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Low surface brightness galaxy

{{short description|Galaxy which is less bright than the ambient night sky}}

File:NGC 45 GALEX WikiSky.jpg, a low surface brightness spiral galaxy, by GALEX.]]

File:Hiding in the night sky.jpg is located over 110 million light-years away in the constellation of Pisces.{{Cite web |title=Hiding in the night sky |url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1614a/ |access-date=4 April 2016 |website=ESAHubble.org}}]]

A low-surface-brightness galaxy, or LSB galaxy, is a diffuse galaxy with a surface brightness that, when viewed from Earth, is at least one magnitude lower than the ambient night sky.

Most LSBs are dwarf galaxies, and most of their baryonic matter is in the form of neutral gaseous hydrogen, rather than stars. They appear to have over 95% of their mass as non-baryonic dark matter. There appears to be little supernova (SN) activity in these galaxies,{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} although LSB galaxy IC 217 hosted 2014cl.{{Cite journal |last1=Monnier Ragaigne |first1=D. |last2=van Driel |first2=W. |last3=Schneider |first3=S. E. |last4=Jarrett |first4=T. H. |last5=Balkowski |first5=C. |date=July 2003 |title=A search for Low Surface Brightness galaxies in the near-infrared: I. Selection of the sample |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=405 |issue=1 |pages=99–109 |arxiv=astro-ph/0304380 |bibcode=2003A&A...405...99M |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030585 |issn=0004-6361 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Gonzalez |first1=L. |last2=Hamuy |first2=M. |last3=Antezana |first3=R. |last4=Cartier |first4=R. |last5=Forster |first5=F. |last6=Carrasco |first6=F. |last7=Pignata |first7=G. |last8=Apostolovski |first8=Y. |last9=Paillas |first9=E. |last10=Varela |first10=S. |last11=Bufano |first11=F. |last12=Olivares |first12=F. |last13=Takats |first13=K. |last14=Catalan |first14=T. |last15=Rivas |first15=C. |date=August 2014 |title=Supernova 2014cl in IC 217 = Psn J02160910-1156026 |journal=Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams |volume=3950 |page=1 |bibcode=2014CBET.3950....1G}}

Rotation curve measurements indicate an extremely high mass-to-light ratio, meaning that stars and luminous gas contribute only very little to the overall mass balance of an LSB. The centers of LSBs show no large overdensities in stars, unlike e.g. the bulges of normal spiral galaxies. Therefore, they seem to be dark-matter-dominated even in their centers, which makes them excellent laboratories for the study of dark matter.

In comparison to the high-surface-brightness galaxies, LSBs are mainly isolated field galaxies, found in regions devoid of other galaxies. In their past, they had fewer tidal interactions or mergers with other galaxies, which could have triggered enhanced star formation. This is an explanation for the small stellar content.

LSB galaxies were theorized to exist in 1976 by Mike Disney.

Giant low-surface-brightness galaxies

Giant low surface brightness (GLSB) galaxies are among the most massive known spiral galaxies in the Universe.{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=M. |date=March 2013 |title=Giant Low Surface Brightness Galaxies: Evolution in Isolation |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=19–31 |arxiv=1310.6495 |bibcode=2013JApA...34...19D |doi=10.1007/s12036-013-9166-8 |issn=0250-6335 |s2cid=118546432}} They have very faint stellar disks that are very rich in neutral hydrogen but low in star formation and thus low in surface brightness. Such galaxies often have bright bulges that can host low luminosity active galactic nuclei. GLSB galaxies are usually isolated systems that rarely interact with other galaxies. The first LSB galaxy verified to exist was Malin 1, discovered in 1986. As such, it was also the first giant LSB galaxy identified. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest spiral galaxy known (by scale-length measurement).{{Cite journal |last=Bothun |first=G. D. |date=February 1997 |title=The ghostliest galaxies. |journal=Scientific American |volume=276 |issue=2 |pages=40–45 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0297-56 |bibcode=1997SciAm.276b..40B |issn=0036-8733}}{{Cite web |last=Crosswell |first=Ken |date=January 22, 2007 |title=Malin 1: A Bizarre Galaxy Gets Slightly Less So by Ken Croswell |url=http://kencroswell.com/Malin1.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=KenCroswell.com}}

UGC 1382 was previously thought to be an elliptical galaxy, but low-brightness spiral arms were later detected. UGC 1382 is much closer to Earth than Malin 1.{{Cite web |date=11 July 2016 |title=Surprise: Small elliptical galaxy actually a giant disk |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-07-small-elliptical-galaxy-giant-disk.html |access-date=12 July 2016 |website=Phys.org |agency=Carnegie Institution for Science}}

Examples

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  • IC 10
  • NGC 45
  • Eridanus II
  • Malin 1
  • Malin 2
  • Phoenix Dwarf
  • Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy (SagDIG)
  • Sextans A
  • Sextans B

  • Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte galaxy (WLM)
  • UGC 477

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    See also

    References

    {{reflist}}

    • {{Cite arXiv |eprint=astro-ph/0107064 |first=K. |last=O'Neil |title=The HI Content and Extent of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies - Could LSB Galaxies be Responsible for Damped Ly-alpha Absorption?|date=2001 }} For publication in {{Cite book |title=Extragalactic gas at low redshift: proceedings of a workshop held at Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, California, USA, 4-6 April 2001 |date=2002 |publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |isbn=978-1-58381-094-1 |editor-last=Mulchaey |editor-first=John S. |edition=1st |series=Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series |location=San Francisco, Calif |editor-last2=Stocke |editor-first2=John T.}}
    • {{Cite journal |last1=Rosenbaum |first1=S. D. |last2=Bomans |first2=D. J. |date=July 2004 |title=The environment of Low Surface Brightness galaxies |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=422 |issue=1 |pages=L5–L8 |arxiv=astro-ph/0406205 |bibcode=2004A&A...422L...5R |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040185 |issn=0004-6361}}
    • {{Cite journal |last=Barth |first=Aaron J. |date=March 2007 |title=A Normal Stellar Disk in the Galaxy Malin 1 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |language=en |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=1085–1091 |arxiv=astro-ph/0701018 |doi=10.1086/511180 |bibcode=2007AJ....133.1085B |issn=0004-6256}}

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