Loranthaceae
{{Short description|Family of mistletoes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Ligaria cuneifolia.jpg
| image_caption = Ligaria cuneifolia
| taxon = Loranthaceae
| authority = Juss.{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
| range_map = Loranthaceae distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the Loranthaceae.
}}
File:Psittacanthus-on-a-tree.jpg flowering atop a tree]]
Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants.{{Cite book|last1=Kuijt|first1=Job|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-09296-6|title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Santalales, Balanophorales|last2=Hansen|first2=Bertel|date=2015|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-09295-9|location=Cham|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-09296-6|s2cid=35096693 }} It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are Nuytsia floribunda (the Western Australian Christmas tree), Atkinsonia ligustrina (from the Blue Mountains of Australia), and Gaiadendron punctatum (from Central/South America.) Loranthaceae are primarily xylem parasites, but their haustoria may sometimes tap the phloem, while Tristerix aphyllus is almost holoparasitic.
For a more complete description of the Australian Loranthaceae, see [http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=48250 Flora of Australia online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144414/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=48250 |date=2018-04-01 }}., for the Malesian Loranthaceae see [http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana/cdm_dataportal/taxon/ad82e45a-8bff-4ea0-85cf-789168c29e14 Flora of Malesia].
Originally, Loranthaceae contained all mistletoe species, but the mistletoes of Europe and North America (Viscum, Arceuthobium, and Phoradendron) belong to the family Santalaceae. The APG II system 2003 assigns the family to the order Santalales in the clade core eudicots.
Phylogeny
Molecular phylogenetics suggests the following relationships of tribes, subtribes and genera: Nuytsia is sister to the rest of the Loranthaceae, with many characters, including its pollen, its fruit (dry and three winged), and the number of its cotyledons, differing substantially from all other Loranthaceae genera. The root parasitic habit is thought to be the basal condition of the family., with the stem/branch parasitic habit evolving ca. 28-40 million years ago. However, Grimsson et al. (2017) estimate this as occurring somewhat earlier (ca. 40-52 million years ago).
{{Clade| style=line-height:75%; font-heigh:75%;
|1={{clade
|1=Remaining Santalales
|label2=Loranthaceae
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Nuytsieae
|1={{clade
|1=Nuytsia
}}
|label2=Gaiadendreae
|2={{clade
|1=Atkinsonia
|2=Gaiadendron
}}
|label3=Elytrantheae
|3={{clade
|1=Alepis
|2=Amylotheca
|3=Cyne
|4=Decaisnina
|5=Elytranthe
|6=Lampas
|8=Lepidaria
|9=Loxanthera
|10=Lysiana
|11=Macrosolen
|12=Peraxilla
|13=Trilepidea
|14=Thaumasianthes
}}
|label4=Psittacantheae
|4={{clade
|label1=Tupeinae
|1={{clade
|1=Tupeia
}}
|label2=Notantherinae
|2={{clade
|1=Desmaria
|2=Notanthera
}}
|label3=Ligarinae
|3={{clade
|1=Ligaria
|2=Tristerix
}}
|label4=Psittacanthinae
|4={{clade
|1=Aetanthus
|2=Cladocolea
|3=Dendropemon
|4=Maracanthus
|5=Oryctanthus
|6=Oryctina
|7=Panamanthus
|8=Passovia
|9=Peristethium
|10=Phthirusa
|11=Psittacanthus
|12=Struthanthus
|13=Tripodanthus
}}
}}
|label5=Lorantheae
|5={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Ileostylinae
|1={{clade
|1=Ileostylus
|2=Muellerina
}}
|label2=Loranthinae
|2={{clade
|1=Cecarria
|2=Loranthus
}}
|label3=Amyeminae
|3={{clade
|1=Amyema
|2=Baratranthus
|3=Benthamina
|5=Diplatia
|6=Distrianthes
|7=Helicanthes
|8=Papuanthes
|9=Sogerianthe
}}
|label4=Scurrilinae
|4={{clade
|1=Scurrula
|2=Taxillus
}}
|label5=Dendrophthoinae
|5={{clade
|1=Dendrophthoe
|2=Helixanthera
|3=Tolypanthus
}}
|label6=Emelianthinae
|6={{clade
|1=Emelianthe
|2=Erianthemum
|3=Globimetula
|4=Moquiniella
|5=Oliverella
}}
|label7=Tapinanthinae
|7={{clade
|2=Agelanthus
|3=Bakerella
|4=Berhautia
|5=Englerina
|6=Oedina
|7=Oncella
|8=Oncocalyx
|9=Pedistylis
|10=Plicosepalus
|11=Septulina
|12=Socratina
|13=Tapinanthus
|14=Vanwykia
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Genera
78 genera are accepted:[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000121-2 Loranthaceae Juss.] Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
{{Columns-list|colwidth=12em|
- Actinanthella
- Aetanthus
- Agelanthus
- Alepis
- Amyema
- Amylotheca
- Atkinsonia
- Bakerella
- Baratranthus (Barathranthus)
- Benthamina
- Berhautia
- Cecarria
- Cladocolea
- Cyne
- Dactyliophora
- Decaisnina
- Dendropemon
- Dendrophthoe
- Desmaria
- Diplatia
- Distrianthes
- Elytranthe
- Emelianthe
- Englerina
- Erianthemum
- Gaiadendron
- Globimetula
- Helicanthes
- Helixanthera
- Ileostylus
- Lampas
- Lepeostegeres
- Lepidaria
- Ligaria
- Loranthella
- Loranthus
- Loxanthera
- Lysiana
- Macrosolen
- Maracanthus
- Moquiniella
- Muellerina
- Notanthera
- Nuytsia
- Oedina
- Oliverella
- Oncella
- Oncocalyx
- Oryctanthus
- Oryctina
- Panamanthus
- Papuanthes
- Passovia
- Pedistylis
- Peraxilla
- Peristethium
- Phragmanthera
- Phthirusa
- Plicosepalus
- Psittacanthus
- Pusillanthus
- Scurrula
- Septemeranthus
- Septulina
- Socratina
- Sogerianthe
- Spragueanella
- Struthanthus
- Tapinanthus
- Taxillus
- Thaumasianthes
- Tolypanthus
- Trilepidea
- Tripodanthus
- Tristerix
- Trithecanthera
- Tupeia
- Vanwykia
}}
See also
References
{{Reflist|refs=
Amico, G.C., Vidal-Russell, R., Garcia, M.A., Nickrent, D.L. 2012. {{cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA279905949|title= Evolutionary History of the South American Mistletoe Tripodanthus (Loranthaceae) Using Nuclear and Plastid Markers|date= January 2012}}. Systematic Botany 37: 218-225
Der, J.P., Nickrent, D.L. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales). Systematic Botany 33: 107-116.{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233645466|title=(pdf)}} {{doi|10.1600/036364408783887438}}
Malecot, V, Nickrent, D.L. 2008. Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships of Olacaceae and Related Santalales. Systematic Botany 33, 97-106.{{cite web|url=http://nickrentlab.siu.edu/NickrentPDFs/Malecot&Nickrent2008.pdf |title=(pdf)}}{{doi|10.1600/036364408783887384}}
Vidal-Russell, R., Nickrent, D.L. 2008. Evolutionary relationships in the showy mistletoe family (Loranthaceae). American Journal of Botany 95: 1015-1029.{{cite web|url=http://nickrentlab.siu.edu/NickrentPDFs/Vidal2008LoranthsAJB.pdf |title=(pdf)}}{{doi|10.3732/ajb.0800085}}
Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D.L. 2005. "A molecular phylogeny of the mistletoe family Loranthaceae." Pp. 131-132, in Botany 2005. Learning from Plants.
Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D.L. 2008. The first mistletoes: Origin of aerial parasitism in Santalales. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 523-537.{{cite web|url=http://nickrentlab.siu.edu/NickrentPDFs/Vidal2008MPE.pdf |title=(pdf)}}{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.016}}
Barlow, B.A. 1997. {{cite web|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/570360|title=Loranthaceae. Pp. 209-401 (pdf)}}, in Kalkman C., et al. (eds.), Flora malesiana. Ser. 1, vol. 13. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.
}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline}}
- [https://parasiticplants.siu.edu/Loranthaceae/index.html Loranthaceae on the Parasitic Plant Connection web site]
- [http://www.chilebosque.cl/epiv/nhete.html Notanthera heterophylla illustrations]
- [http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_FAMILIES_SIMPLE_Loranthaceae.php Chilean Loranthaceae] at Chileflora
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156691}}
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