Lummi dialect
{{Short description|Dialect of the North Straits Salish language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Lummi
| nativename = {{lang|str-US|Xwlemi Chosen}}
| region = Pacific Northwest
| familycolor = salishan
| fam1 = Salishan languages
| fam2 = Coast Salish
| fam3 = Central
| fam4 = Straits Salish
| fam5 = North Straits Salish
| isoexception = dialect
| glotto = lumm1243
| glottorefname = Lummi
| ethnicity = Lummi people
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[xʷləmi tʃɔsən]}}
| states = United States
}}
Lummi (Xwlemi Chosen, {{IPA|sal|xʷləmi tʃɔsən|IPA}}) is a dialect of the North Straits Salish language traditionally spoken by the Lummi people of northwest Washington, in the United States. Although traditionally referred to as a language, it is mutually intelligible with the other dialects of North Straits.
Lummi language is still spoken on the Lummi reservation and is taught at Ferndale High School,[http://www.ferndalesd.org/student-services/native-american-services Ferndale Native American Education]. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112110836/http://www.ferndalesd.org/student-services/native-american-services|date=2017-11-12}} Lummi Nation School, Vista Middle School, Horizon Middle School, Skyline and Eagleridge Elementary Schools,{{Cite web |title=Native American Education - Ferndale School District |url=https://www.ferndalesd.org/deptprograms/teaching-learning/student-services/native-american-education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729083433/https://www.ferndalesd.org/deptprograms/teaching-learning/student-services/native-american-education |archive-date=2021-07-29}} and the Northwest Indian College.
Phonology
class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonants ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Bilabial ! colspan="3" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Uvular ! rowspan="2" |Glottal |
central
!plain !lab. !plain !lab. |
---|
rowspan="2" |Plosive/ Affricate !plain |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|t͡s}} | |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | |{{IPA link|kʷ}} |{{IPA link|q}} |{{IPA link|qʷ}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ʔ}} |
ejective
|{{IPA link|pʼ}} |{{IPA link|tʼ}} |{{IPA link|t͡sʼ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ɬʼ}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}} | |{{IPA link|kʷʼ}} |{{IPA link|qʼ}} |{{IPA link|qʷʼ}} |
colspan="2" |Fricative
| | |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ɬ}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} | |{{IPA link|xʷ}} |{{IPA link|χ}} |{{IPA link|χʷ}} |{{IPA link|h}} |
rowspan="2" |Sonorant
!plain |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|j}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} |{{IPA link|w}} | | | |
glottalized
|{{IPA|ˀm}} |{{IPA|ˀn}} | | |{{IPA|ˀj}} |{{IPA|ˀŋ}} |{{IPA|ˀw}} | | | |
- {{IPA|/ts/}} phonemically occurs only rarely within vocabulary.{{Cite book|last1=Charles|first1=Al|title=Introduction to the Lummi language|last2=Demers|first2=Richard A.|last3=Bowman|first3=Elizabeth|year=1978}}
class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Vowels ! !Back |
Close
|{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |
---|
Mid/Open
|{{IPA link|æ}} |{{IPA link|ə}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
- Vowel sounds {{IPA|/æ, ɔ/}} may also be heard as more mid or open as {{IPA|[ɛ, ɒ]}}.{{Cite book|last=Montler|first=Timothy|title=Language and Dialect Variation in Straits Salishan|publisher=Indiana University|year=1999|location=Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 41, No. 4 (Winter, 1999)|pages=462–502}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite book|author=Gibbs, George|author-link=George Gibbs (ethnologist)|title=Alphabetical Vocabularies of the Clallam and Lummi|publisher=Cramoisy Press|year=1863}} [http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=70 Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection] or at [https://archive.org/stream/cihm_18320#page/n25/mode/2up Internet Archive]
{{Salishan languages}}
{{Coast Salish}}
Category:North Straits Salish languages
Category:Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
Category:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}}
{{Washington-stub}}