (Crustacea) in Costa Rica: a review|journal=ZooKeys|issue=457|pages=15–33|doi=10.3897/zookeys.457.6820|pmid=25561828|pmc=4283362|issn=1313-2970|doi-access=free}} In the mesophotic reef, the newly discovered species was collected with coral, but the sample also included substrate, so the specific habitat of the species and role in the ecosystem was not identifiable.
In a study analyzing sediments and stomach contents of small fish in the North Sea, it has been noted that a species of Longipedia constituted the majority of the biomass in the sediments during the summer months. This increase was attributed to the increase in phytoplankton in sediment following the spring bloom, providing ample food to the copepods, and the copepod breeding activities.