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Lydian mode#Ancient Greek Lydian

{{Short description|Seven-tone musical scale}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}

The modern Lydian mode is a seven-tone musical scale formed from a rising pattern of pitches comprising three whole tones, a semitone, two more whole tones, and a final semitone.

: {

\key c \lydian

\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f

\relative c' {

\clef treble \time 7/4

c4^\markup { Modern C Lydian scale } d e fis g a b c2

} }

Because of the importance of the major scale in modern music, the Lydian mode is often described as the scale that begins on the fourth scale degree of the major scale, or alternatively, as the major scale with the fourth scale degree raised half a step. This sequence of pitches roughly describes the scale underlying the fifth of the eight Gregorian (church) modes, known as Mode V or the authentic mode on F, theoretically using B{{music|natural}} but in practice more commonly featuring B{{music|flat}}.{{sfn|Powers|2001}} The use of the B{{music|flat}} as opposed to B{{music|natural}} would have made such piece in the modern-day F major scale.

Ancient Greek Lydian <span class="anchor" id="Ancient_Greek_anchor"></span>

The name Lydian refers to the ancient kingdom of Lydia in Anatolia. In Greek music theory, there was a Lydian scale or "octave species" extending from parhypate hypaton to trite diezeugmenon, equivalent in the diatonic genus to the modern Ionian mode (the major scale).{{sfn|Barbera|1984|loc=233, 240}}

: {

\key e \major

\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f

\relative c' {

\clef treble \time 7/4

e4^\markup { Greek Lydian tonos (diatonic genus) on E } fis gis a b cis dis e2

} }

In the chromatic and enharmonic genera, the Lydian scale was equivalent to C D{{music|flat}} E F G{{music|flat}} A B C, and C C{{music|halfsharp}} E{{music|halfsharp}} F F{{music|halfsharp}} A{{music|halfsharp}} B{{music|halfsharp}} C, respectively,{{sfn|Barker|1984–1989|loc=2:15}} where {{nowrap|"{{music|halfsharp}}"}} signifies raising the pitch by approximately a quarter tone.

: {

\key e \major

\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f

\relative c' {

\clef treble \time 7/4

e4^\markup { Greek Lydian tonos (chromatic genus) on E } f gis a bes cis dis e2

} }

: {

\key e \major

\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f

\relative c' {

\clef treble \time 7/4

e4^\markup { Greek Lydian tonos (enharmonic genus) on E } feh gisih a aih cisih disih e2

} }

Medieval Lydian mode

In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, this mode was described in two ways. The first way is the diatonic octave species from F up to F an octave above, divided at C to produce two segments:

: {

\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f

\relative c' {

\clef treble \time 5/4

f4^\markup { Medieval Lydian mode on F } g a b c

\time 4/4

\parenthesize c d e f

} }

The second is as a mode with a final on F and an ambitus extending to F an octave higher and in which the note C was regarded as having an important melodic function. Many theorists of the period observed that B{{music|flat}} is used more typically than B{{music|natural}} in compositions in Lydian mode.{{sfn|Powers|2001}}

Modern Lydian mode

The Lydian scale can be described as a major scale with the fourth scale degree raised a semitone, making it an augmented fourth above the tonic; e.g., an F-major scale with a B (musical note) rather than B♭ (musical note). That is, the Lydian mode has the following formula:

:1, 2, 3, {{music|sharp}}4, 5, 6, 7, 8

This mode's augmented fourth and the Locrian mode's diminished fifth are the only modes to have a tritone above the tonic.

: {

\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f

\relative c' {

\clef treble \time 7/4

f4^\markup { Modern F Lydian scale } g a b c d e f2

} }

In Lydian mode, the tonic, dominant, and supertonic triads are all major. The subdominant is diminished. The triads built on the remaining three scale degrees are minor.

Alternatively, it can be written as the pattern

: whole, whole, whole, half, whole, whole, half or (W-W-W-H-W-W-H)

List of Modern Lydian scales

class="wikitable"

!Major Key

!Minor Key

!Key Signatures

!Tonic

!Component pitches

C♯ major

|A♯ minor

7♯F♯F♯ G♯ A♯ B♯ C♯ D♯ E♯
F♯ major

|D♯ minor

6♯BB C♯ D♯ E♯ F♯ G♯ A♯
B major

|G♯ minor

5♯EE F♯ G♯ A♯ B C♯ D♯
E major

|C♯ minor

4♯AA B C♯ D♯ E F♯ G♯
A major

|F♯ minor

3♯DD E F♯ G♯ A B C♯
D major

|B minor

2♯GG A B C♯ D E F♯
G major

|E minor

1♯CC D E F♯ G A B
C major

|A minor

-FF G A B C D E
F major

|D minor

1♭B♭B♭ C D E F G A
B♭ major

|G minor

2♭E♭E♭ F G A B♭ C D
E♭ major

|C minor

3♭A♭A♭ B♭ C D E♭ F G
A♭ major

|F minor

4♭D♭D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
D♭ major

|B♭ minor

5♭G♭G♭ A♭ B♭ C D♭ E♭ F
G♭ major

|E♭ minor

6♭C♭C♭ D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭
C♭ major

|A♭ minor

7♭F♭F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C♭ D♭ E♭

Notable compositions in the Lydian mode

=Classical (Ancient Greek)=

The Paean and Prosodion to the God, familiarly known as the Second Delphic Hymn, composed in 128 BC by Athénaios Athenaíou is predominantly in the Lydian tonos, both diatonic and chromatic, with sections also in Hypolydian.{{sfn|Pöhlmann and West|2001|loc=85}}

=Medieval=

The 12th-century "Hymn to St. Magnus" from the Orkney Islands, referencing Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney, is in Gregorian mode or church mode V (F white notes),{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} extending from the E below to the octave above, with B{{music|natural}}'s throughout, in two-part harmony of mostly parallel thirds. The Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and Ite, missa est of Guillaume de Machaut's Messe de Nostre Dame feature extensive use of F{{music|natural}} and B{{music|natural}}, as well as F{{music|sharp}} and B{{music|flat}}.{{Clarify|date=January 2018}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

=Romantic=

A rare, extended use of the Lydian mode in the Classical repertoire is Simon Sechter's 1822 Messe in der lydischen Tonart (Mass in the Lydian Mode).{{sfn|Carver|2005|loc=76}} A more famous example from around the same time is the third movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's String Quartet No. 15 in A minor, Op. 132 (1825), titled by the composer "Heiliger Dankgesang eines Genesenen an die Gottheit, in der lydischen Tonart" ("Holy Song of Thanksgiving by a Convalescent to the Divinity, in the Lydian Mode").Prout, Ebenezer (1903). Harmony: Its Theory and Practice, p.317. Augener. {{pre-ISBN}}. The alternating passages in F use the Lydian scale with sharp fourth scale degree exclusively.

Charles-Valentin Alkan's Allegro barbaro (Étude Op. 35, No. 5, published in 1848) is written strictly in F Lydian, with no B{{music|b}}'s present at all.{{sfn|Smith|2000|p={{Page needed|date=August 2012}}}}

Anton Bruckner employed the sharpened fourth of the Lydian scale in his motet Os justi (1879) more strictly than Renaissance composers ever did when writing in this mode.{{sfn|Carver|2005|loc=74–75}}

Gabriel Faure's song Lydia from "2 Melodies" Op 4 ?1872. This ode to Lydia - by Parnassian poet Leconte de Lisle - starts, appropriately, in the Lydian mode and, in F, has a raised 4th (B natural) in the first line of the melody.

=Modern=

In the 20th century, composers began once again to exploit modal scales with some frequency. George Enescu, for example, includes Lydian-mode passages in the second and third movements of his 1906 Decet for Winds, Op. 14.{{sfn|Hoffman and Rațiu|1971|loc=319}} An example from the middle of the century is the scherzo movement of Carlos Chávez's Symphony No. 3 (1951–54). The movement opens with a fugue subject, featuring extremely wide leaps, in C Lydian with following entries in F and G Lydian.{{sfn|Orbón|1987|loc=90–91}} Alexei Stanchinsky wrote a Prelude in Lydian mode earlier in the 20th century.{{sfn|Stanchinsky|1908}}

=Jazz=

In Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization, George Russell developed a theory that became highly influential in the jazz world, inspiring the works of people such as Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, and Woody Shaw.{{sfn|Anon.|n.d.}}

=Popular=

{{quote|In practical terms it should be said that few rock songs that use modes such as the phrygian, Lydian, or locrian actually maintain a harmony rigorously fixed on them. What usually happens is that the scale is harmonized in [chords with perfect] fifths and the riffs are then played [over] those [chords].{{Cite book|last=Rooksby|first=Rikky|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftGGDwAAQBAJ&q=Locrian%2520mode&pg=PT121|title=Riffs: How to Create and Play Great Guitar Riffs|date=2010-11-01|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4768-5548-6|language=en}}}}

=Folk=

  • Many Polish folksongs, including the mazurka, are in the Lydian mode; the first six notes of this mode were sometimes known as the "Polish mode".{{sfn|Trochimczyk|n.d.}}

See also

Notes

{{Reflist|18em}}

=Sources=

{{div col|colwidth=45em}}

  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Anon.|n.d.}}|reference=Anon. n.d. "[http://www.lydianchromaticconcept.com/faq.html#1 Frequently Asked Questions about George Russell's Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization]". www.georgerussell.com (Accessed 23 February 2012).}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Barbera|1984}}|reference=Barbera, André. 1984. "Octave Species". The Journal of Musicology 3, no. 3 (July): 229–241. {{JSTOR|763813}} (Subscription access).}} {{doi|10.1525/jm.1984.3.3.03a00020}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Barker|1984–1989}}|reference=Barker, Andrew. 1984–1989. Greek Musical Writings. 2 vols. Cambridge Readings in the Literature of Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Carver|2005}}|reference=Carver, Anthony F. 2005. "Bruckner and the Phrygian Mode". Music & Letters 86, no. 1:74–99. {{doi|10.1093/ml/gci004}} (Subscription access).}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hein|2012}}|reference=Hein, Ethan. 2012. "[http://www.ethanhein.com/wp/2011/the-major-scale-modes/ The Major Scale Modes]". Ethan Hein's Blog: Music, Technology, Evolution (Accessed 26 January 2012).}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hoffman and Rațiu|1971}}|reference=Hoffman, Alfred, and Adrian Rațiu. 1971. "Succese ale simfonistului (1900–1906)". In George Enescu: Monografie, 2 vols., edited by Mircea Voicana, 237–329. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România.}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Orbón|1987}}|reference=Orbón, Julián. 1987. "Las sinfonías de Carlos Chávez." (part 2). Pauta: Cuadernos de teoría y crítica musical 6, no. 22 (April–June): 81–91.}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Pöhlmann and West|2001}}|reference=Pöhlmann, Egert, and Martin L. West. 2001. Documents of Ancient Greek Music: The Extant Melodies and Fragments, edited and transcribed with commentary by Egert Pöhlmann and Martin L. West. Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-815223-X}}.}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Powers|2001}}|reference=Powers, Harold S. 2001. "Lydian". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell, 15:409–410. 29 vols. London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-1-56159-239-5}} (set) {{ISBN|978-0-19-517067-2}} (set) {{OCLC|44391762}} (set) {{OCLC|248649842}} (v. 15) {{OCLC|249589729}} (v. 15, reprint with minor corr.) LCCN 00-55156 or 00055156 (set).}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Preston|2012}}|reference=Preston, William. 2012, p. 25. "[https://watzek.lclark.edu/seniorprojects/files/original/8b09ada9b19b75092f720a6416be26ba.pdf Funk Pop a Roll : The Stylistic Evolution of XTC]". Portland, Oregon: Lewis and Clark College.}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Smith|2000}}|reference=Smith, Ronald. 2000. Alkan, the Man, the Music. London: Kahn & Averill. {{ISBN|9781871082739}}.}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stanchinsky|1908}}|reference={{IMSLP|work=Prelude in Lydian Mode (Stanchinsky, Aleksey)|cname=Prelude in Lydian Mode (1908, Stanchinsky, Aleksey)}}}}
  • {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Trochimczyk|n.d.}}|reference=Trochimczyk, Maja. n.d. "[https://polishmusic.usc.edu/research/dances/mazur/ Mazur (Mazurka)]". University of Southern California Polish Music Center website (accessed 12 November 2018).}}

{{div col end}}

Further reading

{{div col|colwidth=45em}}

  • Beato, Rick. 2018. "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZavJLr5Otq4&t=61 What Makes This Song Great? Ep. 2: The Police]". YouTube (26 January. Retrieved 28 March 2018).
  • Benward, Bruce, and Marilyn Nadine Saker. 2009. Music in Theory and Practice, eighth edition, vol. 2. Boston: McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|978-0-07-310188-0}}.
  • Chase, Wayne. 2006. How Music Really Works!: Musical and Lyrical Techniques of the Masters, second edition. Vancouver: Roedy Black Publishing Inc. {{ISBN|1-897311-55-9}}; {{ISBN|1-897311-56-7}}.
  • Jones, George Thaddeus. 1974. Music Theory: The Fundamental Concepts of Tonal Music Including Notation, Terminology, and Harmony. Barnes & Noble Outline Series 137. New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Barnes & Noble. {{ISBN|9780064601375}}.
  • Miller, Scott. 2002. Mel Bay's Getting Into ... Jazz Fusion Guitar. Pacific, Missouri: Mel Bay Publications. {{ISBN|0-7866-6248-4}}.

{{div col end}}

External links

  • [http://robsilverguitars.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/lydian-mode.html The Lydian mode in all seven three note per string positions, with intervals mapped out for guitar.]
  • [http://gosk.com/scales/lydian-scale-for-guitar.php Lydian mode in six positions for guitar] at GOSK.com
  • [https://ianring.com/musictheory/scales/2773 Lydian Mode – Analysis]
  • [https://www.freejazzlessons.com/lydian-mode/ Lydian mode theory and improvisation application]

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