Lunokhod 2

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = Lunokhod 2

| image = Lunokhod-2 model.jpg

| image_caption = Model of Lunokhod 2 rover

| mission_type = Lunar rover

| operator =

| website =

| COSPAR_ID = 1973-001A

| SATCAT =

| mission_duration =

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| dry_mass = {{convert|840|kg|lb}} (rover only)

| launch_mass =

| power =

| launch_date = {{start-date|January 11, 1973, 06:55:38|timezone=yes}} UTC

| launch_rocket = Proton-K/D

| launch_site = Baikonur 81/23

| launch_contractor =

| last_contact = {{end-date|May 11, 1973}}

| orbit_epoch =

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| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = rover

|object = Lunar

|component = Rover

|arrival_date = January 15, 1973

|location =

|distance =

}}

Lunokhod 2 ({{langx|ru|Луноход-2}} ("Moonwalker 2"), also known as Аппарат 8ЕЛ № 204 ("Device 8EL No. 204")) was the second of two uncrewed lunar rovers that landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod programme.

The Luna 21 spacecraft landed on the Moon and deployed the second Soviet lunar rover, Lunokhod 2, in January 1973.[https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-02/in-depth/ Lunokhod 02] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418111108/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-02/in-depth/ |date=April 18, 2021 }}, NASA Solar System Exploration; page updated March 15, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2018.NSSDC Catalog, [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-001A Luna 21/Lunokhod 2], version March 21, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2018.{{cite journal|author1=Mulholland, J. D. |author2=Shelus, P. J. |author3=Silverburg, E. C. |title=Laser observations of the moon: Normal points for 1973|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750020915|journal=NASA|publisher=NTRS |date=January 1, 1975 |access-date=June 17, 2011}} The lander and rover together massed 1814 kg.

The primary objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments from Earth, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study the soil mechanics of the lunar surface material.

''Lunokhod 2'' rover and subsystems

The rover stood {{convert|135|cm|ftin|abbr=off}} high and had a mass of {{convert|840|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. It was about {{convert|170|cm|ftin|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|160|cm|ftin|abbr=off}} wide and had eight wheels each with an independent suspension, electric motor and brake. The rover had two speeds, about {{convert|1|and|2|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. File:LunokhodWheels.jpg

Lunokhod 2 was equipped with three television cameras, one mounted high on the rover for navigation, which could return high resolution images at different frame rates—3.2, 5.7, 10.9 or 21.1 seconds per frame. These images were used by a five-man team of controllers on Earth who sent driving commands to the rover in real time.

Power was supplied by a solar panel on the inside of a round hinged lid which covered the instrument bay, which would charge the batteries when opened. A polonium-210 radioisotope heater unit was used to keep the rover warm during the long lunar nights.

There were four panoramic cameras mounted on the rover. Scientific instruments included a soil mechanics tester, solar X-ray experiment, an astrophotometer to measure visible and ultraviolet light levels, a magnetometer deployed in front of the rover on the end of a 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) boom, a radiometer, a photodetector (Rubin-1) for laser detection experiments, and a French-supplied laser corner reflector.

The lander carried a bas relief of Vladimir Lenin and the State Emblem of the Soviet Union.

Mission

The Proton-K/D launcher put the spacecraft into Earth parking orbit followed by translunar injection. On January 12, 1973, Luna 21 was braked into a {{convert|90|by|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} lunar orbit. On January 13 and 14, the perilune was lowered to {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} altitude.

File:Lunokhod-mission.jpg

Landing and surface operations

File:Luna 21 lander.png

On January 15, 1973, after 40 orbits, the descent of the craft was commenced as the braking rocket was fired at {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} altitude, and the craft began to de-orbit. At an altitude of {{convert|750|m|ft|abbr=on}} the main thrusters began firing, slowing the fall until a height of {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on}} was reached. At this point the main thrusters shut down and the secondary thrusters ignited, slowing the fall until the lander was {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the surface, where the engine was switched off. Landing occurred at 23:35 UT in Le Monnier crater at 25.85 degrees N, 30.45 degrees E.

After landing, the Lunokhod 2 took TV images of the surrounding area, then rolled down a ramp to the surface at 01:14 UT on January 16 and took pictures of the Luna 21 lander and landing site, driving for 30 metres. After a period of charging up its batteries, it took more pictures of the site and the lander, and then set off to explore the Moon.

The rover would run during the lunar day, stopping occasionally to recharge its batteries with the solar panels. At night the rover hibernated until the next sunrise, heated by the radioactive source.

January 18, 1973 to January 24, 1973: The rover drives 1,260 metres
February 8 to 23: The rover drives 9,086 metres further
March 11 to 23: The rover drives 16,533 metres further
April 9 to 22: The rover drives 8,600 metres further
May 8 to June 3: The rover drives 880 metres further

File:Lunokhod 2 Luna 21 lunar map.png at the eastern rim of Mare Serenitatis]]

End of mission

File:LRO Lunokhod 2.jpg

On June 4, 1973, it was announced that the program was completed, leading to speculation that the vehicle probably failed in mid-May or could not be revived after the lunar night of May–June.

More recently, Alexander Basilevsky related an account in which on May 9, the rover's open lid touched a crater wall and became covered with dust. When the lid was closed, this dust (a very good insulator) was dumped on to the radiators. The following day, May 10, controllers saw the internal temperature of Lunokhod 2 climb as it was unable to cool itself, eventually rendering the rover inoperable.{{cite news |title=The Other Moon Landings |url=http://www.airspacemag.com/space/the-other-moon-landings-6457729/ |author=Andrew Chaikin |publisher=Air & Space/Smithsonian |date=March 1, 2004 |access-date=May 25, 2013}} On May 11, signal from the rover was lost.

Results

File:Driving_Distances_on_Mars_and_the_Moon.png

Lunokhod 2 operated for about four months, and the original estimate was that it covered {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} of terrain, including hilly upland areas and rilles, and sent back 86 panoramic images and over 80,000 TV pictures.{{cite web|title=New NASA snap of game developer's electric cart FOUND ON MOON: Probe in low pass over Garriott's radioactive tub-rover |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/03/16/moon_detailed_pic_landing_site_rover/ |author=Lewis Page |website=The Register |date=March 16, 2012 |access-date=May 25, 2013}}{{cite news |title=Lunokhod 2 Revisited |url=http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/news/?archives/537-Lunokhod-2-Revisited.html |publisher=NASA |date=March 13, 2012 |access-date=May 25, 2013}} Many mechanical tests of the surface, laser ranging measurements, and other experiments were completed during this time. Lunokhod 2 was thought to have covered {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} based on wheel rotations but Russian scientists at the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK) revised that to an estimated distance of about {{convert|42.1-42.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} based on Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) images of the lunar surface.{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/06211627-opportunity-lunokhod-record.html |title=Is Opportunity near Lunokhod's distance record? Not as close as we used to think! |publisher=The Planetary Society |last1=Lakdawalla |first1=Emily |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date=June 26, 2013}}{{cite journal |last1=Witze |first1=Alexandra |title=Space rovers in record race |journal=Nature |publisher=Nature News |date=June 19, 2013 |volume=498 |issue=7454 |pages=284–285 |doi=10.1038/498284a |pmid=23783609 |bibcode=2013Natur.498..284W |s2cid=4321213 |doi-access=free }} Subsequent discussions with their American counterparts ended with an agreed-upon final distance of {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}};Sutherland, Scott (July 29, 2014) [http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/its-official-nasa-confirms-mars-opportunity-rover-has-broken-the-off-world-driving-record/32813/ It's Official! NASA confirms Mars Opportunity rover has broken the off-world driving record]. theweathernetwork.comRobinson, Mark (May 23, 2014) [http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/774 Trundling Across the Moon]. sese.asu.edu an international team has confirmed that the methods used to calculate the two rovers' odometry is consistent and comparable from the Moon to Mars.Wall, Mike (July 29, 2014) [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasas-mars-rover-opportunity-breaks-off-world-driving-record/ NASA's Mars rover Opportunity breaks off-world driving record]. Space.com

Lunokhod 2 held the record for off-Earth roving distance until July 27, 2014, when NASA's Mars Opportunity rover exceeded it after having traveled over {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|last1=Webster |first1=Guy |last2=Brown |first2=Dwayne |title=NASA Long-Lived Mars Opportunity Rover Sets Off-World Driving Record |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-245 |date=July 28, 2014 |work=NASA |access-date=July 29, 2014}}{{cite web |last=Knapp |first=Alex |title=NASA's Opportunity Rover Sets A Record For Off-World Driving |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2014/07/29/nasas-opportunity-rover-sets-a-record-for-off-world-driving |date=July 29, 2014 |work=Forbes |access-date=July 29, 2014}}

Current status

Lunokhod 2 continues to be detected by lunar laser ranging experiments and its position is known to sub-meter accuracy.{{cite web|title=Lunar Geophysics, Geodesy, and Dynamics|url=http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/williams_lw13.pdf|publisher=ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=February 6, 2008}} On March 17, 2010, Phil Stooke at the University of Western Ontario announced that he had located Lunokhod 2 in NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) images,{{cite web|title=Russian Lunar Rover Found: 37-Year-Old Space Mystery Solved|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100316164950.htm|website=Science Daily|access-date=March 17, 2010}}{{cite news | url = http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/moon-orbiter-spots-Soviet-landers-100318.html | title = NASA Lunar Orbiter Spots Old Soviet Moon Landers | first = Leonard | last = David | date = March 18, 2010 |access-date=May 31, 2018}} Space.com. but later images showed the initial identification was incorrect (the identified point was a mark in the rover tracks near the end of the route, made as Lunokhod 2 turned around), and the LRO LROC team identified the correct location of the rover in March 2012.NASA, [https://www.nasa.gov/content/lroc-coordinates-of-robotic-spacecraft-2013-update/ LROC Coordinates of Robotic Spacecraft 2013], Update September 25, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2018. Excellent Lunokhod 2 images from LROC were published by Mark Robinson on SESE site of ASU.Mark Robinson, "[http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/699 Lunokhod 2 Revisited"], LROC, SSE, Arizona State University. Retrieved May 31, 2018.

Present ownership

Ownership of Lunokhod 2 and the Luna 21 lander was sold by the Lavochkin Association for $68,500 in December 1993 at a Sotheby's auction in New York.Kluger, Jeffrey (April 1994) [http://discovermagazine.com/1994/apr/thebloconthebloc363 The Bloc on the Block]. Discover magazine (The catalogSotheby's Catalogue – Russian Space History, Addendum, Lot 68A, December 11, 1993 incorrectly lists lot 68A as Luna 17/Lunokhod 1).

The buyer was computer game entrepreneur and space tourist Richard Garriott (son of the astronaut Owen K. Garriott), who stated in a 2001 interview with Computer Games Magazine's Cindy Yans that:

:I purchased Lunakod 21 {{sic}} from the Russians. I am now the world's only private owner of an object on a foreign celestial body. Though there are international treaties that say, no government shall lay claim to geography off planet earth, I am not a government. Summarily, I claim the moon in the name of Lord British!Garriott, Richard (April 13, 2001) [http://demiurg.net/games/lb/ Lord British, we hardly knew ye]. demiurg.net

Garriott later confirmed that he is the owner of Lunokhod 2.{{cite news |title= After 17 Years, a Glimpse of a Lunar Purchase |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/31/science/space/31moon.html?ref=science |quote=Richard A. Garriott has finally seen the item he bought 17 years ago for $68,500. |work=New York Times |date=March 20, 2010 |access-date=April 1, 2010 | first=Kenneth | last=Chang}}[http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100207a.html The Astronaut's Son's Secret Sputnik]. CollectSPACE. October 2007[http://radio.seti.org/past-shows.php Are We Alone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219053216/http://radio.seti.org/past-shows.php |date=December 19, 2008 }}. (podcast interview with SETI Institute Director Seth Shostak) December 10, 2007

References

External links

[http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Luna21.php Zarya – Lunokhod 2 chronology]
[http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogMoon.htm Don P. Mitchell's catalog of Soviet Moon Images] including many from Lunokhod 2
[http://vsm.host.ru/e_lunhod.htm Lunokhod 2 information and VRML models at the Virtual Space Museum]
[http://planetology.ru/panoramas/lunokhod2.php?page=1&language=english Lunokhod 2 panoramic images]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20141205205158/http://www.strana360.net/panorama/3088 Lunokhod 2 in space museum – 360 degree panoramic image]
[http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/earth/lunokhod-2-traverse-overview.html Lunokhod 2 traverse overview], Lunokhod 2{{'}}s path in southern Le Monnier crater