Luigi Lucheni

{{Infobox person

| name = Luigi Lucheni

| image = Luigi Lucheni 02.jpg

| image_size =

| caption = Swiss police mugshot of Luigi Lucheni (1898)

| birth_date = {{birth date|1873|04|22}}

| birth_place = Paris, France

| death_date = {{death date and age|1910|10|19|1873|04|22}}

| death_place = Geneva, Switzerland

| death_cause = Suicide

| resting_place = Zentralfriedhof
Vienna, Austria

| criminal_charge = Murder of Empress Elisabeth of Austria

| criminal_penalty = Life imprisonment

| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|48|08|58|N|16|26|28|E|region:AT-9_type:landmark|display=inline|name=Burial site of Luigi Lucheni's head}}

| nationality = Italian

| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes

| allegiance = Kingdom of Italy

| branch = Royal Italian Army

| serviceyears = 1893–1896

| battles = First Italo-Ethiopian War

| awards =

}}

Luigi Lucheni (born Louis Lucheni; 22 April 1873 – 19 October 1910) was an Italian anarchist and the assassin of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.

Early life

Louis Lucheni was born in Paris on April 22, 1873. His father, unknown, and his mother, Luigia Lucchini, left the baby to a foundling hospital. The child was moved to Italy in August 1874 and transferred between orphanages and foster families. Lucheni worked odd jobs in Italy, Switzerland, and Austria-Hungary. He served in the military for three years and moved to Switzerland, where he befriended anarchists in Lausanne.{{sfn|Enckell|2015}}

Assassination

On September 10, 1898, Lucheni used a tapered file to fatally stab Empress Elisabeth of Austria during her visit to Geneva. Elisabeth and her lady-in-waiting Countess Sztáray had departed their hotel on Lake Geneva to ride a paddle steamer to Montreux. They walked without their attendants, as Elisabeth disdained royal processions. On the docks in the early afternoon, Lucheni approached and stabbed Elisabeth below her left breast with a wooden-handled, four-inch file,{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=132}} the kind used to file the eyes of industrial needles.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=134}} Badly wounded, she nevertheless continued walking, with the support of two other people, 100 yards to board the departing steamer.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=132}} The steamer returned to shore after Countess Sztáray first noticed Elisabeth's bleeding, whereupon the Empress was carried back to the hotel on a makeshift stretcher.{{sfn|Newton|2014|pp=132–133}} Two doctors pronounced her dead within an hour of the attack.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=133}} Documentation of the autopsy was destroyed.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=134}}

Lucheni was apprehended upon fleeing the scene and his file was found the next day. He told the authorities that he was an anarchist who came to Geneva with the intention of killing any sovereign as an example for others. Lucheni used the file because he did not have enough money for a stiletto.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=134}}

His trial began the next month, in October. He was furious to find that capital punishment had been abolished in Geneva, and wrote a letter demanding that he be tried in another canton, such that he could be martyred. He received the sentence of life imprisonment instead.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=134}}

Death and legacy

File:Luigi Lucheni.jpg

Lucheni wrote his childhood memoirs while in Geneva's Évêché prison. He was harassed in prison and his notebooks were stolen. He was found hanged in his cell on October 19, 1910. His head was preserved in formaldehyde{{sfn|Enckell|2015}} and transferred to Vienna in 1986.{{Cite news |title=Relic of an 1898 Crime Goes Home to Vienna |work=The New York Times |date=1986-08-31 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/31/world/relic-of-an-1898-crime-goes-home-to-vienna.html |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all }} The head was on display in Vienna's Narrenturm until 2000 when the remains were interred at the Wiener Zentralfriedhof.{{cite web | title=Ein Komplott gegen Sisi | website=Zeit Online | date=December 17, 2020 | url=https://www.zeit.de/2020/52/mord-kaiserin-elisabeth-von-oesterreich-luigi-lucheni-terrornetzwerk-geschichte | language=de | ref={{sfnref | Zeit Online}} | access-date=2020-12-17 | last1=Gasser | first1=Florian }}

The assassination resulted in the International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists, the first international conference against terrorism,{{cite book | title=The Battle against Anarchist Terrorism | chapter=The first international conference on terrorism: Rome 1898 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2013-12-05 | isbn=978-1-139-52412-4 | doi=10.1017/cbo9781139524124.008 | pages=131–184}} which resolved to begin agencies to surveil suspected anarchists and permit capital punishment for assassination of sovereigns.{{sfn|Newton|2014|p=134}} Elisabeth's life and subsequent murder are depicted in many stage productions, films and novels.{{sfn|Newton|2014|pp=134–135}} Lucheni's childhood memoirs were published in 1998.{{sfn|Enckell|2015}}

References

Bibliography

{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Enckell |first1=Marianne |title=LUCCHENI Luigi (Louis, dit) |date=2015-03-26 |url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article155469 |language=fr |publisher=Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier |encyclopedia=Dictionnaire des anarchistes |location=Paris |df=mdy-all }}
{{cite book |last=Jensen |first=Richard Bach |year=2014 |title=The Battle against Anarchist Terrorism: An International History, 1878–1934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ_rAQAAQBAJ |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107034051}}
{{cite journal |last=Jensen |first=Richard Bach |year=2015 |title=Anarchist Terrorism and Global Diasporas, 1878–1914 |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |publisher=Routledge |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=441–453 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2015.1032032 |s2cid=142633873 |issn=1556-1836 |oclc=5857472280}}
{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Carl |year=2007 |chapter=The Anarchist Assassin and Italian History, 1870s to 1930s |editor-first1=Stephen |editor-last1=Gundle |editor-first2=Lucia |editor-last2=Rinaldi |title=Assassinations and Murder in Modern Italy |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-8391-6 |pages=207–222}}
{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Newton |first1=Michael |title=Elisabeth of Austria (1837–1898) |pages=132–135 |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-285-4 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |encyclopedia=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ |location=Santa Barbara |df=mdy-all }}
{{cite book |last1=Pernicone |first1=Nunzio |last2=Ottanelli |first2=Fraser M. |year=2018 |chapter=Anarchist Assassins: Acciarito, Angiolillo, and Lucheni |title=Assassins against the Old Order: Italian anarchist violence in fin de siècle Europe |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-05056-5 |lccn=2017057350 |pages=90–122}}
{{cite journal |last=Rozenblatt |first=Daphne |date=October 2016 |title=The Assassin's Smile: Facial Expression as Political Expression |url=https://www.history-of-emotions.mpg.de/texts/the-assasins-smile |journal=History of Emotions - Insights into Research |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Human Development |doi=10.14280/08241.48 |pages=[https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2515358/component/file_2515364/content 1–4]}}