Lummi dialect

{{Short description|Dialect of the North Straits Salish language}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Lummi

| nativename = {{lang|str-US|Xwlemi Chosen}}

| region = Pacific Northwest

| familycolor = salishan

| fam1 = Salishan languages

| fam2 = Coast Salish

| fam3 = Central

| fam4 = Straits Salish

| fam5 = North Straits Salish

| isoexception = dialect

| glotto = lumm1243

| glottorefname = Lummi

| ethnicity = Lummi people

| pronunciation = {{IPA|[xʷləmi tʃɔsən]}}

| states = United States

}}

Lummi (Xwlemi Chosen, {{IPA|sal|xʷləmi tʃɔsən|IPA}}) is a dialect of the North Straits Salish language traditionally spoken by the Lummi people of northwest Washington, in the United States. Although traditionally referred to as a language, it is mutually intelligible with the other dialects of North Straits.

Lummi language is still spoken on the Lummi reservation and is taught at Ferndale High School,[http://www.ferndalesd.org/student-services/native-american-services Ferndale Native American Education]. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112110836/http://www.ferndalesd.org/student-services/native-american-services|date=2017-11-12}} Lummi Nation School, Vista Middle School, Horizon Middle School, Skyline and Eagleridge Elementary Schools,{{Cite web |title=Native American Education - Ferndale School District |url=https://www.ferndalesd.org/deptprograms/teaching-learning/student-services/native-american-education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729083433/https://www.ferndalesd.org/deptprograms/teaching-learning/student-services/native-american-education |archive-date=2021-07-29}} and the Northwest Indian College.

Phonology

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Consonants

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Bilabial

! colspan="3" |Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |Palatal

! colspan="2" |Velar

! colspan="2" |Uvular

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

central

!sibilant

!lateral

!plain

!lab.

!plain

!lab.

rowspan="2" |Plosive/
Affricate

!plain

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|t͡s}}

|

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}

|

|{{IPA link|kʷ}}

|{{IPA link|q}}

|{{IPA link|qʷ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ʔ}}

ejective

|{{IPA link|pʼ}}

|{{IPA link|tʼ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡sʼ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ɬʼ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}}

|

|{{IPA link|kʷʼ}}

|{{IPA link|qʼ}}

|{{IPA link|qʷʼ}}

colspan="2" |Fricative

|

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|ɬ}}

|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

|

|{{IPA link|xʷ}}

|{{IPA link|χ}}

|{{IPA link|χʷ}}

|{{IPA link|h}}

rowspan="2" |Sonorant

!plain

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|{{IPA link|j}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

|

|

glottalized

|{{IPA|ˀm}}

|{{IPA|ˀn}}

|

|

|{{IPA|ˀj}}

|{{IPA|ˀŋ}}

|{{IPA|ˀw}}

|

|

|

  • {{IPA|/ts/}} phonemically occurs only rarely within vocabulary.{{Cite book|last1=Charles|first1=Al|title=Introduction to the Lummi language|last2=Demers|first2=Richard A.|last3=Bowman|first3=Elizabeth|year=1978}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Vowels

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}}

Mid/Open

|{{IPA link|æ}}

|{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

  • Vowel sounds {{IPA|/æ, ɔ/}} may also be heard as more mid or open as {{IPA|[ɛ, ɒ]}}.{{Cite book|last=Montler|first=Timothy|title=Language and Dialect Variation in Straits Salishan|publisher=Indiana University|year=1999|location=Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 41, No. 4 (Winter, 1999)|pages=462–502}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|author=Gibbs, George|author-link=George Gibbs (ethnologist)|title=Alphabetical Vocabularies of the Clallam and Lummi|publisher=Cramoisy Press|year=1863}} [http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=70 Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection] or at [https://archive.org/stream/cihm_18320#page/n25/mode/2up Internet Archive]

{{Salishan languages}}

{{Coast Salish}}

Category:North Straits Salish languages

Category:Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast

Category:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)

Category:Lummi

{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}

{{Washington-stub}}