Lucian Freud

Born in Berlin on 8 December 1922 (the city was then part of the Weimar Republic). Freud got his first name "Lucian" from his mother in memory of the ancient writer Lucian of Samosata. Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie (née Brasch), and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect who was the fourth child of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.{{cite news |last=Spurling|first=John |date=13 December 1998 |title=Portrait of the artist as a happy man |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/profile-lucian-freud-portrait-of-the-artist-as-a-happy-man-1191260.html |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=19 June 2010}} Lucian, the second of their three boys, was the elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud (thus uncle of Emma and Matthew Freud) and the younger brother of Stephan Gabriel Freud.

The family emigrated to St John's Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939,{{London Gazette |issue=34708 |date=13 October 1939 |page=6866}} having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon, and later Bryanston School,{{cite web|title=London Exhibition Showcases the Best of Bryanston Art and Design|url=http://www.bryanston.co.uk/podium/default.aspx?t=204&id=462057|work=Bryanston Art: Past and Present|date=12 October 2008|publisher=Bryanston School|access-date=25 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928125859/http://www.bryanston.co.uk/podium/default.aspx?t=204&id=462057|archive-date=28 September 2011}}{{cite web |title=Lucian Freud (P '40) "Painted Life" |url=https://www.bryanston.co.uk/podium/default.aspx?t=204&tn=Lucian+Freud+(P+'40)+%22Painted+Life%22&nid=631224&ptid=108781&sdb=False&pf=pgr&mode=0&vcm=False |work=Bryanston |date=8 February 2012 |publisher=Bryanston School |access-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113130850/https://www.bryanston.co.uk/podium/default.aspx?t=204&tn=Lucian+Freud+(P+'40)+%22Painted+Life%22&nid=631224&ptid=108781&sdb=False&pf=pgr&mode=0&vcm=False |archive-date=13 November 2012 }} for a year before being expelled owing to disruptive behaviour.{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/art-obituaries/8653806/Lucian-Freud-OM.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/art-obituaries/8653806/Lucian-Freud-OM.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Obituary: Lucian Freud, OM | work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London | date=21 July 2011 | access-date=20 February 2012 }}{{cbignore}}

Freud briefly studied at the Central School of Art in London, and from 1939 to 1942 with greater success at Cedric Morris' East Anglian School of Painting and Drawing in Dedham, relocated in 1940 to Benton End, a house near Hadleigh, Suffolk. He also attended Goldsmiths' College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of the service in 1942. As a result of his poor physical condition he was able, unlike his two brothers, to avoid conscription.{{cite book|last=Feaver|first=William|title= The Lives of Lucian Freud, Vol.1 |year=2018|pages= 122–30|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London}}

In 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the following year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra and a palm tree. Both subjects reappeared in The Painter's Room on display at Freud's first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery. In the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton."From late 1946 to early 1947, he and Freud painted on Poros" – [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/nov/19/john-craxton-obituary John Craxton Guardian Obituary] In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swift's studio."He had met Freud by 1949...the acquaintance was well-developed by 1950 when we shared the ground-floor of a house in Hatch Street together. Lucian, who was staying in Ireland, used to come around in the mornings to paint, so that sometimes when I would surface around ten or eleven I would find them both at work in the studio next door." – Anthony Cronin, Patrick Swift (1927–83), IMMA Retrospective Catalogue, 1993; "Freud… came to Dublin in 1948… In September 1951 Kitty Garman wrote to her mother… She mentions Freud working on a painting in Paddy Swift's Hatch Street studio, Dead Cock's Head 1951" – [http://academics.eckerd.edu/instructor/gliemde/AH319-001/handouts/British%20Art,%201760-1960/Lucien%20Freud,%20Prophet%20of%20Discomfort.pdf Freud: Prophet of Discomfort] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119192212/http://academics.eckerd.edu/instructor/gliemde/AH319-001/handouts/British%20Art,%201760-1960/Lucien%20Freud,%20Prophet%20of%20Discomfort.pdf |date=19 January 2012 }}, Mic Moroney, Irish Arts Review, 2007 He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life.

Freud was one of a number of figurative artists who were later characterised by artist R. B. Kitaj as a group named the "School of London".{{cite web| url = https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/s/school-london| title = Art term: The School of London| date = 10 April 2017| access-date = 16 July 2019| publisher = tate.org}}Kitaj's essay in the catalogue for The Human Clay exhibition, Hayward Gallery, London, 1976. This group was a loose collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately, and were working in London at the same time in the figurative style. The group was active contemporaneously with the boom years of abstract painting and in contrast to abstract expressionism. Major figures in the group included Freud, Kitaj, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach, Michael Andrews, Leon Kossoff, Robert Colquhoun, Robert MacBryde, and Reginald Gray. Freud was a visiting tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954.

File:Freud, girl-white-dog.jpg. Portrait of Freud's first wife, Kitty Garman, the daughter of Jacob Epstein and Kathleen Garman]]

File:136 -8, Kensington Church St - geograph.org.uk - 7491863.jpg (left). This was Freud's residence and studio from the late 1970s until his death.]]

Freud's early paintings, which are mostly very small, are often associated with German Expressionism (an influence he tended to deny) and Surrealism in depicting people, plants and animals in unusual juxtapositions. Some very early works anticipate the varied flesh tones of his mature style, for example Cedric Morris (1940, National Museum of Wales), but after the end of the war he developed a thinly painted very precise linear style with muted colours, best known in his self-portrait Man with a Thistle (1946, Tate)[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/freud-man-with-a-thistle-self-portrait-t00422 Tate, Man with a Thistle] and a series of large-eyed portraits of his first wife, Kitty Garman, such as Girl with a Kitten (1947, Tate).[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/freud-girl-with-a-kitten-t12617 Tate, Girl with a Kitten] These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting.

From the 1950s, he began to focus on portraiture, often nudes (though his first full-length nude was not painted until 1966),NPG, II to the almost complete exclusion of everything else, and by the middle of the decade developed a much more free style using large hog's-hair brushes, concentrating on the texture and colour of flesh, and much thicker paint, including impasto. Girl with a White Dog, 1951–1952, (Tate) is an example of a transitional work in this process, sharing many characteristics with paintings before and after it, with relatively tight brushwork and a middling size and viewpoint. He would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable. He also started to paint standing up, which continued until old age, when he switched to a high chair. The colours of non-flesh areas in these paintings are typically muted, while the flesh becomes increasingly highly and variably coloured. By about 1960, Freud had established the style that he would use, with some changes, for the rest of his career. The later portraits often use an over life-size scale, but are of mostly relatively small heads or in half-lengths. Later portraits are often much larger. In his late career he often followed a portrait by producing an etching of the subject in a different pose, drawing directly onto the plate, with the sitter in his view.NPG, "Etchings"

Freud's portraits often depict only the sitter, sometimes sprawled naked on the floor or on a bed or alternatively juxtaposed with something else, as in Girl With a White Dog (1951–52) and Naked Man With Rat (1977–78).{{cite web|url=http://images.artnet.com/images_US/magazine/features/kuspit/kuspit10-06-05-26.jpg|title=Naked Man With Rat|access-date=9 February 2019}} According to Edward Chaney, "The distinctive, recumbent manner in which Freud poses so many of his sitters suggests the conscious or unconscious influence both of his grandfather's psychoanalytical couch and of the Egyptian mummy, his dreaming figures, clothed or nude, staring into space until (if ever) brought back to health and/or consciousness. The particular application of this supine pose to freaks, friends, wives, mistresses, dogs, daughters and mother alike (the latter regularly depicted after her suicide attempt and eventually, literally mummy-like in death), tends to support this hypothesis."Edward Chaney, 'Freudian Egypt', The London Magazine (April/May 2006), pp. 62–69, complete refs in Chaney, Edward (2006). 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', Sites of Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, pp. 39–69.

The use of animals in his compositions is widespread, and often he features a pet and its owner. Other examples of portraits with both animals and people in Freud's work include Guy and Speck (1980–81), Eli and David (2005–06) and Double Portrait (1985–86).{{cite web|url=https://www.ubs.com/microsites/art_collection/home/the-collection/a-z/artworks/freud-lucian/double_portrait.html|title=UBS Art Collection: A-Z|access-date=19 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826122402/https://www.ubs.com/microsites/art_collection/home/the-collection/a-z/artworks/freud-lucian/double_portrait.html|archive-date=26 August 2014|url-status=dead}} He had a special passion for horses, having enjoyed riding at school in Dartington, where he sometimes slept in the stables.Gayford, Martin [http://apollo-magazine.co.uk/november-2006/68414/freuds-animals.thtml "Freud's Animals"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811150849/http://apollo-magazine.co.uk/november-2006/68414/freuds-animals.thtml |date=11 August 2011 }}, Apollo, 2006-11-01. Retrieved 2009-06-05. His portraits solely of horses include Grey Gelding (2003), Skewbald Mare (2004), and Mare Eating Hay (2006). Wilting houseplants feature prominently in some portraits, especially in the 1960s, and Freud also produced a number of paintings purely of plants.[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=4556&searchid=9940 Tate, Two Plants 1977–80] Other regular features included mattresses in earlier works, and huge piles of the linen rags with which he used to clean his brushes in later ones.NPG, VII; [http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=18957&searchid=9940 Tate, Standing by the Rags, 1988-9] Some portraits, especially in the 1980s, have very carefully painted views of London roofscapes seen through the studio windows.NPG, IV & 25

Freud's subjects, who needed to make a very large and uncertain commitment of their time, were often the people in his life; friends, family, fellow painters, lovers, children. He said, "The subject matter is autobiographical, it's all to do with hope and memory and sensuality and involvement, really."[http://collection.britishcouncil.org/exhibition/past/12/15249 "Lucian Freud"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203302/http://collection.britishcouncil.org/exhibition/past/12/15249 |date=29 June 2011 }}, British Council, 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2010. However the titles were mostly anonymous, and the identity of the sitter not always disclosed; the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire had a portrait of one of Freud's daughters as a baby for several years before he mentioned who the model was. In the 1970s Freud spent 4,000 hours on a series of paintings of his mother, about which art historian Lawrence Gowing observed "it is more than 300 years since a painter showed as directly and as visually his relationship with his mother. And that was Rembrandt."{{cite web|last=Jones |first=Jerene |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20070693,00.html |title=Is Lucian Freud's Relationship with Mother Odd, or Is It Art?|magazine=People|date=24 April 1978 |access-date=2011-07-22}}

Freud painted from life, and usually spent a great deal of time with each subject, demanding the model's presence even while working on the background of the portrait. Ria, Naked Portrait 2007, a nude completed in 2007, required sixteen months of work, with the model, Ria Kirby, posing all but four evenings during that time. With each session averaging five hours, the painting took approximately 2,400 hours to complete.{{cite news|first=Martin|last=Gayford|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3668104/Lucian-Freud-marathon-man.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3668104/Lucian-Freud-marathon-man.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Gayford, Martin. Lucian Freud: marathon man|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|location=London |date=22 September 2007 |access-date=2011-07-22 }}{{cbignore}} A rapport with his models was necessary, and while at work, Freud was characterised as "an outstanding raconteur and mimic". Regarding the difficulty in deciding when a painting is completed, Freud said that "he feels he's finished when he gets the impression he's working on somebody else's painting". Paintings were divided into day paintings done in natural light and night paintings done under artificial light, and the sessions, and lighting, were never mixed.NPG, V

It was Freud's practice to begin a painting by first drawing in charcoal on the canvas. He then applied paint to a small area of the canvas, and gradually worked outward from that point. For a new sitter, he often started with the head as a means of "getting to know" the person, then painted the rest of the figure, eventually returning to the head as his comprehension of the model deepened. A section of canvas was intentionally left bare until the painting was finished. The finished painting is an accumulation of richly worked layers of pigment, as well as months of intense observation.

File:Benefits Supervisor Sleeping.jpg, 1995, a very large portrait of "Big Sue" Tilley, showing his handling of flesh tones, and a typical high viewpoint]]

Freud painted fellow artists, including Frank Auerbach and Francis Bacon and produced a large number of portraits of the performance artist Leigh Bowery. He also painted Henrietta Moraes, a muse to many Soho artists. A series of huge nude portraits from the mid-1990s depicted Sue Tilley, or "Big Sue", some using her job title of "Benefits Supervisor" in the title of the painting,NPG, 33; [http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=25964&searchid=9940 Etching, Tate] as in his 1995 portrait Benefits Supervisor Sleeping, which in May 2008 was sold by Christie's in New York for $33.6 million, setting a world record auction price for a living artist.{{cite news | title = Freud work sets new world record | date = 14 May 2008 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7398949.stm | publisher = BBC News | access-date = 14 May 2008}}[http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/759392/lucian-freud-from-ingres-of-existentialism-to-impasto-master/ Lucian Freud: From "Ingres of Existentialism" to Impasto Master] BLOUINARTINFO.COM

Freud's most consistent model in his later years was his studio assistant and friend David Dawson, the subject of his final, unfinished work.[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/20/lucian-freud-national-portrait-gallery Mark Brown, "Lucian Freud's final work to be shown in 2012 National Portrait Gallery show"], The Guardian, 20 September 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012. Towards the end of his life he did a nude portrait of model Kate Moss. Freud was one of the best known British artists working in a representational style, and was shortlisted for the Turner Prize in 1989.{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/turner-prize-1989|title=Turner Prize 1989 – Exhibition at Tate Britain – Tate|last=Tate|access-date=19 November 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain-other-venues/exhibitionseries/turner-prize-series/turner-prize-year-year|title=Turner Prize 1985 artists: Terry Atkinson – Tate|access-date=19 November 2016}}

File:Freud, After Cézanne.jpg]]

His painting After Cézanne, noteworthy because of its unusual shape, was purchased by the National Gallery of Australia for $7.4 million. The top left section of this painting has been 'grafted' on to the main section below, and closer inspection reveals a horizontal line where these two sections were joined.Lampert, Catherine; Lauter, Rolf; (2001). Lucian Freud: After Cézanne, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, 2001. Australia: National Gallery of Australia. p. 24. {{ISBN|0642541477}}.

In 1996, the Abbot Hall Art Gallery in Kendal mounted a major exhibition of 27 paintings and thirteen etchings, covering Freud's output to date. The following year the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art presented "Lucian Freud: Early Works". The exhibition comprised around 30 drawings and paintings done between 1940 and 1945.Richard Calvocoressi, Lucian Freud: Early Works, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, 1997. {{ISBN|0-903598-66-3}} In 1997 Freud received the Rubens Prize of the city of Siegen.Lauter, Rolf : Lucian Freud, in: 10x Malerei. Rubenspreis der Stadt Siegen in Werken der Sammlung Lambrecht-Schadeberg, Siegen 2002, {{ISBN|3-935874-03-0}} From September 2000 to March 2001, the Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt was able to show 50 paintings, drawings and etchings from the late 1940s to 2000 in a larger overview exhibition despite the artist's considerable resentment towards Germany.The negative attitude towards Germany came on the one hand due to the National Socialists' forced flight of the family from their beloved Berlin to London, and on the other hand due to the theft of his portrait of Francis Bacon, which was stolen from the traveling exhibition in the Neue Nationalgalerie Berlin in 1988. All print media bore the motif of Freud's outstanding painting Sleeping by the Lion Carpet (1995-1996) depicting the nude Sue Tilley.{{Cite web|url=https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/2055942|title=Lucian Freud, naked portraits|last=Lauter|first=Rolf|date=2001|website=collections.britishart.yale.edu|access-date=2020-02-04}} In addition to some of his most important nude portraits of women, the large-format picture Nude with leg up (Leigh Bowery) from 1992 was also shown in Frankfurt, which was removed in the Metropolitan Museum New York from the exhibition in 1993.Lauter, Rolf (ed.): Lucian Freud: Naked Portraits. Werke der 40er bis 90er Jahre [Lucian Freud: Naked Portraits. Works from the 1940s to the 1990s], Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, 29.09.2000-04.03.2001. {{ISBN|9783775790437}} The Frankfurt exhibition was realised in a personal dialogue between curator Rolf Lauter and Lucian Freud and is thus the only project Freud authorised in direct cooperation with a German museum.In 1987 the British Council organised a retrospective for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, DC, which was subsequently shown in the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris, in the Hayward Gallery London and in the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. The major retrospective at London's Hayward Gallery in 1988 was the focal point for the BBC Omnibus programme which saw one of the very few conversations with Freud ever recorded, in this case with Omnibus director Jake Auerbach.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p02t9jbw/omnibus-lucian-freud|title = Omnibus – Lucian Freud}} The conversations with the artist were made possible by Duncan MacGuigan from Acquavella Galleries New York. This was followed by a large retrospective at Tate Britain in 2002. In 2001, Freud completed a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II. There was criticism of the portrayal in some sections of the British media.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1723071.stm "Freud royal portrait divides critics"]. BBC News. 21 December 2001. Retrieved 26 February 2008. In 2005, a retrospective of Freud's work was held at the Museo Correr in Venice scheduled to coincide with the Biennale. In late 2007, a collection of etchings went on display at the Museum of Modern Art.{{cite web | title= Curator's Voice: Starr Figura on Lucian Freud's Etchings | first=Robert | last=Ayers | publisher=BLOUINARTINFO | date= 18 December 2007 | url=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/26397/curators-voice-starr-figura-on-lucian-freuds-etchings/ | access-date=23 April 2008 }}

File:Grave of Lucian Freud at Highgate Cemetery.jpg

Freud died in London on 20 July 2011 and is buried in Highgate Cemetery. Archbishop Rowan Williams officiated at the private funeral.{{cite ODNB|first=William|last=Feaver|title=Freud, Lucian Michael (1922–2011)|date= Jan 2015 |id=103935}}

In 2008 Benefits Supervisor Sleeping (1995), a portrait of civil servant Sue Tilley, sold for $33.6 million – the highest price ever at the time for a work by a living artist. At a Christie's New York auction in 2015, Benefits Supervisor Resting sold for $56.2 million.{{cite web|url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5896019|title=Lucian Freud (1922–2011), Benefits Supervisor Resting|website=christies.com|access-date=9 February 2019}}Katya Kazakina (14 May 2015), [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-13/freud-s-lounging-naked-civil-servant-sells-for-56-2-million Freud's Lounging Naked Civil Servant Sells for $56.2 Million] Bloomberg Business.

On 13 October 2011, his 1952 Boy's Head, a small portrait of Charlie Lumley, his neighbour, reached $4,998,088 at Sotheby's London contemporary art evening auction, making it one of the highlights of the 2011 auction autumn season.Sotheby's October 2011 Evening Sales of 20th Century Italian Art and Contemporary Art Total £39.5/$62/€45 Million [http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BID/1464489902x0x508926/9a7e903a-72f8-4e08-979f-6ab1a3c221ab/508926.pdf Sotheby's Press Release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215709/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/BID/1464489902x0x508926/9a7e903a-72f8-4e08-979f-6ab1a3c221ab/508926.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}.

On 10 November 2015 Freud's 2004 painting The Brigadier, a portrait of Andrew Parker Bowles in his British Army uniform, sold for $34.89 million US at Christie's in New York City, beating the $30 million US presale estimate for the work.{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/nov/11/lucian-freud-portrait-of-camillas-ex-husband-sells-for-nearly-35m|title = Lucian Freud portrait of Camilla's ex-husband sells for nearly $35m| website=The Guardian |date = 11 November 2015}}

In the 1940s Freud and fellow artists Adrian Ryan and John Minton were in a homosexual love triangle.{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Mark |date=2021-07-09 |title= Lucian Freud's gay relationships explored in new exhibition|url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jul/09/lucian-freuds-gay-relationships-explored-in-new-exhibition|access-date=2025-01-31 |website=The Guardian |language=en-UK}} After an affair with Lorna Garman, he went on to marry, in 1948, her niece Kitty Garman, the illegitimate daughter of sculptor Jacob Epstein and socialite Kathleen Garman.{{Cite book |last=Hoban |first=Phoebe |title=Lucian Freud: Eyes Wide Open |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-544-11459-3 |location=Boston |pages=29 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Schoenberger |first=Nancy |title=Dangerous Muse: The Life of Lady Caroline Blackwood |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-307-82235-2 |language=en}} They had two daughters, Annabel Freud and the poet Annie Freud, before their marriage ended in 1952.[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article521966.ece "Face to face with Freud"]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. The Sunday Times. 22 May 2005. Kitty Freud, later known as Kitty Godley (after her marriage in 1955 to economist Wynne Godley), died in 2011.David Kamp, "Freud, Interrupted", Vanity Fair, February 2012, page 148.

In late 1952, Freud eloped with Guinness heiress and writer Lady Caroline Blackwood to Paris, where they married in 1953; they divorced in 1959. During the late 1970s and 80s, Freud was also famously in a relationship with fellow painter Celia Paul.{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Dian |date=2024-03-06 |title='I Am No Longer Anyone's Model': Celia Paul on Why She Chose Art Over Love |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/i-am-no-longer-anyones-model-celia-paul-on-why-she-chose-art-over-love-2445570 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}} Freud acknowledged fourteen of his children, two from Freud's first marriage and 12 by various mistresses.David Kamp, "Freud, Interrupted", Vanity Fair, February 2012, page 147. Writer Esther Freud and fashion designer Bella Freud are his daughters by Bernadine Coverley.{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Why Did My Mother Keep Me a Secret? {{!}} Vogue |url=https://archive.today/20250220154448/https://www.vogue.com/article/esther-freud-mother-essay |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=archive.is}}

From the 1970s until his death in 2011, Freud's home and studio was at 138 Kensington Church Street in Kensington, London, a house built in 1736-1737. The building has been Grade II listed since 1984.{{Cite web |title=138 Kensington Church Street, Non Civil Parish - 1239852 |publisher=Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1239852 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}

Freud was noted for his aversion to being photographed; he once kicked a photographer on his departure from a private dinner.{{Cite book |last=Feaver |first=William |title=The Lives of Lucian Freud: Fame: 1968-2011 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-525-65767-5 |location=New York |pages=155 |language=en}}

File:Lucian Freud Naked Portraits Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt 2000 Rolf Lauter.jpg giving a talk in front of Sleeping by the Lion Carpet at the 2000 exhibition in Frankfurt.]]

• 1994: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
• 2000: Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt
• 2002: Tate Britain, London
• 2003: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
• 2004: Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh
• 2005: Museo Correr, Venice
• 2006: Acquavella Galleries, New York
• 2007: Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin
• 2008: Museum of Modern Art, New York
• 2008: Gemeentemuseum Den Haag, The Hague
• 2010: Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
• 2012: National Portrait Gallery, London
• 2012: The Modern, Fort Worth
• 2013: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• 2016–2021: Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin
• 2019: Royal Academy of Arts
• 2022: National Gallery, London

{{reflist}}

{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | video1 = [http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/lucian-freud-standing-by-the-rags-1988-89.html Lucian Freud, Standing by the Rags, 1988–89], Smarthistory }}

• {{cite book|last=Calvocoressi |first=Richard |title=Early Works: Lucian Freud |publisher=Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art |year=1997}} {{ISBN|0-903598-66-3}}
• Lauter, Rolf (2000), Lucian Freud: Naked Portraits. Works from the 1940s to the 1990s, Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main, 29.09.2000-04.03.2001. {{ISBN|3-7757-9043-8}} {{ISBN|9783775790437}}
• {{cite book|last=Feaver |first=William |title=Lucian Freud: Paintings and Etchings |publisher=Abbot Hall Art Gallery |year=1996}} {{ISBN|0-9503335-7-3}}
• {{cite book|last=Feaver|first=William|title= The Lives of Lucian Freud, Vol.1: Youth|year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London}}
• {{cite book|last=Feaver|first=William|title= The Lives of Lucian Freud, Vol.2: Fame |year=2022|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London}}
• {{cite book|last=Feaver |first=William |title=Lucian Freud |publisher=Tate |year=2002}} {{ISBN|0-8109-6267-5}}
• {{cite ODNB|title=Freud, Lucian Michael (1922–2011)|first=William |last=Feaver|id=103935}}
• {{cite book|last=Gayford |first=Martin |title=Man with a Blue Scarf: On Sitting for a Portrait by Lucian Freud |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2010}} {{ISBN|978-0-500-23875-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Gowing |first=Lawrence |title=Lucian Freud |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1982}} {{ISBN|0-500-09154-4}}
• {{cite book|last=Gruen |first=John |title=The Artist Observed: 28 Interviews with Contemporary Artists |publisher=a cappella books |year=1991}} {{ISBN|1-55652-103-0}}
• Hoban, Phoebe (2014) Lucian Freud: Eyes Wide Open Seattle: Amazon Publishing
• {{cite book|last=Hughes |first=Robert |title=Lucian Freud, revised edition |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1997}} {{ISBN|0-500-27535-1}}
• {{cite book|last=Sharp |first=Jasper |title=Lucian Freud (Exhibition Catalogue of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna) |publisher=Prestel |year=2013}} {{ISBN|978-3-7913-5332-6}}
• "NPG", National Portrait Gallery, Exhibition booklet for Lucian Freud Portraits, 2012

{{Wikiquote}}

• {{Art UK bio}}
• [http://press.khm.at/fileadmin/content/KHM/Presse/2013/Freud_Neu/KHM_Freud_booklet_ENG.pdf Lucian Freud exhibition (English)], Press release/exhibition booklet, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, 2014
• [http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/lucian-freud 2002 exhibition at Tate Britain] including a [http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/lucian-freud/lucian-freud-room-guide room guide]
• [http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/lucian-freud-1120 Freud at Tate Britain]
• [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1635240,00.html Essay by Kelly Grovier on Lucian Freud in The Observer 2006]
• [http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/finch/finch12-12-07.asp Charles Finch on Lucian Freud – MoMA: Museum of Modern Art, New York City]
• {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.moreeuw.com/histoire-art/lucian-freud-pompidou.htm Lucian Freud – Centre Pompidou, Paris]
• [http://vernissage.tv/blog/2010/03/25/lucian-freud-latelier-the-studio-centre-pompidou-paris/ Lucian Freud: L'Atelier (The Studio) / Centre Pompidou, Paris] Video 2010
• {{cite news | title = Lucian Freud up close | first = Sebastian | last = Smee | url = http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2011/07/31/appreciating_lucian_freud_the_painter_the_friend/ | work = The Boston Globe | date = 31 July 2011 }}
• [http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//ITN/2008/10/28/T28100824/ Channel Four News Interview with Lucian Freud on the campaign to keep Titian paintings in Britain 2008]

{{Lucian Freud|state=expanded}}

{{Sigmund Freud}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freud, Lucian}}

Category:1922 births

Category:2011 deaths

Category:20th-century British painters

Category:20th-century British printmakers

Category:21st-century British painters

Category:Academics of the Slade School of Fine Art

Category:Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London

Category:Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design

Category:Artists from Berlin

Category:British contemporary artists

Category:20th-century British illustrators

Category:British male painters

Category:British Merchant Navy personnel of World War II

Category:British people of Austrian-Jewish descent

Category:British people of German-Jewish descent

Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery

Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Lucian

Category:German people of Austrian-Jewish descent

Category:German people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent

Category:British people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent

Category:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom

Category:Jewish painters

Category:Members of the Order of Merit

Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour

Category:British modern painters

Category:Modern printmakers

Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom

Category:People educated at Bryanston School

Category:People educated at Dartington Hall School

Category:People from St John's Wood