Lucius Duncan Bulkley

Bulkley was born in Manhattan. His father was Henry Daggett Bulkley.Crissey, John Thorne; Parish, Lawrence C; Holubar, Karl. (2002). Historical Atlas of Dermatology and Dermatologists. Parthenon Publishing. p. 81. {{ISBN|1-84214-100-7}} In 1869, he obtained his M.D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.{{cite journal|year=1928|title=Lucius Duncan Bulkley|journal=Bull N Y Acad Med|volume=4|issue=9|pages=978|pmc=2393885}}Sprague, John Franklin. (1893). [https://archive.org/stream/newyorkmetropoli00spra_0/newyorkmetropoli00spra_0#page/n116/mode/2up New York, The Metropolis: Its Noted Business and Professional Men]. The New York Recorder. pp. 39-40. He was house physician at New York Hospital and travelled to Europe to study dermatology in London, Paris and

Vienna.

Bulkley was awarded the Stevens Triennial Prize from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, for his essay Thermometry in Disease and the Alvarenga prize by the College of Physicians of Philadelphia for his monograph Syphilis in the Innocent, in 1891.{{cite journal|author=Forest, H. P. De.|year=1894|title=Syphilis in the Innocent (Syphilis Insontinum)|journal=Annals of Surgery|volume=20|issue=2|pages=253–256|doi=10.1097/00000658-189407000-00041|pmc=1493817}} He was Chairman of Dermatology and Syphilology of the American Medical Association.{{cite journal|year=1928|title=Lucius Duncan Bulkley, M.D. 1845-1928|journal=Arch Dermatol Syphilol|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/502518|volume=18|issue=5|pages=755|doi=10.1001/archderm.1928.02380170111011|url-access=subscription}} He was President of the New York Dermatological Society and the New York Academy of Medicine.

Bulkley edited the Archives of Dermatology (1874-1882), the only journal in English during this period devoted to dermatology. He founded the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital in 1883. He wrote on a variety of subjects including acne, eczema, relationship of diet to skin disease and cancer.

His 1885 book Acne, Its Etiology, Pathology, And Treatment, was positively reviewed in the British Medical Journal as a useful monograph for practitioners.{{cite journal|year=1885|title=Reviewed Work: Acne, Its Etiology, Pathology, And Treatment by L. Duncan Bulkley|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=1303|pages=1169}} It was the first textbook on acne.Plewig, G; Kligman, A. M. (2012). Acne and Rosacea. Springer. p. 5. {{ISBN|978-3-642-64096-4}} Bulkley advocated a vegetarian diet for treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases.{{cite journal|year=1913|title=Reviewed Work: Diet And Hygiene In Diseases Of The Skin by L. Duncan Bulkley|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=2730|pages=886}}

Bulkley had three sons and three daughters.{{Cite web|date=1928|title=Dr. Lucius D. Bulkley|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-obituar/49262532/|website=Newspapers|language=en-GB|archive-date=May 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509204630/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-obituar/49262532/|url-status=live}} His daughter Elizabeth married Henry Harrington Janeway.

He died in Englewood, New Jersey, age 84.[https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/21/archives/dr-ld-bulkley-dies-in-84th-year-noted-as-a-dermatologist-and-a.html "Dr. L.D. Bulkley Dies in 84th Year; Noted as a Dermatologist and a Specialist in Treatment of Cancer. Founded Two Hospitals Training School for Nurses Named for Him--Practiced Medicine More Than 56 Years. Studied Dietetic Treatment. Studied Much in Europe. Head of Academy of Medicine"]. The New York Times. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

Bulkley believed that the fundamental cause of cancer was faulty metabolism, largely influenced by unhealthy dieting. He recommended his patients to practice simple living and avoid consuming meat, alcohol, tea and coffee.Anonymous. (1915). Reviewed Work: Cancer: Its Cause And Treatment by L. Duncan Bulkley. British Medical Journal 2 (2846): 100.Anonymous. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015046975028;view=1up;seq=327 Notes from the Medical Press]. The American Journal of Nursing 15 (10): 855.Anonymous. (1920). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103075479;view=1up;seq=227 The Medical Treatment of Cancer]. Journal of the Iowa State Medical Society 10: 197-198. Bulkley held the same view of William Arbuthnot Lane that intestinal stasis may cause cancer.Anonymous. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039410462;view=1up;seq=716 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. Medical Record 87: 706. He commented that "I feel like saying that the toxins produced by the millions of micro-organisms generated through intestinal stasis and fecal putrefaction, are the real, incidental cause of cancer."

Bulkley argued that cancer is more frequent in advanced and richer nations, among people who indulge in luxuries. He noted that cancer occurs less frequently in rice-eating countries where little meat is eaten. He believed that cancer is a disease of civilization and can be cured by dietary, hygienic and medical measures without surgery.Lerch, Otto. (1919). [https://archive.org/details/rationaltherapy00lerc/page/68 Rational Therapy]. The Southworth Company. p. 68 He firmly opposed the surgical treatment of cancer.

Bulkley recommended a vegetarian diet, moderate exercise, a simple life without stress and sufficient sleep to treat cancer.Kenton, F. Reese. (1928). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044097073852;view=1up;seq=62 The Medical Treatment of Cancer]. The American Journal of Clinical Medicine 28: 82. His recommended diet consisted of vegetables, fruits, butter, bread and cereals. The occasional egg or use of milk was allowed. He also prescribed the use of potassium acetate.{{cite journal|year=1923|title=Reviewed Work: Cancer And Its Non-Surgical Treatment by L. Duncan Bulkley|journal=The British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=3247|pages=516–517}}

The Historical Atlas of Dermatology and Dermatologists, notes that:

{{blockquote|[Bulkley] eventually became a dietary fanatic, convinced that cancer, skin cancer included, could be cured or prevented by adherence to dietary regimens to which he was privy. In the end his fanaticism destroyed his credibility, blinded the younger generation to the marvelous contributions he had made to the specialty in its formative years, and reduced him to a pathetic figure sitting silently and by himself at medical meetings he attended during his final days.}}

His two-volume book Cancer: Its Cause and Treatment, was widely reviewed in medical journals.Anonymous. (1916). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x030578453;view=1up;seq=38 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. Maryland Medical Journal 59 (1): 22-23.Herrick, F. C. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002753814w;view=1up;seq=389 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. Public Health Nursing 7: 121-122.M. C. B. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103097895;view=1up;seq=362 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. New Mexico Medical Journal 14 (4): 128.Anonymous. (1917). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hc3xen;view=1up;seq=252 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. Charlotte Medical Journal 75: 267.Anonymous. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112110172308;view=1up;seq=579 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. Military Medicine 36: 567-568.J. M. B. (1917). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2724721;view=1up;seq=176 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. The Medical Herald 36: 236.Anonymous. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hc3xfb;view=1up;seq=444 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. Medical Review of Reviews 21: 430.Anonymous. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002783372k;view=1up;seq=345 Cancer: Its Cause and Treatment]. The Trained Nurse and Hospital Review 54: 303.Anonymous. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015076654816;view=1up;seq=367 Cancer: Its Cause and Treatment]. The Journal of Advanced Therapeutics 33: 365.Anonymous (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103087565;view=1up;seq=228 Cancer: Its Cause and Treatment]. The Medical Standard 38: 226.F. C. K. (1915). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858012704965;view=1up;seq=291 Cancer: Its Cause and Treatment]. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 150: 277-278.Anonymous. (1917). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103073599;view=1up;seq=601 Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment]. Journal of Ophthalmology, Otology and Laryngology 23: 577-578.Loeb, Leo. (1916). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822008753527;view=1up;seq=83 Reviewed Work: Cancer, Its Cause and Treatment by L. Duncan Bulkley]. Science 43 (1098): 69.

Bulkley was the editor of Cancer: A Practical Quarterly Journal Devoted to the Best Interests of Cancer.Anonymous. (1923). "Cancer". British Medical Journal 2 (3287): 1272. Physician Albert G. Hulett criticized the journal for rejecting radiotherapy and surgery.Hulett, Albert G. (1924). [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/239581 L. Duncan Bulkley and "Cancer"]. Journal of the American Medical Association 82 (16): 1285. Another critic wrote that Bulkley and his collaborators from the journal were promoting unsafe treatments.Kenney, F. W. (1924). [https://archive.org/details/coloradomedicine21unse/page/118 Cancer: A Practical Quarterly Journal in the Best Interests of Cancer]. Colorado Medicine 21 (4): 119.

Bulkley's book Cancer and its Non-Surgical Treatment, published in 1921 was widely criticized by the medical community.{{cite journal|year=1921|title=Cancer and Its Non-Surgical Treatment|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/228386?resultClick=1|volume=77|issue=15|pages=1201|doi=10.1001/jama.1921.02630410057034|hdl=2027/chi.087071024|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}} A review in the Journal of the American Medical Association described it as an "unsourced and unpropitious book" and Bulkley's dietary ideas and opposition to surgical treatment of cancer as a "medical heresy". In 1924, Henry H. Whitehouse President of the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital sent a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association stating that the medical profession and staff of the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital reject Bulkley's dietary treatment for cancer.{{cite journal|author=Whitehouse, Henry H|author2=McWilliams, Clarence A.|year=1924|title=L. Duncan Bulkley and Cancer|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/240041|volume=82}}

• The Skin in Health and Disease (1880)
• [https://archive.org/details/b21932153/page/n10 Manual of Diseases of the Skin] (1882)
• [https://archive.org/details/67421170R.nlm.nih.gov/page/n4 Acne, its Etiology, Pathology and Treatment] (1885)
• Syphilis in the Innocent (1894)
• [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015048989357&view=1up&seq=97 On the Restriction of Meat in the Treatment of Psoriasis] (Dietetic and Hygienic Gazette, 1897)
• [https://archive.org/details/eczemawithanalys00bulk/page/n6 Eczema With An Analysis of Eight Thousand Cases of the Disease] (1901)
• [https://archive.org/details/b22410715/page/n3 The Value of an Absolutely Vegetarian Diet in Psoriasis] (1908)
• [https://archive.org/details/diethygieneindis00bulk/page/n10 Diet and Hygiene in Diseases of the Skin] (1913)
• [https://archive.org/details/canceritscausetr01bulk/page/n6 Cancer: Its Cause and Treatment] (1915)
• [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039410462;view=1up;seq=809 Medical Aspects of Cancer] (Medical Record, 1915)
• [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.3470145887;view=1up;seq=285 Cancer From a Medical Standpoint] (New York State Journal of Medicine, 1916)
• [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022653789&view=1up&seq=201 Medical Versus Surgical Treatment of Cancer] (Medical Record, 1919)
• [https://archive.org/details/medicaltreatment00bulk/page/n6 The Medical Treatment of Cancer] (1919)
• [https://archive.org/details/canceritsnonsurg00bulk/page/n4 Cancer and its Non-Surgical Treatment] (1921)
• [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc2.ark:/13960/t0xp9ps6z&view=1up&seq=101 Proofs of the Constitutional Nature of Cancer] (New York Medical Journal, 1921)
• [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070371870&view=1up&seq=83 Cancer is Never a Purely Local Disease] (International Clinics, 1923)

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