Lugbara language

{{Infobox language

|name=Lugbara

|nativename=

|states=Uganda, DR Congo

|ethnicity=Lugbara

|speakers={{sigfig|1.637000|2}} million

|date= 2014 Census

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Nilo-Saharan

|fam2=Central Sudanic

|fam3=Eastern

|fam4=Moru–Madi

|fam5=Central

|lc1=lgg|ld1=Lugbara

|lc2=snm|ld2=Southern Maʼdi

|script=Latin

|glotto=lugb1240

|glottoname=Lugbara

|glotto2=sout2828

|glottoname2=S. Maʼdi

|glottorefname2=Southern Maʼdi

}}

Lugbara, or Lugbarati, is the language of the Lugbara people. It is spoken in the West Nile region in northwestern Uganda, as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Orientale Province with a little extension to the South Sudan as the Zande or Azande people.{{cite encyclopedia|last=Gordon|first=Raymond|title=Lugbara language|encyclopedia=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|location=Dallas, Texas|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lgg|year=2005}}

Classification and dialects

The Aringa language, also known as Low Lugbara, is closely related, and sometimes considered a dialect of Lugbara. In fact, among the Lugbara of Uganda, it is one of the five clans (Ayivu clan, Vurra clan, Terego clan, Maracha clan, and Aringa clan).{{cite web |last1=Boone |first1=Douglas |last2=Watson |first2=Richard |year=1999 |title=Moru–Maʼdi Survey Report |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/91/56/42915629557882956271906201383741312783/silesr1999_001.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240721110547/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/42/91/56/42915629557882956271906201383741312783/silesr1999_001.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-21 |access-date=2024-07-21 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 1999-001}} Some scholars classify the Lugbara language itself as a dialect of the Maʼdi language, though this is not generally accepted.{{cite book|last=Blackings|first=Mairi|author2=Nigel Fabb |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=3-11-017940-7|year=2003|title=A Grammar of Maʼdi|pages=1}} An SIL survey report concluded that the Okollo, Ogoko, and Rigbo dialects, called "Southern Maʼdi", should be classified as dialects of Lugbara.

Phonology

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !Front !Central !Back
Close \|{{IPAlink\|i}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|u}}
Near-close \|{{IPAlink\|ɪ}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|ʊ}}
Close-mid \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPAlink\|ɛ}} ~ {{IPAlink\|e}} \| \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPAlink\|ɔ}} ~ {{IPAlink\|o}}
Open-mid \|({{IPAlink\|ʌ}})
Open \| \|{{IPAlink\|a}} \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!Front

!Central

!Back

|{{IPAlink|i}}

|{{IPAlink|u}}

Near-close

|{{IPAlink|ɪ}}

|{{IPAlink|ʊ}}

Close-mid

| rowspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɛ}} ~ {{IPAlink|e}}

| rowspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɔ}} ~ {{IPAlink|o}}

Open-mid

|({{IPAlink|ʌ}})

Open

|{{IPAlink|a}}

/ɛ, ɔ/ can also be heard as [e, o] as a result of vowel harmony.
/a/ can have an allophone of [ʌ] when after sounds /k, ɡ/.{{Cite book|last=Alo|first=Anguandia|title=Lugbarati Phonology and Orthography Standardization|publisher=Editions du Soleil Levant|year=2014}}

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" \| ! rowspan="2" \|Labial ! colspan="2" \|Dental ! rowspan="2" \|Alveolar ! rowspan="2" \|Postalv./ Palatal ! rowspan="2" \|Velar ! rowspan="2" \|Labial- velar ! rowspan="2" \|Glottal
plain !trilled
colspan="2" \|Nasal \|{{IPAlink\|m}} \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|n}} \|{{IPAlink\|ɲ}} \|({{IPAlink\|ŋ}}) \| \|
rowspan="4" \|Plosive/ Affricate !{{Small\|voiceless}} \|{{IPAlink\|p}} \|{{IPAlink\|t}} \|{{IPAlink\|tʳ}} \|{{IPAlink\|t͡s}} \|({{IPAlink\|t͡ʃ}}) \|{{IPAlink\|k}} \|{{IPAlink\|k͡p}} \|{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}
{{Small\|voiced}} \|{{IPAlink\|b}} \|{{IPAlink\|d}} \|{{IPAlink\|dʳ}} \|{{IPAlink\|d͡z}} \|({{IPAlink\|d͡ʒ}}) \|{{IPAlink\|ɡ}} \|{{IPAlink\|ɡ͡b}} \|
{{Small\|prenasal}} \|{{IPAlink\|ᵐb}} \|{{IPAlink\|ⁿd}} \|{{IPAlink\|ⁿdʳ}} \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|ᵑɡ}} \|{{IPAlink\|ᵑᵐɡ͡b}} \|
{{Small\|implosive}} \|{{IPAlink\|ɓ}} \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|ɗ}} \| \| \| \|
rowspan="3" \|Fricative !{{Small\|voiceless}} \|{{IPAlink\|f}} \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|s}} \| \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|h}}
{{Small\|voiced}} \|{{IPAlink\|v}} \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|z}} \| \| \| \|
{{Small\|prenasal}} \|{{IPAlink\|ᶬv}} \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|ⁿz}} \| \| \| \|
colspan="2" \|Trill \| \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|r}} \| \| \| \|
colspan="2" \|Tap \| \| \| \|({{IPAlink\|ɺ}}) \| \| \| \|
rowspan="3" \|Approximant !{{Small\|lateral}} \| \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|l}} \| \| \| \|
{{Small\|plain}} \| \| \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|j}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|w}} \|
{{Small\|preglottal}} \| \| \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|ˀj}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|ˀw}} \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Labial

! colspan="2" |Dental

! rowspan="2" |Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |Postalv./
Palatal

! rowspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Labial-
velar

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

plain

!trilled

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPAlink|m}}

|{{IPAlink|n}}

|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}

|({{IPAlink|ŋ}})

rowspan="4" |Plosive/
Affricate

!{{Small|voiceless}}

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|{{IPAlink|t}}

|{{IPAlink|tʳ}}

|{{IPAlink|t͡s}}

|({{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}})

|{{IPAlink|k}}

|{{IPAlink|k͡p}}

|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}

|{{IPAlink|b}}

|{{IPAlink|d}}

|{{IPAlink|dʳ}}

|{{IPAlink|d͡z}}

|({{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}})

|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɡ͡b}}

|{{IPAlink|ᵐb}}

|{{IPAlink|ⁿd}}

|{{IPAlink|ⁿdʳ}}

|{{IPAlink|ᵑɡ}}

|{{IPAlink|ᵑᵐɡ͡b}}

|{{IPAlink|ɓ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɗ}}

rowspan="3" |Fricative

!{{Small|voiceless}}

|{{IPAlink|f}}

|{{IPAlink|s}}

|{{IPAlink|h}}

|{{IPAlink|v}}

|{{IPAlink|z}}

|{{IPAlink|ᶬv}}

|{{IPAlink|ⁿz}}

colspan="2" |Trill

|{{IPAlink|r}}

colspan="2" |Tap

|({{IPAlink|ɺ}})

rowspan="3" |Approximant

!{{Small|lateral}}

|{{IPAlink|l}}

|{{IPAlink|j}}

|{{IPAlink|w}}

|{{IPAlink|ˀj}}

|{{IPAlink|ˀw}}

/l/ can be heard as a lateral flap {{IPAblink|ɺ}} within dialectal variation.{{Cite book|last=Crazzolara|first=Pasquale J.|title=A study of the Logbara (Maʼdi) language: grammar and vocabulary|publisher=London & New York: Oxford University Press|year=1960}}
/t͡s, d͡z/ are heard as [t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ] within dialectal variation.
/tʳ, dʳ/ can also be heard as retroflex [ʈɽ, ɖɽ] within free variation.
/ʔj/ can also be heard as an implosive {{IPAblink|ʄ}} and /ⁿz/ can be heard as [ⁿd͡z], within free variation.
A labial affricate {{IPAblink|p͡f}} may occur within dialectal variation, {{IPAblink|ŋ}} only rarely occurs among different dialects.

Orthography

Lugbara was first written by Christian missionaries in 1918, based on the Ayivu dialect. In 2000, a conference was held in the city of Arua in northwestern Uganda regarding the creation of a standardised international orthography for Lugbara.

The Simplified Lugbara alphabet has 28 letters. there is no q or x, and there are four letters for glottalized consonants, namely: ʼb as in ʼbua, ʼd as in ʼdia, ʼw as in ʼwara, and ʼy as in ʼyeta.

In education

In 1992, the Government of Uganda designated it as one of five "languages of wider communication" to be used as the medium of instruction in primary education; however, unlike the other four such languages, it was never actually used in schools.{{cite journal|title=Writing unwritten languages|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/16455/10893858671Writing_unwritten_languages.doc/Writing_unwritten_languages.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521065833/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/16455/10893858671Writing_unwritten_languages.doc/Writing_unwritten_languages.doc|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-21|last=Da Fonseca|first=N.}} More recently it was included in the curriculum for some secondary schools in the West Nile region, including St. Joseph's College Ombaci and Muni Girls Secondary School, both in Arua District.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

Vocabulary

=Numbers=

Number !Translation
Class="wikitable"
0.	Toko/ ogbo
1.	Alu
2.	Iri
3.	Na
4.	Su
5.	Towi/ tawu
6.	Azia
7.	Aziri
8.	Aro
9.	Oromi
10.	Mudri/ modri
11.	Mudri drini alu
12.	Mudri drini iri
13.	Mudri drini na
20.	Kali iri
21.	Kali iri drini alu
22.	Kali iri drini iri
23.	Kali iri drini na
30.	Kali na
40.	Kali su
100.	Turu alu
500.	Turu towi
900.	Turu oromi
5,000.	Alifu towi
4M.	Milioni su
7B.	Bilioni aziri
12T.	Trilioni mudri drini iri

=Greetings and other phrases=

Lugbara !English
Class="wikitable"
Mi ifu ngoni?	How did you wake up?/ Good morning!
(Mi) ngoni?	How (are you)?
(Ma) muke!	(I'm) fine!
Ma azoru!	I'm sick!
Mi aa ngoni?	How did you stay?
Ayiko ni ma fu!	Happiness is killing me!/ I'm happy!
Abiri ni ma fu(fu)!	Hunger is killing me!/ I'm hungry!
Sa(w)a si?	What time is it?
Etu alu oʼbitisi.	7:00 a.m. [To tell time, you mention the number on the opposite side of the clock. Etu iri is 8 o'clock, etu na is 9 o'clock, etc.]
Etu mudri drini alu	5:00 p.m.
Mi efi!	Come in!
Ife mani yi!	Give me water!
Kirikiri!	Please!
Ada!	True!
Inzo!	Lies!
Iko ma aza!	Help me!
Ine!	See!
Mi a'bua ozi si?	How much do you sell bananas?
Ajeni si?	How much [is the price]?
A le Obangulu!	I want mashed whiteants!
Ma mu Gili Gili-a ngoni?	How do I get to Gili Gili?
Arojo ngoa?	Where is the drugshop/clinic/hospital?
Mi ru a'di-i?	What is your name?
Ma ru Aiko-i!	I'm called Aiko!
Te mi-i?	How about you?
Mi omve ma Letasi!	You call me Letasi!
Awaʼdi fo!	Thanks!
A le mi!	I love you!/I need you!/I want you!
Ma enga Ediofe-a.	I'm from Ediofe.
Ma mu kanisa-a.	I'm going to church.
Mi ma agi!	You are my friend!
Ma mu Ojapi-a ngoni?	How do I get to Ojapi?
Masikiti ngoa?	Where is the mosque?
Mi ma ji Ragemu-a ra?	Can you take me to Ragem?
Iji ma Ringili-a!	Take me to Ringili!
'Ba mucele ozi ngoa?	Where is rice sold?
Aje/ andru/ drusi/ drozi	Yesterday/ today/ tomorrow/ the day after tomorrow
Ila muke!	Sleep well!
A le ra!	I do want! [The word 'ra' after a verb denotes positivity.]
A le ku!	I don't want! [The word 'ku' after a verb denotes negativity.]

=Relationships=

Grandfather (aʼbi, aʼbipi)

Grandmother (dede, edapi, e'di)

Grandson (mvia)

Granddaughter (zia)

Father (ati, ata)

Mother (andri, andre, ayia)

Husband (agupi)

Wife (oku)

Son (agupiamva, mvi)

Daughter (zamva, zi)

Brother (adri)

Sister (amvi)

Uncles (paternal: atapuru [singular], atapuruka [plural]; maternal: {{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|adroyi}} [singular], {{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|adropi}} [plural])

Aunts (paternal: {{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|andrapuru}} [singular], {{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|andrapuruka}} [plural and in some cases maternal]; maternal: {{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|awupi}} [singular], {{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|awupika}} [plural]

Cousin ({{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|atapurumva}})

Cousin brother(s) ({{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|atapuruka anzi}}); also {{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|adri, adripika}}

Cousin sister(s)

({{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|atapuruka ezopi}}); also {{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|amvi, amvupika}}

NB: Strictly speaking, the word cousin is alien in Lugbara culture. Cousins are brothers and sisters.

Nephews (adro anzi) - maternal nephews

Nieces (adro ezoanzi, ezapi) - maternal nieces

Father-in-law (anya)

Mother-in-law (edra)

Brother-in-law (oti, otuo)

Sister-in-law (onyere)

=Days of the week=

1 week (Sabatu alu, sabiti alu, yinga alu, yumula alu)

A day is called Oʼdu in Lugbara.

Sunday ({{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|Sabatu, sabiti}})

Monday (Oʼdu alu)

Tuesday (Oʼdu iri)

Wednesday (Oʼdu na)

Thursday (Oʼdu su)

Friday (Oʼdu towi)

Saturday (Oʼdu azia, Sabato)

=Calendar=

The simplest way to refer to months (Mba in Lugbara) is to use numbers, for example January is Mba Alu, February is Mba Iri, May is Mba Towi and so on. But below is the other Latinized (and seasonal) way of mentioning them.

Januari/ Oco ʼdupa sere (January)

Feburili/ Kuluni (February)

Marici/ Zengulu (March)

Aprili/ Ayi - Wet season (April)

Mayi/ Ayi Eti (May)

Juni/ Emveki (June)

Julayi/ Eri (July)

Agoslo/ Iripaku (August)

Sebitemba/ Lokopere (September)

Okitoba/ Abibi (October)

Novemba/ Waa (November)

Desemba/ Anyu fi kuma (December)

=Common signs=

Class="wikitable"
Lugbara !English
Agupi	Men
Oku	Women

Class="wikitable"

Lugbara

!English

Agupi

Men

Oku

Women

=Colours=

Eka, Ika by Terego (red)

Foro foro (gray)

Foroto (grayish)

{{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|Imve}} (white)

{{transliteration|lgg|italic=no|Imve silili, imve whilili, imve sisirili}} (very pure white)

Imvesi-enisi (black and white)

Ini (black)

Inibiricici, inicici, inikukuru (very dark)

Food

Lugbara !English
Class="wikitable"
Mucele	Rice
Fun(y)o	Groundnut
Gbanda/ Ola	Cassava
Osu	Bean, Kaiko in Terego dialect
Burusu/ Buruso	Guinea pea
Kaka	Maize
Ago	Pumpkin
Anyu	Simsim
Ondu	Sorghum
Maaku	Potato
(M)ayu(ni)	Yam
Onya	Whiteant
Ope	Guinea fowl
Au	Chicken
Eza	Meat
Ti eza	Cow meat
Ndri eza	Goat meat
Eʼbi	Fish
Kawa	Coffee
Majani	Tea
I'di	Porridge
Kpete	Beer
Mbasala	Onion
Nyanya	Tomato
Cikiri/ Osu nyiri	Chick pea

Lugbara AI

Lugbara AI refers to Artificial Intelligence technology or machines that use Lugbara. The Sunbird Translate system[https://sunbird.ai/portfolio/african-languages/ Sunbird AI. "Translation and Speech".] can automatically take text from Lugbara.[https://ict.go.ug/2023/01/26/ministry-of-ict-and-national-guidance-to-leverage-ai-to-drive-the-ict-innovation-agenda-across-uganda-in-a-partnership-with-sunbird-ai/ Ministry of ICT (26 January 2023). "Ministry of ICT and National Guidance to Leverage AI to Drive The ICT Innovation Agenda Across Uganda in a Partnership With Sunbird AI".] It includes locally relevant topics such as healthcare, agriculture and society.[https://chimpreports.com/govt-sunbird-ai-partner-to-boost-english-to-local-languages-translation/ Ntezza, Michael. Chimp Reports (24 January 2024). "Gov't, Sunbird AI Partner to Boost English to Local Languages Translation".] With its partners including Makerere University AI Lab, Sunbird AI (a Ugandan startup) has built open Lugbara datasets, translation and speech systems. It is also used by banks.[https://www.centenarygroup.co.ug/articles/artificial_intelligence.html Centenary Group. "Centenary to Deploy Artificial Intelligence Across Uganda".]

Furthermore, other developers are also working on projects.[https://indabaxug.github.io/hackathon.html IndabaX Uganda. "Deep Learning IndabaX Hackathon".]