Lucas Samalenge

{{Infobox officeholder

|name = Lucas Samalenge

|office1 = Secretary of State of Information of the State of Katanga

|image = Katangese Secretary of State of Information Lucas Samalenge.png

|caption = Lucas Samalenge writing, 1961.

|term_start1 = October 1960

|term_end1 = 19 November 1961

|president = Moïse Tshombe

|birth_date = 2 October 1928

|birth_place =

|death_date = {{death date and age|1961|11|19|1928|10|02|df=y}}

|death_place = 120 km northwest of Élisabethville, Republic of the Congo{{cite news |author= |title=Katangaans minister op jacht omgekomen |url=https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/pzc/1961-11-23/edition/0/page/9?query=Zegels%20bij%20n%20Flacon&sort=relevance&page=2 |work=Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant |location= |page=17 |date=23 November 1961 |access-date=12 January 2021}}

|party = Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga

|spouse =

|children =

}}

Lucas Samalenge (2 October 1928 – 19 November 1961) was a Congolese and Katangese politician who was Katanga's Secretary of State of Information.

Early life and career

Samalenge was born on 2 October 1928.{{cite book|author1=Benoît Verhaegen|author2=Jules Gérard-Libois|title=Congo 1960: tome II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhWyzQEACAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Centre de Recherche et d'Information Socio-Politiques |page=126}} He became a nationally elected Member of Parliament for the CONAKAT party for the district of Élisabethville. This party consisted mostly of Southern Katangese people, including Moïse Tshombe and Godefroid Munongo. He was the only MP of his party to vote the investiture at the Lumumba Government in June 1960.{{cite book|author1=Benoît Verhaegen|author2=Jules Gérard-Libois|title=Congo 1960: tome II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhWyzQEACAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Centre de Recherche et d'Information Socio-Politiques |page=126}}

During the mutiny of the Force Publique, on 5 July, a Provincial Council in Élisabethville reexamined the appointment of a State Commissioner for the Katanga Province. Jason Sendwe, Tshombe's main political rival, held the position, but the Council opposed his appointment. The candidates who were put forward to replace Sendwe were {{ill|Boniface Mwepu|fr|Boniface Mwepu Katentakanya}}, Samalenge, and Bonaventure Makonga.{{Cite book|title=Mille et quatre jours. Contes du Zaïre et du Shaba|last=Vandewalle|first=Frédéric|authorlink=Frédéric Vandewalle|volume=Fascicle 1|page=17}} Sendwe, however, retained his position.

Katangese secession

{{Quote box|width=246px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=left|quote="Mr. Lucas Samalenge, Secretary of State of Information, is characterised by his anti-Belgian sentiments and his Francophilia which moved him to introduce people to his cabinet who were equally picturesque and adventurous as incompetent. He does not perform any actions at his department, completely left to the initiatives of the heterogeneous staff, the most active being an agronomist. After several years of existence, that department has not yet found its equilibrium and is reorganised by Mr. [Gabriel] Letellier, of Paris."|source=Frédéric Vandewalle and Jacques Brassinne in a November 1961 report about the situation in Katanga.{{Cite book|title=Mille et quatre jours. Contes du Zaïre et du Shaba|last=Vandewalle|first=Frédéric|authorlink=Frédéric Vandewalle|volume=Fascicle 7|page=7}}{{efn|Gabriel Letellier was a collaborator at the Katangese representation in Paris under Resident Minister Dominique Diur.}}}}

File:Flag of Katanga.svg

When Katangese provincial governor Moïse Tshombe declared the independence of the State of Katanga from the Congo, four delegations were sent out abroad to explain what happened in the region. They were headed by Jean-Baptiste Kibwe, Évariste Kibwe, Henri Ndala Kambola, and Samalenge.{{cite book|author=Jean Omasombo Tshonda|authorlink=|title=Haut-Katanga: Lorsque les richesses économiques et pouvoirs politiques forcent une identité régionale|url=https://www.africamuseum.be/sites/default/files/media/docs/research/publications/rmca/online/monographies-provinces/Haut-Katanga_Tome%201_WEB.pdf|year=2018|publisher=AfricaMuseum |page=349}} Samalenge's delegation further consisted of H. Schumacker and Rémy Kabamba. They were to organise, in Brazzaville, a clandestine office for propaganda destined for the Republic of the Congo, the "Voice of Liberty" (Voix de la liberté), and get in touch with resistance movements such as Jabako (youth wing of Abako), Jepuna (youth wing of Puna), MNC-Kalonji and organise a propaganda campaign.

In October 1960, five Secretariats of State were created in Katanga, thereby enlarging the government. Samalenge became the Secretary of State of Information. His Chef de cabinet was the Belgian journalist Etienne Ugeux and deputy Chef de cabinet was Barthélemy Bwengu.{{cite book |last=Weber |first=Guy |author-link=Guy Weber |date=1983 |title=Le Katanga de Moïse Tshombe ou le drame de la loyauté |url= |location=Brussels |publisher=Éditions Louis Musin |page=201 |isbn=2-87083-013-0}} Public relations officer for Samalenge's office was Christian Souris, who later wrote a novel based on true facts under the pseudonym Christian Lanciney, named Les héros sont affreux.{{cite book|author=Christopher Othen|title=Katanga 1960-63: Mercenaries, Spies and the African Nation that Waged War on the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3lhQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP279|date=7 September 2015|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-0-7509-6580-4|page=279}}{{cite book|author=Christian Lanciney|title=Les héros sont affreux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Am0wAAAAIAAJ|year=1962|publisher=C. Dessart}} Ugeux's son Dominique Ugeux claimed that Tshombe alerted Etienne Ugeux that Samalenge had no experience in the field of information and was only picked for political and ethnic reasons.{{Cite book|title=Le Mobutu que j'ai connu: Témoignage|last=Ugeux|first=Dominique|publisher=Editions Surprendre|year=2017|pages=57}}

According to political scientist Catherine Hoskyns, his office had a dual function of offering a Katangese nationalism for the Katangese people, and to brand the country as a peaceful, prosperous, Western-oriented state endangered by black nationalism and pro-communist forces in the Congo and at the United Nations. The information secretariat coordinated the Katangese representations in Brussels (headed by Jacques Masangu), Paris (headed by Dominique Diur), and the Katanga Information Services in New York (headed by Michel Struelens), as well as the various pro-Katangese groups abroad.{{cite book |last=Hoskyns |first=Catherine |author-link=Catherine Hoskyns |date=1965 |title=The Congo Since Independence, January 1960-December, 1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0N1AAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=288–289 |isbn=}} In March 1961, Tshombe sent out Samalenge to Paris for several months in order to negotiate with ORTF the creation of a television station in Katanga, which did not exist at the time. According to Etienne Ugeux's son, this was done by Tshombe to remove Samalenge from his office for a few months because of his "incompetence". He characterised Samalenge as an "inveterate show-off" who "liked the good life".{{Cite book|title=Le Mobutu que j'ai connu: Témoignage|last=Ugeux|first=Dominique|publisher=Editions Surprendre|year=2017|pages=62}}

The propaganda efforts abroad in Katanga and abroad were successful. After Operation Rum Punch in August 1961, it seemed as if the secession was on its last legs, but the failure of Operation Morthor and the death of UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld further consolidated the regime. Samalenge issued a statement in October 1961 in which he boasted that the 1.7 million Katangans have defeated the whole United Nations of more than 2 billion people, which succeeded because Katanga was in the right, according to him.{{cite book |last=Hoskyns |first=Catherine |author-link=Catherine Hoskyns |date=1965 |title=The Congo Since Independence, January 1960-December, 1961 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0N1AAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=436 |isbn=}}

Assassination of Lumumba

At the time of the arrival of prisoners Patrice Lumumba, Maurice Mpolo, and Joseph Okito in a Douglas DC-4 plane at the airport of Luano in Katanga's capital Élisabethville during the afternoon of 17 January 1961, Samalenge was at the Cinéma Palace movie theatre with his Chef de cabinet Etienne Ugeux{{cite news |author= |title=DÉCÈS Etienne Ugeux, témoin d'Afrique pour "Le Soir" |url=https://www.lesoir.be/art/deces_t-19980219-Z0EW93.html |work=Le Soir |location=Brussels |date=19 February 1998 |access-date=12 January 2021}} and Tshombe at a screening of the Moral Re-Armament campaign when Tshombe was called to his residence somewhere between 16:00 and 17:00.{{cite web |url=https://www.diekammer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/lmb/312_6_page_336_to_574.pdf |title=Enquête parlementaire visant à déterminer les circonstances exactes de l'assassinat de Patrice Lumumba et l'implication éventuelle des responsables politiques belges dans celui-ci |author= |date=16 November 2001 |website= |page=377|publisher=Belgian Chamber of Representatives |access-date=12 January 2021 |quote=À l’arrivée des prisonniers, Tshombe ne se trouve pas à sa résidence mais il assiste à une séance cinématographique organisée par le « Réarmement moral » au cinéma Palace. Il est accompagné du secrétaire d’État Samalenge et du chef de cabinet de ce dernier, Ugeux. Entre 16 et 17 h Tshombe est rappelé et il se dirige vers sa résidence}} Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Kibwe later denied that Samalenge was present when the three Congolese politicians were assassinated near Élisabethville, but other sources place him at the execution.{{cite web |url=https://www.diekammer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/lmb/312_6_page_336_to_574.pdf |title=Enquête parlementaire visant à déterminer les circonstances exactes de l'assassinat de Patrice Lumumba et l'implication éventuelle des responsables politiques belges dans celui-ci |author= |date=16 November 2001 |website= |page=398|publisher=Belgian Chamber of Representatives |access-date=12 January 2021 |quote=Certaines sources le signalent cependant sur le lieu de l’exécution. Le ministre Kibwe, qui cite cinq noms de ministres, dément en revanche devant la commission d’enquête la présence de Samalenge lors de l’exécution.}}

Samalenge was one of the first individuals, or perhaps the first individual, to reveal Lumumba's death. According to Carlo Huyghé, he went on a pub crawl on the streets of the capital on 18 January and drunkenly confided to journalist Léopold Daffe of the Secretariat of Information the details of the assassination.{{Cite web|url=http://www.brassinnedelabuissiere-lumumba.be/Pdf/LUMUMBA(Temoinages).pdf|title=Enquête sur la mort de Patrice Lumumba: Témoignages|access-date=2021-09-15|last=Brassinne|first=Jacques|page=25.1|archive-date=2021-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820175147/http://www.brassinnedelabuissiere-lumumba.be/Pdf/LUMUMBA(Temoinages).pdf|url-status=dead}}{{efn|Previously, Léopold Daffe was condemned by the Brussels Criminal Court to three months in prison and a fine on 22 February 1956 for manslaughter. While drunk, he set fire to the Brussels bar Club du Congo in January 1953, killing three people.{{cite web |url=https://www.diekammer.be/kvvcr/pdf_sections/comm/lmb/312_6_page_336_to_574.pdf |title=Enquête parlementaire visant à déterminer les circonstances exactes de l'assassinat de Patrice Lumumba et l'implication éventuelle des responsables politiques belges dans celui-ci |author= |date=16 November 2001 |website= |page=506|publisher=Belgian Chamber of Representatives |access-date=15 September 2021 |quote=}}}} According to Ludo De Witte, Samalenge went to the busy bar Le Relais and told everyone that Lumumba was murdered and he kicked his corpse. He then went around repeating the story until the police took him away.{{cite book|author1=Ludo de Witte|author2=Witte De|title=The Assassination of Lumumba|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JisyDDP6Ji8C&pg=PA126|year=2001|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-618-6|page=126}}

Death

Lucas Samalenge died on 19 November 1961 under suspicious circumstances. Jules Chomé, Belgian lawyer and critic of the Katangese secession (and, later, a notable critic of Mobutu Sese Seko) reported that he officially died during a hunting incident, but that he was probably assassinated because he knew too much about the death of Lumumba.{{cite book|author1=Jules Chomé |title=Moise Tshombe et I'escroquerie katangaise|url=https://issuu.com/tetitatutis/docs/tshombe_et_l_escroquerie|year=1966|publisher=Éditions de la fondation J. Jacquemotte|page=168n19}} According to the official version, Frédéric Vandewalle wrote, Samalenge was the victim of a hunting accident caused by a member of his cabinet, but the public rumour suggested an assassination.{{Cite book|title=Mille et quatre jours: Contes du Zaïre et du Shaba|last=Vandewalle|first=Frédéric|year=|pages=83|volume=Fascicle 7|author-link=Frédéric Vandewalle}} The alleged incident took place in the woods 120 km northwest of Élisabethville.{{cite news |author= |title=Katangaans minister op jacht omgekomen |url=https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/pzc/1961-11-23/edition/0/page/9?query=Zegels%20bij%20n%20Flacon&sort=relevance&page=2 |work=Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant |location= |page=17 |date=23 November 1961 |access-date=12 January 2021}}

His death occurred during the same week of Katangese Minister of National Education Joseph Kiwele's death of a brain thrombosis on 14 November.{{cite news |author= |title=Katangaans minister op jacht omgekomen |url=https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/pzc/1961-11-23/edition/0/page/9?query=Zegels%20bij%20n%20Flacon&sort=relevance&page=2 |work=Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant |location= |page=17 |date=23 November 1961 |access-date=12 January 2021}} His body showed gunshot wounds in his neck, and when he was found, the people accompanying Samalenge already disappeared.{{cite news |author= |title=Elisabethville |url=http://pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca/fedora/repository/pgc:1961-11-20/-/Prince%20George%20Citizen%20-%20November%2020,%201961 |work=The Citizen |location=Prince George, British Columbia |page=1 |date=20 November 1961 |access-date=12 January 2021}} They were never identified.{{Cite book|title=Le Mobutu que j'ai connu: Témoignage|last=Ugeux|first=Dominique|publisher=Editions Surprendre|year=2017|pages=63}}

Legacy

In 1961, a literary competition named "Lucas Samalenge" was organised in Élisabethville.{{cite journal |last=Ndibu |first=Mukenge |date=1978 |title=À propos de la littérature zaïroise |trans-title=About the Zairean Literature |url=https://www.arllfb.be/bulletin/bulletinsnumerises/bulletin_1978_lvi_03_04.pdf |language=fr |journal=Bulletin de l'académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises |volume=LVI |issue=3–4 |page=325 |doi= |access-date=12 January 2021}}