Ludwig Göransson

{{Short description|Swedish composer (born 1984)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

{{Infobox musical artist

| name = Ludwig Göransson

| image = Ludwig Göransson 2018 Interview (cropped).jpg

| caption = Göransson in 2018

| background = person

| birth_name = Ludwig Emil Tomas Göransson

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|9|1|df=y}}

| birth_place = Linköping, Sweden

| genre = {{hlist|Film score|big band|classical rock|disco|funk rock|jazz rock|R&B|soul|electronic rock|psychedelic rock|swing|hip hop}}

| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|composer|conductor|songwriter|record producer}}

| years_active = 2008–present

| label = {{hlist|Roc Nation{{cite web|url=https://rocnation.com/ludwig-goransson/|title=Ludwig Goransson Scores Creed Movie – ROCNATION|date=25 November 2015|website=rocnation.com|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-date=2 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052727/https://rocnation.com/ludwig-goransson/|url-status=live}}|Glassnote|Island|Interscope Records}}

| spouse = {{marriage|Serena McKinney|2018}}

}}

Ludwig Emil Tomas Göransson ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|ɔːr|ən|s|ən}};{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XtCnGT0B20&t=106 |title=The Making Of 'Wakanda' With Ludwig Göransson – Presented By Marvel Studio's Black Panther |date=16 February 2018 |publisher=Genius |time=1.45 |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217003253/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XtCnGT0B20&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=17 February 2018 |url-status=dead |format=YouTube video |quote=I called him and I was like: 'Hey, my name is Ludwig Göransson and I'm a film composer ...'}} {{IPA|sv|ˈlɵ̌dːvɪɡ ˈjœ̂ːranˌsɔn|lang}}; born 1 September 1984) is a Swedish musician, composer, conductor, songwriter, and record producer. For his work as in music, film and television, he has received several accolades including two Academy Awards, a British Academy Film Award, a Golden Globe Award, four Grammy Awards and two Primetime Emmy Awards.

As a record producer, he has frequently collaborated with Childish Gambino, producing his studio albums Camp, Because the Internet and "Awaken, My Love!", among others. Göransson's producing work on Gambino's 2018 single "This Is America" was met with acclaim and accolades, including two Grammy Awards — for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. He has also produced for other recording artists, such as Adele, Alicia Keys, Rihanna, Chance the Rapper, Haim, Justin Timberlake, Kendrick Lamar, Travis Scott and Moses Sumney.

On television, he received his first break as a composer for the NBC comedy series Community (2009–2015) followed by the Fox sitcom New Girl (2011–2018). He transitioned into dramatic work, scoring the Disney+ series The Mandalorian (2019–2020), which earned him two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series. He also composed the main theme for The Book of Boba Fett (2021–2022).

For his work on film he has earned two Academy Awards for Best Original Score, for Ryan Coogler's superhero film Black Panther (2018) and Christopher Nolan's epic biopic Oppenheimer (2023). He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Lift Me Up" performed by Rihanna featured in Wakanda Forever (2022). He has collaborated with Coogler serving as composer for Fruitvale Station (2013), Creed (2015), Creed II (2018), and Sinners (2025). He is also known for scoring Venom (2018), Tenet (2020) and Turning Red (2022).

Early life

Göransson was born and raised in Linköping. His mother Maria, a florist, is from Warsaw, Poland, and his father Tomas, a guitar teacher,{{cite news |last1=Betancourt |first1=David |title=Ludwig Göransson on what inspired his music for 'Oppenheimer' and more |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2023/07/21/ludwig-goransson-oppenheimer-mandalorian-music/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722130207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2023/07/21/ludwig-goransson-oppenheimer-mandalorian-music/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Composer Ludwig Göransson On 'Oppenheimer' |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/20/1189043792/composer-ludwig-goransson-on-oppenheimer |website=NPR |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140432/https://www.npr.org/2023/07/20/1189043792/composer-ludwig-goransson-on-oppenheimer |url-status=live }} is Swedish. He has an older sister named Jessika.{{cite web|last=Dove|first=Steve|date=25 February 2019|title=LUDWIG GORANSSON WINS 2019 OSCAR FOR BLACK PANTHER SCORE|url=https://oscar.go.com/news/winners/black-panther-is-the-2019-oscar-winner-for-music-original-score|access-date=25 February 2019|work=Oscars|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228210714/https://oscar.go.com/news/winners/black-panther-is-the-2019-oscar-winner-for-music-original-score|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/arts/music/ludwig-goransson-mandalorian.html|title=How Ludwig Goransson Became Directors' Secret Musical Weapon|first=Tim|last=Greiving|newspaper=The New York Times|date=11 November 2019|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206051027/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/11/arts/music/ludwig-goransson-mandalorian.html|url-status=live}} He is named after Ludwig van Beethoven. He began music lessons at a young age and went on to graduate from the Stockholm Royal College of Music. In 2007, he moved to Los Angeles to study at the University of Southern California Scoring for Motion Picture and Television program.{{cite web |title=Ludwig Göransson composes score for Christopher Nolan's "Oppenheimer" |url=https://music.usc.edu/goransson-oppenheimer/ |website=USC Thornton School of Music |date=21 July 2023 |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724191321/https://music.usc.edu/goransson-oppenheimer/ |url-status=live }} It was at that university that Ludwig met Ryan Coogler, for whom Ludwig composed the score for the award-winning short film Fig in 2011 (written by Alex George Pickering), which Coogler directed while at USC. The pair would then work together on Fruitvale Station, Creed, Black Panther, Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, and Sinners. Soon after graduating from USC, he began work assisting Theodore Shapiro, a composer known for films such as Along Came Polly, The Devil Wears Prada, Idiocracy, and Tropic Thunder. Göransson's first break came in 2009 as the composer for the sitcom Community.

Film and TV composer

In 2013, Göransson's first feature film came from fellow USC graduate Ryan Coogler. Göransson composed the score to Coogler's critically acclaimed drama Fruitvale Station, based on the fatal shooting of 22-year-old Oscar Grant on 1 January 2009. The film won the Grand Jury Prize and Audience awards in the Dramatic category at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, also taking home the Avenir Prize and Un Certain Regard awards at the Cannes Film Festival.

In August 2013, Göransson signed a management deal as a composer for Jay-Z's label, Roc Nation.{{Cite web|title=ROCNATION | Ludwig Goransson|url=https://rocnation.com/artists/ludwig_goransson/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214156/https://rocnation.com/artists/ludwig_goransson/|archive-date=4 October 2013|access-date=16 November 2019|website=rocnation.com}} That year he also composed the music for the movie We're the Millers.

In 2015, Coogler and Göransson again worked together this time on the critically acclaimed Rocky franchise film Creed. By 2016–17, he was scoring True Memoirs of an International Assassin, Central Intelligence and Everything, Everything.

In 2018, Göransson and Coogler came together for their third collaboration, Black Panther.{{Cite web|last=Pearce|first=Sheldon|date=7 February 2018|title=How Black Panther Composer Ludwig Göransson Found the Sound of Wakanda {{!}} Pitchfork|url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/how-black-panther-composer-ludwig-goransson-found-the-sound-of-wakanda-interview/|access-date=6 July 2018|website=Pitchfork|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120061237/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/how-black-panther-composer-ludwig-goransson-found-the-sound-of-wakanda-interview/|url-status=live}} Göransson set out to create a score that would sit somewhere between traditional African instrumentation and a traditional superhero score. In order to do this he travelled to Senegal to research traditional African music and instruments. There he met musician Baaba Maal whose voice is featured in the score, singing in his native Fula language. He later traveled to the International Library of African Music in South Africa, founded by Hugh Tracey, where he listened to recordings of traditional musicians to ensure the score had a culturally traditional sound.{{Cite news|last=Perry|first=Kevin|date=21 March 2018|title=Baaba Maal on soundtracking Black Panther's Wakanda|language=en-US|work=NME|url=https://www.nme.com/music-interviews/baaba-maal-soundtracking-black-panthers-wakanda-2270695|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010454/https://www.nme.com/music-interviews/baaba-maal-soundtracking-black-panthers-wakanda-2270695|url-status=live}} In 2019, Göransson's score for Black Panther won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media.{{Cite web|last=Lovett|first=Jamie|date=10 February 2019|title='Black Panther' Wins Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media|url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/02/10/black-panther-soundtrack-wins-grammy-award/|access-date=11 February 2019|website=Marvel|language=en|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213183935/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/02/10/black-panther-soundtrack-wins-grammy-award/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=Ehrlich|first=David|date=24 February 2019|title=Ludwig Göransson Wins Best Original Score Oscar for 'Black Panther'|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/ludwig-goransson-wins-best-original-score-oscar-black-panther-1202046770/|access-date=24 February 2019|website=IndieWire|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407002009/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/02/ludwig-goransson-wins-best-original-score-oscar-black-panther-1202046770/|url-status=live}}

On 22 May 2019, it was announced that Göransson was composing the film score for Christopher Nolan's Tenet.{{cite web|date=22 May 2019|title=Ludwig Göransson to Score Christopher Nolan's Tenet {{!}} Film Music Reporter|url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/05/22/ludwig-goransson-to-score-christopher-nolans-tenet/|access-date=23 May 2019|website=Film Music Reporter|archive-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523085903/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/05/22/ludwig-goransson-to-score-christopher-nolans-tenet/|url-status=live}} Göransson was chosen after Nolan's frequent collaborator and first choice, Hans Zimmer, turned down the offer in favor of the 2021 film Dune.{{Cite web |last=Stolworthy |first=Jacob |date=May 23, 2019 |title=Tenet: Title, cast and more details of new Christopher Nolan film revealed |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/christopher-nolan-tenet-cast-release-date-trailer-robert-pattinson-aaron-taylor-johnson-a8926476.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190608163857/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/christopher-nolan-tenet-cast-release-date-trailer-robert-pattinson-aaron-taylor-johnson-a8926476.html |archive-date=June 8, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2020 |website=The Independent}}{{Cite web |last=Barfield |first=Charles |date=July 16, 2019 |title=Hans Zimmer Explains Why He Chose "Dune" Over Christopher Nolan's Latest & Says He Never Saw The David Lynch 1984 Film |url=https://theplaylist.net/hans-zimmer-dune-christopher-nolan-20190716/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717140707/https://theplaylist.net/hans-zimmer-dune-christopher-nolan-20190716/ |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2020 |website=The Playlist}} Göransson experimented with retrograde composition and sampling to match the themes and tone of the film. The first scoring session was held in November 2019, and sessions continued into early 2020.{{Cite web |title=Ludwig Göransson on TENET and the musical genius of Christopher Nolan | date=6 August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hNzW4F6mdE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909005555/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hNzW4F6mdE&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=September 9, 2020 |access-date=August 25, 2020 |via=YouTube}}

He worked on original songs and music with Justin Timberlake for the 2020 film Trolls World Tour.

Since 2019, Göransson has composed the score for the Disney+ television series The Mandalorian, which is set in the Star Wars universe, as well as the fanfare for the franchise's brand logo.{{cite news|last1=Harper|first1=Marques|date=1 November 2019|title='Black Panther' composer Ludwig Göransson brings new sounds to 'Star Wars' series 'The Mandalorian'|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2019-11-01/composer-ludwig-goransson-music-sounds-black-panther-disney-star-wars-mandalorian|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101142811/https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2019-11-01/composer-ludwig-goransson-music-sounds-black-panther-disney-star-wars-mandalorian|url-status=live}} He won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for both season 1{{Cite web|date=20 September 2020|title=Emmys 2020: Ludwig Göransson Wins Outstanding Music Composition for The Mandalorian|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/emmys-2020-ludwig-goransson-wins-outstanding-music-composition-for-the-mandalorian/|access-date=15 February 2022|website=Pitchfork|language=en-US|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215220240/https://pitchfork.com/news/emmys-2020-ludwig-goransson-wins-outstanding-music-composition-for-the-mandalorian/|url-status=live}} and season 2's{{Cite web|title=Outstanding Music Composition For A Series Original Dramatic Score Nominees / Winners 2021|url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2021/outstanding-music-composition-for-a-series-original-dramatic-score|access-date=15 February 2022|website=Television Academy|language=en|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210181921/https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2021/outstanding-music-composition-for-a-series-original-dramatic-score|url-status=live}} finales. In 2021, he started scoring sessions for The Mandalorian's spinoff series, The Book of Boba Fett,{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/news/tv/the-mandalorian-composer-ludwig-goransson-the-book-of-boba-fett-3053554 |title='The Mandalorian' composer Ludwig Göransson will return for spin-off 'The Book Of Boba Fett' |last=Starkey |first=Adam |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=NME |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229113943/https://www.nme.com/news/tv/the-mandalorian-composer-ludwig-goransson-the-book-of-boba-fett-3053554 |url-status=live }} which premiered on 29 December 2021.

In 2021, he was chosen to be the composer of the new fanfare for Warner Bros. Pictures, which combines a new arrangement of "As Time Goes By" with elements of the original Max Steiner fanfare.

In 2022, he worked on the scores of the Pixar film Turning Red and the second Black Panther installment, Wakanda Forever. For the latter, he co-wrote the song "Lift Me Up" performed by Rihanna, which earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/2023-oscar-best-song-nominees-rihanna-lady-gaga-david-byrne-1235238564/ |title=Oscar Best Original Song: Rihanna Gets Her First Nomination For "Lift Me Up," Faces Stiff Competition From Lady Gaga, Diane Warren & More |date=2023-01-24 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Deadline |last=Tapp |first=Tom |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314181050/https://deadline.com/2023/01/2023-oscar-best-song-nominees-rihanna-lady-gaga-david-byrne-1235238564/ |url-status=live }}

He worked for a second time with Christopher Nolan on his 2023 film Oppenheimer.{{Cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/12/oppenheimer-trailer-cast-release-date-everything-we-know.html |title=Christopher Nolan Is Going Nuclear With Oppenheimer |date=2022-12-19 |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=Vulture |last=Guy |first=Zoe |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124211452/https://www.vulture.com/2022/12/oppenheimer-trailer-cast-release-date-everything-we-know.html |url-status=live }} Its accompanying soundtrack received critical acclaim and earned Göransson the BAFTA Award for Best Original Music, the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Score, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, and the Academy Award for Best Original Score.{{cite web|last=McPherson|first=Chris|url=https://collider.com/oppenheimer-bafta-wins-best-film/|title='Oppenheimer' Scores Most Wins at 2024 BAFTAs|work=Collider|date=February 18, 2024|access-date=February 18, 2024}}

Record producer

In 2010, when Donald Glover first approached Göransson about his side project, Childish Gambino, the two were working on the set of Community. Since then they have released four albums: Camp, Because the Internet, "Awaken, My Love!", and 3.15.20. Göransson served as producer and writer for every song on the album "Awaken, My Love!", inspired by Parliament-Funkadelic and black power music of the '70s. In November, they earned four Grammy nominations for their work, including Album of the Year and Record of the Year for "Redbone".{{Cite news|last=Dandridge-Lemco|first=Ben|date=19 January 2018|title=Producer Ludwig Göransson on helping create Awaken, My Love! and the Black Panther score|language=en|work=The Fader|url=https://www.thefader.com/2018/01/19/donald-glover-childish-gambino-awaken-my-love-grammys-ludwig-goransson-interview|access-date=6 July 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707041835/https://www.thefader.com/2018/01/19/donald-glover-childish-gambino-awaken-my-love-grammys-ludwig-goransson-interview|url-status=live}} Overall, his work with Gambino earned him six Grammy Award nominations.

In 2012, Göransson produced Haim's debut EP and helped establish the band with a new sound on the song "Forever". He also produced two songs on HAIM's debut album Days Are Gone.

On 5 May 2018, "This Is America" was released. Produced by Gambino and Ludwig Göransson, the song features a gospel-style choir and background contributions from various American rappers Young Thug, Slim Jxmmi, BlocBoy JB, 21 Savage, Quavo and Offset. "This Is America" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 31st song to do so in the chart's history. The song won in all four of its nominated categories at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Rap/Sung Performance, and Best Music Video.{{Cite web |title=All GRAMMY Awards and Nominations for Ludwig Göransson |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/ludwig-goransson/187476 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=The Recording Academy |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506102428/https://www.grammy.com/artists/ludwig-goransson/187476 }}

Personal life

Göransson married American violinist Serena McKinney in 2018.{{cite web|last=Greiving|first=Tim|date=21 February 2019|title=Composer Ludwig Göransson on 'Black Panther' Music, Childish Gambino and Danny Elfman|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/features/ludwig-goransson-black-panther-childish-gambino-1203144221/|access-date=21 February 2019|work=Variety|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212022216/https://variety.com/2019/music/features/ludwig-goransson-black-panther-childish-gambino-1203144221/|url-status=live}} Their first child was born in 2019. He has two sons.{{Citation |title=Ludwig Göransson's Oscars Red Carpet Interview with @AmeliaDimoldenberg {{!}} 96th Oscars Red Carpet |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/0JC9WNu9bQM |access-date=2024-03-15 |language=en}}

Filmography

{{further|Ludwig Göransson discography}}

As a composer

=Films=

class="wikitable sortable"
Year

! Title

! Director(s)

! class=unsortable| Notes

2011

| 30 Minutes or Less

| Ruben Fleischer

|

rowspan="2" | 2013

| Fruitvale Station

| Ryan Coogler

|

We're the Millers

| Rawson Marshall Thurber

|

rowspan="4" | 2014

| Stretch

| Joe Carnahan

|

The Town That Dreaded Sundown

| Alfonso Gomez-Rejon

|

A Merry Friggin' Christmas

| Tristram Shapeero

|

Top Five

| Chris Rock

|

2015

| Creed

| Ryan Coogler

|

rowspan="2" | 2016

| Central Intelligence

| Rawson Marshall Thurber

|

True Memoirs of an International Assassin

| Jeff Wadlow

|

rowspan="1" | 2017

| Everything, Everything

| Stella Meghie

|

rowspan="5" | 2018

| Black Panther

| Ryan Coogler

|

Death Wish

| Eli Roth

|

Slice

| Austin Vesely

|

Venom

| Ruben Fleischer

|

Creed II

| Steven Caple Jr.

|

2020

| Tenet

| Christopher Nolan

|

2021

| Bad Trip

| Kitao Sakurai

|

rowspan="2" | 2022

| Turning Red

| Domee Shi

|

Black Panther: Wakanda Forever

| Ryan Coogler

|

2023

| Oppenheimer

| Christopher Nolan

|

2025

| Sinners

| Ryan Coogler

| Also Executive ProducerMayhem Mendes. "Sinners (2025) - Behind the Scenes". April 17, 2025. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_UALjcKvdo

=Television=

class="wikitable"
Year

! Title

! Showrunner(s)

! Network

2009–2015

| Community

| Dan Harmon

| NBC (seasons 1–5)
Yahoo! Screen (season 6)

2011–2013

| Happy Endings

| David Caspe

| ABC

2011–2018

| New Girl

| Elizabeth Meriwether

| Fox

2014–2015

| Satisfaction

| Sean Jablonski

| USA Network

2016–2018

| Angie Tribeca

| Steve Carell
Nancy Carell

| TBS

2017

| Hasan Minhaj: Homecoming King

| Hasan Minhaj

| rowspan=2|Netflix

2018–2020

| Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj

| Richard A. Preuss

2019–2020

| The Mandalorian

| Jon Favreau

| rowspan=3 | Disney+

2021–2022

| The Book of Boba Fett

| Jon Favreau

2023

| Ahsoka

| Dave Filoni

Discography

{{further|Ludwig Göransson discography}}

Awards and nominations

{{further|List of awards and nominations received by Ludwig Göransson}}

Göransson composed the Disney+ drama series The Mandalorian, which earned him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for both season 1 and season 2's finales. He composed the main theme for The Mandalorian{{'}}s spinoff series, The Book of Boba Fett, which debuted in 2021. On film, he composed the Ryan Coogler directed 2018 superhero film Black Panther, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. He further scored the second Black Panther film, 2022's Wakanda Forever, achieving a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Lift Me Up" performed by Rihanna. His work on Christopher Nolan's epic biopic Oppenheimer (2023) earned his first wins at the BAFTA Awards and Golden Globe Awards, and a second win at the Academy Awards.

See also

References

{{Reflist}}