Loup languages

{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=fr|otherarticle=Nipmuck|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Loup

| pronunciation = {{IPA|fr|lu|}} {{respell|loo}}

| states = United States

| region = Massachusetts, Connecticut

| ethnicity = likely Nipmuck

| extinct = 18th century

| familycolor = Algic

| fam1 = Algic

| fam2 = Algonquian

| fam3 = Eastern Algonquian

| lc1 = xlo

| ld1 = Loup A

| lc2 = xlb

| ld2 = Loup B

| linglist = xlo

| lingname = Loup A

| linglist2 = xlb

| lingname2 = Loup B

| glotto = loup1243

| glottoname = Nipmuck

| glotto2 = loup1245

| glottoname2 = Loup B

| script = transcribed with Latin script

| altname = Nipmuck

}}

Loup is a term which refers to the Algonquian language varieties spoken in colonial New England as attested in the manuscripts of mid-eighteenth century French missionaries.{{Cite journal|last = Goddard|first = Ives|date = 2012|title = The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian|url =https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/2320/2094|journal = Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference| volume=44 |publisher = SUNY Press|pages = 104–138}} It was attested in a notebook titled {{lang|fr|Mots loups}} (literally translating to 'wolf words'), compiled by Jean-Claude Mathevet, a priest who worked among Algonquian peoples, composing of 124 pages. Loup ('Wolf') was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, Loup A refers to the varieties described by Mathevet, and Loup B refers to those described by François-Auguste Magon de Terlaye.

Classification

Linguist Ives Goddard identified three distinct language varieties each attested in the Loup A and Loup B manuscripts. The languages of Loup A are referred to as Loup 1, Loup 2, and Loup 3; the languages of Loup B are referred to as Loup 4, Loup 5, and Loup 6. According to Goddard, Loup 3 and Loup 4 are the same language.

On the basis of morphophonological comparisons with other Algonquian languages and ethnogeographic context, Goddard identifies the five Loup languages with particular bands of the Pocumtuck Confederacy:

Nipmuck (Loup 1)
Norwottuck (Loup 2)
Pocumtuck (Loup 3 and 4)
Woromco (Loup 5)
Pojassick (Loup 6)

File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg sign, a place name originating from the Nipmuck people]]

Phonology

The phonology of Loup A [1] (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:

class="wikitable" \|+Nipmuc consonants ! rowspan="2" \| ! rowspan="2" \|Bilabial ! colspan="2" \|Alveolar ! rowspan="2" \|Palatal/ Postalveolar ! colspan="2" \|Velar ! rowspan="2" \|Glottal
plain !pal. !plain !lab.
align="center" !Nasal \|{{IPAlink\|m}} \|{{IPAlink\|n}} \| \| \| \| \|
align="center" !Plosive \|{{IPAlink\|p}} \|{{IPAlink\|t}} \|{{IPAlink\|tʲ}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|k}} \|({{IPAlink\|kʷ}}) \|
align="center" !Affricate \| \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|tʃ}} \| \| \|
align="center" !Fricative \| \|{{IPAlink\|s}} \| \| \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|h}}
align="center" !Lateral \| \|{{IPAlink\|l}} \| \| \| \| \|
align="center" !Approximant \|{{IPAlink\|w}} \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|j}} \| \| \|

class="wikitable"

|+Nipmuc consonants

! rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Bilabial

! colspan="2" |Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |Palatal/
Postalveolar

! colspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

plain

!pal.

!plain

!lab.

align="center"

!Nasal

|{{IPAlink|m}}

|{{IPAlink|n}}

align="center"

!Plosive

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|{{IPAlink|t}}

|{{IPAlink|tʲ}}

|{{IPAlink|k}}

|({{IPAlink|kʷ}})

align="center"

!Affricate

|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}

align="center"

!Fricative

|{{IPAlink|s}}

|{{IPAlink|h}}

align="center"

!Lateral

|{{IPAlink|l}}

align="center"

!Approximant

|{{IPAlink|w}}

|{{IPAlink|j}}

class="wikitable"

|+Vowels

!Front

!Back

style="text-align:center;"

!Close

|{{IPAlink|i}}, {{IPAlink|iː}}

|{{IPAlink|u}}

style="text-align:center;"

!Mid

|{{IPAlink|e}}

|{{IPAlink|o}}, {{IPAlink|oː}}

style="text-align:center;"

!Open

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}}, {{IPAlink|aː}}, {{IPAlink|ã}}

The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels {{IPA|/i o e a/}} may represent the sounds as {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ, ə]}}, and {{IPA|[ʌ]}}, while the long vowels {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, and {{IPA|/ã/}} correspond to {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, and {{IPA|/ã/}}.{{Cite book|url=http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413153643/http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 13, 2017|title=A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language|last=Gustafson|first=Holly Suzanne|publisher=Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba|year=2000}}{{Cite book|url=http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|title=The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian|last=Costa|first=David J.|year=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825205148/http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2018}}

References

External links

[http://www.language-archives.org/language/xlo OLAC resources in and about the Loup A language]
[http://www.language-archives.org/language/xlb OLAC resources in and about the Loup B language]
{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160209023142/http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/ Nipmuc Language.org]}}

Category:Eastern Algonquian languages

Category:Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands

Category:Languages of the United States

Category:Extinct languages of North America

Category:Native American history of New York (state)

Category:Indigenous languages of North America

Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century

Category:Nipmuc