Müller glia

Müller glia are derived developmentally from two distinct populations of cells. The Müller glia cell is the only retinal glial cell that shares a common cell lineage with retinal neurons. A subset of Müller glia has been shown to originate from neural crest cells.{{Cite journal|last=Hamon|first=Annaïg|display-authors=etal|date=October 2015|title=Müller Glial Cell-Dependent Regeneration of the Neural Retina: An Overview Across Vertebrate Model Systems|journal=Developmental Dynamics|volume=245|issue=7|pages=727–738|doi=10.1002/DVDY.24375|pmc=4900950|pmid=26661417}} They are shown to be critical to the development of the retina in mice, serving as promoters of retinal growth and histogenesis, via a nonspecific esterase-mediated mechanism.{{cite journal |pmid=1201967 |pmc=1231976 |year=1975 |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=J |title=Developmental origin and early differentiation of retinal Müller cells in mice |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=120 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=367–72 |last2=Sanyal |first2=S }} Müller glia have also been implicated as guidepost cells for the developing axons of neurons in the chick retina.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/bf00224296 |title=Scanning electron microscopic studies on the development of the chick retina |journal=Cell and Tissue Research |volume=170 |issue=2 |year=1976 |last1=Meller |first1=K. |last2=Tetzlaff |first2=W. |pages=145–159 |pmid=954051 |s2cid=24845744 }} Studies using a zebrafish model of Usher syndrome have implicated a role for Müller glia in synaptogenesis, the formation of synapses.{{cite journal |doi=10.1242/dmm.006429 |pmid=21757509 |pmc=3209648 |title=Harmonin (Ush1c) is required in zebrafish Muller glial cells for photoreceptor synaptic development and function |journal=Disease Models & Mechanisms |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=786–800 |year=2011 |last1=Phillips |first1=J. B. |last2=Blanco-Sanchez |first2=B. |last3=Lentz |first3=J. J. |last4=Tallafuss |first4=A. |last5=Khanobdee |first5=K. |last6=Sampath |first6=S. |last7=Jacobs |first7=Z. G. |last8=Han |first8=P. F. |last9=Mishra |first9=M. |last10=Titus |first10=T. A. |last11=Williams |first11=D. S. |last12=Keats |first12=B. J. |last13=Washbourne |first13=P. |last14=Westerfield |first14=M. }}

File:Adaptive-Müller-cell-responses-to-microglial-activation-mediate-neuroprotection-and-coordinate-1742-2094-8-173-S2.ogv

As glial cells, Müller glia serve a secondary but important role to neurons. As such, they have been shown to serve as important mediators of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine and GABA specifically) degradation and maintenance of a favorable retinal microenvironment in turtles.{{cite journal |doi=10.1083/jcb.78.3.675 |pmid=29902 |pmc=2110200 |title=Biochemical studies of isolated glial (muller) cells from the turtle retina |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=675–84 |year=1978 |last1=Sarthy |first1=P. |last2=Lam |first2=D. M. }} Müller glia have also been shown to be important in the induction of the enzyme glutamine synthetase in chicken embryos,{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.76.12.6476 |pmid=42916 |pmc=411888 |title=Induction of glutamine synthetase in embryonic neural retina: Localization in Muller fibers and dependence on cell interactions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=76 |issue=12 |pages=6476–80 |year=1979 |last1=Linser |first1=P. |last2=Moscona |first2=A. A. |bibcode=1979PNAS...76.6476L |doi-access=free }} which is an important actor in the regulation of glutamine and ammonia concentrations in the central nervous system. Müller glia have been further identified as fundamental to the transmission of light through the vertebrate retina due to their unique funnel shape, orientation within the retina and more favorable physical properties.

Müller glia are currently being studied for their role in neural regeneration, a phenomenon which is not known to occur in humans.[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11507/ WebVision: Regeneration in the Visual System of Adult Mammals] Studies of the regenerative properties of Müller glia in both the zebrafish{{cite journal |doi=10.1523/jneurosci.0332-06.2006 |pmid=16763038 |title=A Role for α1 Tubulin-Expressing Müller Glia in Regeneration of the Injured Zebrafish Retina |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=26 |issue=23 |pages=6303–13 |year=2006 |last1=Fausett |first1=B. V. |last2=Goldman |first2=D. |pmc=6675181 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-213X-6-36 |pmid=16872490 |pmc=1564002 |year=2006 |last1=Raymond |first1=Pamela A |title=Molecular characterization of retinal stem cells and their niches in adult zebrafish |journal=BMC Developmental Biology |volume=6 |pages=36 |last2=Barthel |first2=Linda K |last3=Bernardos |first3=Rebecca L |last4=Perkowski |first4=John J |doi-access=free }} and the chicken{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/85090 |pmid=11224540 |year=2001 |last1=Fischer |first1=Andy J. |title=Müller glia are a potential source of neural regeneration in the postnatal chicken retina |journal=Nature Neuroscience |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=247–52 |last2=Reh |first2=Thomas A. |s2cid=8732324 }} retina have been performed, with the exact molecular mechanism of regeneration remaining unclear. Further studies performed in mice have shown that overexpression of Ascl1 in Müller glia in conjunction with administration of a histone deacetylase inhibitor allowed for regeneration of retinal neurons from Müller glia.{{Cite journal|last1=Jorstad|first1=Nikolas L.|last2=Wilken|first2=Matthew S.|last3=Grimes|first3=William N.|last4=Wohl|first4=Stefanie G.|last5=VandenBosch|first5=Leah S.|last6=Yoshimatsu|first6=Takeshi|last7=Wong|first7=Rachel O.|author-link7=Rachel Wong|last8=Rieke|first8=Fred|last9=Reh|first9=Thomas A.|date=August 2017|title=Stimulation of functional neuronal regeneration from Müller glia in adult mice|journal=Nature|volume=548|issue=7665|pages=103–107|bibcode=2017Natur.548..103J|doi=10.1038/nature23283|pmc=5991837|pmid=28746305}} Studies in human models have demonstrated that Müller glia has the potential to serve as stem cells in the adult retina{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.exer.2011.09.015 |pmid=21989110 |pmc=3268355 |title=Differences between the neurogenic and proliferative abilities of Müller glia with stem cell characteristics and the ciliary epithelium from the adult human eye |journal=Experimental Eye Research |volume=93 |issue=6 |pages=852–61 |year=2011 |last1=Bhatia |first1=Bhairavi |last2=Jayaram |first2=Hari |last3=Singhal |first3=Shweta |last4=Jones |first4=Megan F. |last5=Limb |first5=G. Astrid }} and are efficient rod photoreceptor progenitors.{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/stem.579 |pmid=21732491 |title=Adult Human Müller Glia Cells Are a Highly Efficient Source of Rod Photoreceptors |journal=Stem Cells |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=344–56 |year=2011 |last1=Giannelli |first1=Serena G. |last2=Demontis |first2=Gian Carlo |last3=Pertile |first3=Grazia |last4=Rama |first4=Paolo |last5=Broccoli |first5=Vania |doi-access=free }}

Damage to retinal cells induces Müller cells to produce gliosis. The result of the response varies depending on the damage and the organism in which this damage occurs.{{Cite journal|last1=Bringmann|first1=Andreas|last2=Iandiev|first2=Ianors|last3=Pannicke|first3=Thomas|last4=Wurm|first4=Antje|last5=Hollborn|first5=Margrit|last6=Wiedemann|first6=Peter|last7=Osborne|first7=Neville N.|last8=Reichenbach|first8=Andreas|date=November 2009|title=Cellular signaling and factors involved in Müller cell gliosis: Neuroprotective and detrimental effects|journal=Progress in Retinal and Eye Research|volume=28|issue=6|pages=423–451|doi=10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001|pmid=19660572|s2cid=45740383}} It has been shown in zebrafish and mice that Müller glia undergo dedifferentiation into multipotent progenitor cells. The progenitor cell can then divide and differentiate into a number of retinal cell types, including photoreceptor cells, that may have been damaged during injury.{{cite journal |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1624-07.2007 |pmid=17596452 |title=Late-Stage Neuronal Progenitors in the Retina Are Radial Muller Glia That Function as Retinal Stem Cells |journal=Journal of Neuroscience |volume=27 |issue=26 |pages=7028–40 |year=2007 |last1=Bernardos |first1=R. L. |last2=Barthel |first2=L. K. |last3=Meyers |first3=J. R. |last4=Raymond |first4=P. A. |doi-access=free |pmc=6672216 }}{{Cite journal|last1=Takeda|first1=Masumi|last2=Takamiya|first2=Akira|last3=Jiao|first3=Jian-wei|last4=Cho|first4=Kin-Sang|last5=Trevino|first5=Simon G.|last6=Matsuda|first6=Takahiko|last7=Chen|first7=Dong F.|date=2008-03-01|title=α-Aminoadipate Induces Progenitor Cell Properties of Müller Glia in Adult Mice|url=https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2184173|journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=1142–1150|doi=10.1167/iovs.07-0434|pmid=18326742|issn=1552-5783|pmc=2638994}} Further research has shown that Müller glia can act as light collectors in the mammalian eye, analogous to the fiber optic plate,{{what|date=November 2022}} funneling light to the rod and cone photoreceptors.{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0611180104 |pmid=17485670 |pmc=1895942 |title=Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |issue=20 |pages=8287–92 |year=2007 |last1=Franze |first1=K. |last2=Grosche |first2=J. |last3=Skatchkov |first3=S. N. |last4=Schinkinger |first4=S. |last5=Foja |first5=C. |last6=Schild |first6=D. |last7=Uckermann |first7=O. |last8=Travis |first8=K. |last9=Reichenbach |first9=A. |last10=Guck |first10=J. |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8287F |doi-access=free}}

• {{cite news |author=Lucy Sherriff |date=1 May 2007 |title=Living optical fibres found in the eye |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/05/01/eye_eye/}}

• Radial glia

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Müller cells}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014201204/http://www.rpbusa.org/rpb/news/current/new_stem_cell_research/ New Hope For Regenerating Damaged Human Retina: Sleeping Stem Cells Successfully Awakened]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061213012026/http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/EYE/MULLER.HTM Müller cells] at Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000268031 |pmid=9323724 |title=The Müller (Glial) Cell in Normal and Diseased Retina: A Case for Single-Cell Electrophysiology |journal=Ophthalmic Research |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=326–40 |year=1997 |last1=Reichenbach |first1=Andreas |last2=Faude |first2=Frank |last3=Enzmann |first3=Volker |last4=Bringmann |first4=Andreas |last5=Pannicke |first5=Thomas |last6=Francke |first6=Mike |last7=Biedermann |first7=Bernd |last8=Kuhrt |first8=Heidemarie |last9=Stolzenburg |first9=Jens-Uwe |last10=Skatchkov |first10=Serguei N. |last11=Heinemann |first11=Uwe |author-link11=Uwe Heinemann|last12=Wiedemann |first12=Peter |last13=Reichelt |first13=Winfried }}
• [https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Muller%20Cell&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 NIF Search - Muller Cell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171412/https://www.neuinfo.org/mynif/search.php?q=Muller%20Cell&t=data&s=cover&b=0&r=20 |date=2016-03-03 }} via the Neuroscience Information Framework

{{Eye anatomy}}

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