Loupe

File:Magnifying glass 20101113.jpg

A loupe ({{IPAc-en|'|l|uː|p}} {{respell|LOOP}}) is a simple, small magnification device used to see small details more closely.{{cite book |title=Webster's New World College Dictionary |edition=4th |year=2010 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/loupe}} They generally have higher magnification than a magnifying glass, and are designed to be held or worn close to the eye. A loupe does not have an attached handle, and its focusing lens(es) are contained in an opaque cylinder or cone. On some loupes this cylinder folds into an enclosing housing that protects the lenses when not in use.

Optics

File:Magnification power of a loupe.png

Three basic types of loupes exist:

Simple lenses, generally used for low-magnification designs because of high optical aberration.
Compound lenses, generally used for higher magnifications to control optical aberration.
Prismatic, multiple lenses with prisms.{{Cite web|title=Loupes Terms Explained|url=https://bryant.dental/hub/show/loupes-terms-explained|access-date=2022-01-21|website=bryant.dental|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121124607/https://bryant.dental/hub/show/loupes-terms-explained|archive-date=2022-01-21}}

Uses

Loupes are used in many professions where magnification enables precision work to be done with greater efficiency and ease. Examples include surgery, dentistry, ophthalmology, the jewelry trade, gemology, questioned document examination, and watchmaking.{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/loupe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914024940/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/loupe |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |title=Loupe |website=Lexico.com |access-date=2021-09-13}} Loupes are also sometimes used in photography and printing.

= Jewellery and gemology =

File:BelOMO 10× achromatic triplet loupe 1.jpg triplet jewellers' loupe]]

Jewellers typically use a monocular, handheld loupe to magnify gemstones and other jewelry that they wish to inspect.{{cite web |url=https://www.liveabout.com/jewelry-loupe-instructions-2043539 |title=Learn How to Use a Jewelry Loupe |last=Wickell |first=Carly |date=2019-05-23 |website=LiveAbout |access-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227022236/https://www.liveabout.com/jewelry-loupe-instructions-2043539|archive-date=2023-12-27}} A 10× magnification is good to use for inspecting jewelry and hallmarks and is the Gemological Institute of America's standard for grading diamond clarity. Stones will sometimes be inspected at higher magnifications than 10×, although the depth of field and field of view become too small to be instructive.{{cite web|url=http://www.gemsociety.org/article/10x-loupe-the-gemologists-best-friend/|title=10× Loupe for Gemologists and Jewelers|publisher=International Gem Society|last=Clark|first=Donald|access-date=22 October 2020}} The accepted standard for grading diamonds is therefore that inclusions and blemishes visible at 10× impact the clarity grade. The inclusions in VVS diamonds are hard to find even at 10×.{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904001054/https://www.gia.edu/library/4286/6278/faq_detail_page.cfm |url=http://www.gia.edu/library/4286/6278/faq_detail_page.cfm |archive-date= September 4, 2006|title=What is the GIA Clarity Scale for diamonds? |work= GIA Library |access-date= December 18, 2022}}

= Watchmaking =

Loupes are employed to assist watchmakers in assembling mechanical watches. Many aspects require the use of the loupe, in particular the assembly of the watch mechanism itself, the assembly and details of the watch dial, as well as the formation of the watch strap and installation of precious stones onto the watch face.

=Photography=

Analog (film) photographers use loupes to review, edit or analyze negatives and slides on a light table. Typical magnifications for viewing slides full-frame depend on image format; 35 mm frames (24×36 mm slides to 38×38 mm superslides) are best viewed at ca. 5×, while ca. 3× is optimal for viewing medium format slides (6×4.5 cm / 6×6 cm / 6×7 cm). Often, a 10× loupe is used to examine critical sharpness. Photographers using large format cameras may use a loupe to view the ground glass image to aid in focusing. Users of digital single-lens reflex cameras use loupes to help to identify dust and other particles on the sensor, in preparation for sensor cleaning.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

=Dentistry=

File:Dental loupe with loupe light.jpg mounted on the bridge of the loupes and side shields on the temples to protect a dentist's eyes from splatter.]]

Dentists, hygienists, and dental therapists typically use binocular loupe glasses since they need both hands free when performing dental procedures. The magnification helps with accurate diagnoses of oral conditions and enhances surgical precision when completing treatment. Additionally, loupes can improve dentists' posture which can decrease occupational strain.{{Cite journal|last=Friedman|first=Mark J.|date=2004-01-01|title=Magnification in a restorative dental practice: from loupes to microscopes|journal=Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry|volume=25|issue=1|pages=48, 50, 53–55|issn=1548-8578|pmid=15645879}}

Some dental loupes are flip-type, which take the form of two small cylinders, one in front of each lens of the glasses. Other types are inset within the lens of the glasses.

Dental caries, also known as cavities, are most accurately identified by visual and tactile examination of a clean, dry tooth.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cda-adc.ca/jcda/vol-67/issue-8/454.html|title=Diagnosis of Occlusal Caries: Part I. Conventional Methods|access-date=2016-05-17|last1=McComb|first1=Dorothy|last2=Tam|first2=Laura E.|date=September 2001|journal=Journal of the Canadian Dental Association|volume=67|issue=8|pages=454–457|pmid=11583606}} Magnification enables dentists to improve their ability to differentiate between a stain and a cavity. Cavities are rated and scored based on their visual presentation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.icdas.org/uploads/ICCMS-Guide_Full_Guide_UK.pdf|title=ICCMS Caries Management|last=|first=|date=|website=www.icdas.org|publisher=ICDAS|access-date=17 May 2016}} If magnification is too high diagnosis becomes difficult due to the small field of view. Ideal magnification for diagnostic purposes is up to 2×.{{Cite journal|last1=Neuhaus|first1=K. W.|last2=Jost|first2=F. |last3=Perrin|first3=P.|last4=Lussi |first4=A.|date=2015-12-01|title=Impact of different magnification levels on visual caries detection with ICDAS|journal=Journal of Dentistry |volume=43|issue=12|pages=1559–1564 |doi=10.1016/j.jdent.2015.09.002|issn=1879-176X|pmid=26366524}}{{Cite journal |last1=Sisodia|first1=Neha|last2=Manjunath |first2=M.K. |date=2014-08-01|title=Impact of Low Level Magnification on Incipient Occlusal Caries Diagnosis and Treatment Decision Making |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research|volume=8 |issue=8|pages=ZC32–ZC35 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/8533.4742 |issn=2249-782X|pmc=4190790|pmid=25302264}} Treatment of dental caries, periodontal disease, and pulpal disease are all aided by magnification.

The dental specialty of endodontics has performed the vast majority of research regarding magnification in dentistry. Because the identification of accessory canals in addition to the primary pulp canals is essential to complete nonsurgical root canal therapy, magnification provides dentists enhanced visualization to locate and treat more obscured canals.

Treatment of periodontal disease is achieved by removing calculus deposits, plaque and therefore bacteria which causes inflammation and subsequently bone destruction. In severe cases, surgery to reduce pocket depth is indicated. Periodontists and hygienists must visualize plaque and calculus to remove it. Magnification can assist dentists and hygienists with identification and removal of plaque and calculus in addition to improving visualization for periodontal surgery.{{Cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=Mj|last2=Taylor|first2=Ja|last3=Smith|first3=Dr|date=2015-02-17|title=Introducing loupes to clinical practice: dental hygienists experiences and opinions|journal=International Journal of Dental Hygiene|doi=10.1111/idh.12128|issn=1601-5037|pmid=25690424|volume=14|issue=3|pages=226–30}}

File:Ergonomic Dental loupes.jpg

Ergonomics have long been a pain point for doctors who need to physically strain, bending over and looking down, to treat their patients. Over time this posture results in discomfort, pain, and even neuromuscular disease.{{Cite journal |last1=Harutunian |first1=Karmen |last2=Gargallo Albiol |first2=Jordi |last3=Barbosa de Figueiredo |first3=Rui Pedro |last4=Gay Escoda |first4=Cosme |title=Ergonomics and musculoskeletal pain among postgraduate students and faculty members of the School of Dentistry of the University of Barcelona (Spain). A cross-sectional study|doi=10.4317/medoral.16.e425 |issn=1698-4447 |journal=Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. |date=2011-05-01 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=e425–9|doi-access=free |pmid=20711125 }} Some modern loupes address this by incorporating refractive prisms which alter the course of the light through the telescopes, so that the dentist can maintain a neutral, upright position with eyes relaxed and looking straight ahead.

A typical magnification for use in dentistry is 2.5×, but dental loupes can be anywhere in the range from 2× to 8×.{{cite web |url=https://www.theloupescompany.com/support/faqs |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=The Loupes Company}} Optimal magnification is a function of the type of work the doctor does - namely, how much detail he or she needs to see, taking into consideration that when magnification increases, the field of view decreases. As a tool that sits on the face and is used for hours at a time, weight is also a significant factor in considering the type of loupes to use.

Together with proper access to the oral cavity, light is an important part of performing precision dentistry. Because a dentist's head often eclipses the overhead dental lamp, loupes may be fitted with a light source. Loupe-mounted lights used to be fed by fiber optic cables that connected to either a wall-mounted or table-top light source. Newer models feature a more convenient LED lamp within the loupe-mounted light and an electric cord coming from either the conventional wall-mounted or table-top light source or a belt clip rechargeable battery pack. Options for loupe-mounted cameras and video recorders are also available.{{cite web|url=http://www.futudent.com/features.html|title=Futudent HD Camera|access-date=2013-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920035846/http://www.futudent.com/features.html|archive-date=2013-09-20|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.ximea.com/news/case-studies/case-study-new-kind-of-dentist-system-getting-popular| title=Case Studies - Futudent system | accessdate=2015-12-02}}

=Surgery=

File:Cardiac surgeon wearing loupes.jpg

Surgeons in many specialties commonly use loupes when doing surgery on delicate structures. The loupes used by surgeons are mounted in the lenses of glasses and are custom made for the individual surgeon, taking into account their corrected vision, interpupillary distance and desired focal distance. Multiple magnification powers are available. They are most commonly used in otolaryngology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, plastic surgery, cardiac surgery, orthopedic surgery, and vascular surgery.

=Geology=

The loupe is a vital geological field tool used to identify small mineral crystals and structures in rocks.

=Collectables=

File:A jeweller's loupe.jpg

Loupes are an essential tool in both numismatics, the study of currency, and the related practice of coin collection. Coin collectors frequently employ loupes for better evaluation of the quality of their coins, since identifying surface wear is vital when attempting to classify the grade of a coin. Uncirculated coins (coins without wear) can command a substantial premium over coins with slight wear. This wear cannot always be seen with the naked eye. Numismatists can also employ loupes to identify some counterfeit coins that would pass a naked-eye visual inspection.{{cn|date=September 2021}} Loupes are similarly used for evaluating other collectable objects, such as trading cards and antiques.

=Archival conservation=

Conservators often use hand held loupes or head-mounted binocular magnifiers such as the Optivisor to examine artifacts and documents requiring cleaning or repair.