Lycodonus
{{Short description|Genus of eelpouts}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Lycodonus mirabilis.jpg
| image_caption = Lycodonus mirabilis
| taxon = Lycodonus
| authority = Goode & T. H. Bean, 1883
| type_species = Lycodonus mirabilis
| type_species_authority = Goode & T. H. Bean, 1883
}}
Lycodonus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts. The species in this genus are found in the North and Southern Atlantic Ocean.{{FishBase genus|genus=Lycodonus|month=June|year=2022}} These fishes are sometimes called scutepouts.{{cite book | author1 = C. W. Mecklenburg | author2 = A. Lynghammar | author3 = E. Johannesen | author4 = I. Byrkjedal | author5 = J. S. Christiansen | author6 = A. V. Dolgov | author7 = O. V. Karamushko | author8 = T. A. Mecklenburg | author9 = P. R. Møller | author10 = D. Steinke | author11 = R. M. Wienerroither | display-authors = 3 | year = 2018 | title = Marine Fishes of the Arctic Region Volume 1 | pages = 362–367 | publisher = Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland | isbn = 978-9935-431-69-1 | url = https://www.caff.is/monitoring-series/451-marine-fishes-of-the-arctic-region-vol-1#:~:text=Marine%20Fishes%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Region%20is%20intended%20for%20all,as%20a%20photographic%20identification%20guide}}
Taxonomy
Lycodonus was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1883 by the American ichthyologists George Brown Goode and Tarleton Hoffman Bean when they described Lycodonus mirabilis,{{Cof family|family=Lycodinae|access-date=12 November 2022}} its type locality being given as in the Atlantic Ocean at 38°20'08"N, 73°23'20"W at a depth of {{convert|740|fathom|m}}.{{Cof genus|genus=Lycodonus|access-date=12 November 2022}} This genus is classified in the subfamily Lycodinae, one of four subfamilies in the family Zoarcidae, the eelpouts.{{cite journal | author1 = Anderson, M. E. | author2 = V. V. Fedorov | name-list-style = and | year = 2004 | title = Family Zoarcidae Swainson 1839 — eelpouts | journal = California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes | volume = 34 | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/zoarcidae.pdf}}
Etymology
Lycodonus is made up of the genus name Lycodes, as these fishes bear a strong resemblance to the fishes in that genus, and adds a meaningless suffix, onus.{{cite web | url = http://etyfish.org/perciformes14/ | title = Order Perciformes Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Family: Zoarcidae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 6 May 2022 | access-date = 12 November 2022 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}
Species
Characteristics
Lycodonus eelpouts have between 7 and 9 suborbital bones with a sensory canal between 6 and 8 pores. The pterygiophores in both the dorsal and anal fins have widened upper areas which form scutes at the base of these fins. They possess a pseudobranch, pyloric caeca, pelvic fins, lateral line and teeth on both the vomerine and palatine.{{cite journal | author = M. Eric Anderson | year = 1994 | title = Systematics and Osteology of the Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) | journal = Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology | volume = 60 | url = http://vital.seals.ac.za:8080/vital/access/manager/PdfViewer/vital:15033/SOURCEPDF?viewPdfInternal=1}} The smallest species is L. malvinensis with a maximum published total length of {{cvt|19.6|cm}} while the largest is L. mirabilis which has a maximum published total length of {{cvt|30.2|cm}}.
Distribution and habitat
Lycodonus eelpouys are found in the Atlantic Ocean. The whiptail scutepout (L. flagellicauda) is found in the northeastern Atlantic and nearby Arctic Ocean while the chevron scutepout (L. mirabilis) is found in the northwestern Atlantic and adjacent Arctic Ocean. There are also 2 species in the South Atlantic, L. malvinensis in the southwestern Atlantic and L. vermiformis in the southeastern Atlantic, with the only known specimens being collected off Cape Point in South Africa.{{FishBase|Lycodonus|vermiformis|month=June|year=2022}} These fishes are bathydemersal being found at great depths, in subzero temperatures on muddy substrates.