Müller AO Classification of fractures

The English language version of the system{{cite book | title=The Comprehensive Classification of Fractures of Long Bones | publisher=Springer-Verlag |vauthors=Müller ME, Nazarian S, Koch P, etal | year=1990 | location=New York}} allows consistent in detail description of a fracture in defined terminology by creating a 5-element alphanumeric code:

First, each fracture is given 2 numbers to describe which bone it affects, and where in the bone:

Each fracture is next given a letter (A, B or C) to describe the joint involvement of the fracture:

The exceptions to this step include:

Finally, the fracture is given 2 further numbers to denote the fracture pattern and geometry.

For segment 2 (diaphyseal) fractures:

For segment 1 and 3 (epiphyseal and metaphyseal) fractures:

Subgroups are then used to describe the fractures in terms of displacement (versus apposition, which is the degree to which the parts are in contact with each other), rotation, angulation and shortening.

A pediatric version of the long-bone classification was published in 2006{{cite journal | title=Development and validation of the AO pediatric comprehensive classification of long bone fractures by the Pediatric Expert Group of the AO Foundation in collaboration with AO Clinical Investigation and Documentation and the International Association for Pediatric Traumatology | vauthors=Slongo T, Audigé L, Schlickewei W, Clavert JM, Hunter J, ((International Association for Pediatric Traumatology)) | journal=J Pediatr Orthop | year=2006 | volume=26 | issue=1 | pages=43–9 | pmid=16439900 | doi=10.1097/01.bpo.0000187989.64021.ml| s2cid=21127278 }} to further classify fractures of immature bone and so the effects on future growth:

The Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification initially published their classification system covering the whole skeleton in 1996.{{cite journal | title=Fracture and dislocation compendium | author=Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification | journal=J Orthop Trauma | year=1996 | volume=10 | issue=Suppl 1:v–ix | pages=1–154 | pmid=8814583}} In 2006{{cite journal | title=Fracture and Dislocation Classification | author=Orthopaedic Trauma Association | journal=J Orthop Trauma | year=2007 | volume=21 | issue=Suppl | pages=S1–S133 | pmid=18277234 | doi=10.1097/00005131-200711101-00001| s2cid=24535478 | doi-access=free }} they published a revision, unifying the Muller/AO and OTA systems into a single alphanumeric classification, which has been further updated in 2018:{{cite web |title=AO/OTA Fracture and Dislocation Classification Compendium—2018 |url=https://www.aofoundation.org/trauma/clinical-library-and-tools/journals-and-publications/classification |website=AO Trauma |publisher=AO Foundation |access-date=30 September 2022 |language=en}}

{{reflist}}

• [https://surgeryreference.aofoundation.org AO Surgery Reference]

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Category:Orthopedic classifications

Category:Skeletal disorders